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WORLD WAR 11914 - 1919
The “Great War”
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Total War
Paths of Glory (1957)
International War of Attrition
Mobilization of all resoures to !estroy ri"al#s a$aity to
ontinue resistane
%o&batants (sol!iers) ' nono&batants (i"ilians)
%onsri$tion
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Casualties
%asualties &ilitary ' i"ilian* 37 million
9.7 million &ilitary ' 6.8 million i"ilians +ille!
,ntente Po-ers (Allies Great .ritain /inlu!in0 %ana!a
2rane 3ussia later Italy ' 4) lost 5.7 million sol!iers
%entral Po-ers (Austro6un0arian ,&$ire Ger&any
later tto&an) lost 4 million
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Military Alliances 19th C.
Blackadder Goes Forth
1879 Ger&any ' Austria6un0ary Dual Alliance
188: inlu!e Italy in Triple Alliance;
189: Franco-Russian Alliance
19<= .ritain ' 2rane Entente Cordiale (buffer)
19<7 .ritain ' 3ussia Anglo-Russian
Conention
“Moral bli0ation>
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Arms Race (258-259)
?aiser Wilhel& II i&$erial e@$ansion >a $lae in
the sun;”
a"al 3ae
19<: .ritain &ilitary alliane -ith Ba$an li&itGer&an olonial 0ains in east;
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Setting War in Motion: The Black Hand (p. !1"
Assassination of Arh!u+e 2ranis
2er!inan! ' -ife o$hie Bune :8191= by .osnian se$aratist “.la+
6an!” Gabriel Prine$
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#uly Crisis (191$"
A6 !eli"ere! !ul" #lti$atu$ to erbia Buly :C 191=;
1< !e&an!s
3eDuire! erbia to a!&it Austrian offiials to su$$ress
a0itation ' to ta+e ation a0ainst $ersons in"ol"e! in&ur!er;
erbian re$ly oniliatory; Ei!nFt &atter;
Buly :8 191= A6 !elare! -ar a0ainst erbia;
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%o&ino 'ect: War )y '*tension
3ussia
2rane (3ussia)
Ger&any in"a!es neutral .el0iu&
.ritain (2rane) !elare! -ar .ritish olonies at -ar
Ba$an (.ritain) at -ar -ith Ger&any A6 !elares -ar on
Ba$an
Italy (Ger&any ' Austria6un0ary) neutrality May 1915
si!es -ith Allie! ,ntente;
4;; $oliy absolute neutrality until 1917 (Allies)
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Schliefen Plan(p. !+!,- !+/"
Ger&an :front -ar senario
%onDuer 2rane (Western 2ront) before 3ussia
&obilizes
Ger&an &isste$
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A Peoples War
Mass enthusias&;
Patriotis&
HPalFsF re0i&ents
A0e* 1C5
Trainin0 in han! to han! o&bat
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Weapons o0 the irst World War
Jar0efiel! 0uns
(artillery)
Ke$$elin
Tan+s
Planes
Tor$e!oes
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Weapons o0 the irst World War
.oltation rifle
Mahine 0uns
Poison 0ases (see han!out)
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Machine 2uns
( All %uiet on the &estern Front ('*))
Pri&iti"e !e"ie to start
=<<<< s&allalibre roun!s $er &inute
(fe! "ia beltLstri$);
3eality
ee!e! oolin0 Grou$e! for Eefensi"e $osition;
1 &ahine 0un 8< rifles;
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!erman" !rasps #al$e o%&achine !$n're
6ira& Ma@i&
I&$ro$er WarfareN
Gas fro& $o-!er e@$losion in 0un artri!0e
reate! reoil
Ger&any* se$arate &ahine 0un o&$anies
to su$$ort infantry battalions; .attle of Passen!ale 1917
A!a$te! to airraft 1915
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Theatres o0 War (p. /+3"
,astern 2ront* CO &illion &en !ie! in fi0htin0 9O &illion
-oun!e! loss of 0o"ern&ent;
3a$i! &o"e&ent
Au0ust 17 191= 3ussia in"a!e! ,astern Prussia;
Austria atta+e! Polan! beaten ba+ by 3ussians; “Winter War”
3ussian in!ustry unable to &anufature ne- eDui$&ent;
1917 3ussian I&$erial Ar&y#s offier or$s !e&oralize! %i"il
War (3ussian 3e"olution)
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War a Sea(p. 4+4,"
.ritish na"y
ub&arine -arfare
1915* Ger&an subs tor$e!o .ritishsu$$ly shi$s
A&erian resistane urbe! Ger&ans
until 1917al&ost -on -ar 4 entry turne! ti!e
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Ol *s+ ,e .echni/$es0
l!* infantry a!"ane! in line a"alry oneonone
o&bat;
e- * &ahine0un stron0hol!s trenh &ortars
flaðro-ers tan+s; Mortar
Tan+s
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hemical War%are
%hlorine 0as
Mustar! Gas
+in blisters sore eyes "o&it
Internal ' e@ternal blee!in0
= or 5 -ee+s !ie of &ustar! e@$osure
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Daners o% .renches (4!+4"
(see han!out)
ni$er fire
1LCr! of Allie! asualties fro& 1st !ay in trenhes
Mu! fleas lie rats 0er&s
Trenh fe"erF or Htrenh footF !ea!ly
4nhealthy !iet
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3ale o% he Somme 191(p. 4+4"
.ritish atte&$t to en! stale&ate of trenh -ar
Boint .ritish2renh ation
Plan
3eality "ery !ifferent
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.acics o% he Somme
.ritish e@$lo!e &ine on Ger&an front
191I foota0e
.ritish -ait : &inutes or!ere! o"er the to$
Push throu0h barbe! -ire Ger&ans shoot &ahine
0un fire at easy tar0ets
8= .ritish battalions atta+e! in 1st hour) but no lear
$lan after
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,e%o$nlan Reimen
Jt; %ol; 6a!o- or!ere! to a!"ane
"er the to$ fro& reser"e trenh
Pi+e! off by Ger&an &ahine 0unners
=< &inutes* : offiers ' 58 &en !ea!
Ahie"e!N
4nrealisti r!ers
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Small #icories 6 7insih a he Somme
Groun! ta+en by Allies Ja+ of Allie! reser"e su$$ort
%asualties in 1 !ay Q1<<< offiers +ille! 18<<<O;
Woun!e! or &issin0* 57 <<<
What -ent -ron0N 1) 2aile! to s&ash Ger&an front lines:) : &inute !elay
C) Atta+ $lan ri0i!
I&$at on $ere$tions of -ar
.y 1918 Allies able to ounteratta+ e@hauste! Ger&ans
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5ropaganda
Ger&any ' Western $o-ers (?ultur "s;
%i"ilization;)
,ntente
Ger&ans &ilitarists 'barbarians
“To &a+e -orl! safe for !e&oray;”
Ger&an 2renh ,n0lish Italian3ussian stereoty$es
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Aroci" Sories 6 Realiies
Ger&ans (+illin0 babies) .el0ians ' 2renh
(ille0al sni$in0 0ou0in0 PW eyes) 3ussians
(uttin0 off -o&enFs breasts ' le0s);
4nreliable testi&ony; 3eal Ger&an War %ri&es
Ger&any use! $ro$a0an!a !efensi"ely
Jau0hter
ational self!eter&ination
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oncl$sion
“hell sho+e!”
Rer!un hell ho+ it has been e!itorialize! but it still
sho-s that -oun!s -ere not all $hysial -arnin0*
0ra$hi
+aths of Glor" (',)
Rolunteers bon!e! by e@$eriene