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Biochemical adaptation: mechanism and process in
physiological evolution
Peter W. Hochachka, George N. Somero
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Frequency in the population
HbS hetero ~ 25% of Africans
!p =pq[p(wAA " wAa ) + q(wAa " waa )]
w
For wAA>wAa>waa stable solutions p=1 and p=0
Other stable solutions arise if wAa>waa wAa>wAA
Heterozygous superiority.
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Malaria Before Columbus
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Senegal
Benin
CAR
IndiaItaly
Greece
Albania
Turkey
Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula
Origins of the Sickle Cell Gene
Egypt
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1/ td
= kct
cs
!
" #
$
% & n
Kinetics of aggregation