1. Compiled By: Prof. G B Rathod ET department-BVM College,
Email: [email protected] THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
2. TOPIC OUTLINES THE HEART AND CONDUCTION SYSTEM THE HEART
BLOOD PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD FLOW HEART SOUND TOPIC
OUTCOME QUESTIONS REFERENCES 8/5/20152 BVM ET, BMI(171006)
3. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)3 Two side of the heart with four chambers where the
circulatory path for blood flow through the lungs is called the
pulmonary circulation , and the circulatory system that supplies
oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body is called the
systemic circulation. The left heart is know as a pressure pump and
right part of the heart is known as a volume pump. The muscle
contraction of the left heart is stronger than that of the right
heart. The muscles of the heart receives their own blood supply
form the coronary arteries.
4. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)4 The coronary arterial system is a special branch of
the systemic circulation. The pipes, the arteries and the veins,
are not rigid but flexible. They are capable of helping and
controlling blood circulation by their own muscular action and
their own valve and receptor system. The actual physiological
system for the heart and circulation is illustrated in the upcoming
diagram and also equivalent engineering type of piping diagram is
shown.
5. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)5
6. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)6
7. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)7 The heart pumping into two major parts: systol and
diastol. Systole is defined as the period of contraction of the
heart muscles, specifically the ventricular muscle, at which time
blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Diastole
is the period of dilation of the heart cavities as they fill with
blood. Normal heart beat rate about 75 beats per minute. The range
is around 60 to 85 normal. When person stand up it is higher and
when a
8. THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)8 In women, its generally higher. In infant is around
140 beat/min The heart pumps about 5 lit/min. Its change in
different situation. At any given time, about 75 to 80 percent of
the blood is in the veins, about 20 percent in the arteries, and
remainder in capillaries.
9. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)9 The heart is located
between the lungs behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. It is
surrounded by the pericardium. Its size is about that of a fist,
and its weight is about 250-300 g. Its center is located about 1.5
cm to the left of the midsagittal plane.
10. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)10
11. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)11 The walls of the
heart are composed of cardiac muscle, called myocardium. It
consists of four compartments: the right and left atria and
ventricles
12. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)12 The tricuspid valve
regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary arteries The mitral valve lets oxygen- rich
blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left
ventricle. The aortic valve lets oxygen- rich blood pass from the
left ventricle into the aorta, then to the body
13. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)13 Electrical signal
begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node: "natural pacemaker." causes the
atria to contract. The signal then passes through the
atrioventricular (AV) node. sends the signal to the ventricles via
the bundle of His causes the ventricles to contract.
14. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)14
15. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)15 The sinoatrial node
in humans is in the shape of a crescent and is about 15 mm long and
5 mm wide. The SA nodal cells are self-excitatory, pacemaker cells.
They generate an action potential at the rate of about 70 per
minute. From the sinus node, activation propagates throughout the
atria, but cannot propagate directly across the boundary between
atria and ventricles.
16. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)16 The
atrioventricular node (AV node) is located at the boundary between
the atria and ventricles; it has an intrinsic frequency of about 50
pulses/min. If the AV node is triggered with a higher pulse
frequency, it follows this higher frequency. In a normal heart, the
AV node provides the only conducting path from the atria to the
ventricles. Propagation from the AV node to the ventricles is
provided by a specialized conduction system.
17. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)17 Proximally, this
system is composed of a common bundle, called the bundle of His
(after German physician Wilhelm His, Jr., 1863-1934). More
distally, it separates into two bundle branches propagating along
each side of the septum, constituting the right and left bundle
branches. (The left bundle subsequently divides into an anterior
and posterior branch.) Even more distally the bundles ramify into
Purkinje fibers (named after Jan Evangelista Purkinje (Czech;
1787-1869)) that diverge to the inner sides of the ventricular
walls.
18. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)18 Propagation along
the conduction system takes place at a relatively high speed once
it is within the ventricular region, but prior to this (through the
AV node) the velocity is extremely slow. From the inner side of the
ventricular wall, the many activation sites cause the formation of
a wavefrom, which propagates through the ventricular mass toward
the outer wall. This process results from cell-to-cell activation.
After each ventricular muscle region has depolarized,
repolarization occurs
19. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)19
20. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)20 The blood pressure
is also affected by the working of heart. Upcoming diagram shows a
physiological system as a pump model. In diagram Valve represents
the resistance in the various organs. The pressure transducers
sense the pressure continuously. On the basis of opening and
closing of the valve the pressure is to be determined and
control.
21. THE HEART 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)21
22. BLOOD PRESSURE 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)22 The blood
pressure for the human is divided in two parts. Systolic and the
Diastolic, Systolic is a pressure when the systole cycle of the
heart is running. It means when the ventricular section contracts
at that time the blood pressure of arteries is known as the
systolic blood pressure. Which is higher value compare to
diastolic. Normal is 120 mmHg Diastolic is a pressure while heart
is in the second cycle call diastole at which the blood is poured
in the atrium section.
23. BLOOD PRESSURE 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)23 The diastolic
normal value is around 80 mmHg. The value of blood pressure at the
different condition of the body is different. E.g. , while eating,
exercise, sleeping, angry The body having its own monitoring system
by which it can control the flow of the blood in the special
section of mind. More blood pressure can damage the arteries and
also can directly affect the heart. Majority heart attacks are due
to high blood pressure. We will see the graphical representation of
the blood pressure.
24. 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)24
25. BLOOD PRESSURE 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)25 Normally the
arteries handle the higher value of blood pressure, so it requires
a wall of the arteries thick and compare to that the veins are not
handling that much of large values, so it requires a thin walls.
The diameter of the veins is lager compare to the diameter of the
arteries and capillaries. Since about 75 to 80 percent of the blood
volume is contained in the venous system, the veins tend to serve
as a reservoir for the bodys blood supply. We will see the diagrams
of major arteries of the body and veins of the human body.
26. BLOOD PRESSURE 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)26
27. BLOOD PRESSURE 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)27
28. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD FLOW 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)28
The blood flow at any point in the circulatory system is the volume
of blood that passes that point during a unit of time. Measured in
mmltr/min or ltr/min The blood flow is highest in the pulmonary
artery and the aorta, where these blood vessels leaves the heart.
The flow at this point is known as the cardiac output, which is in
the range of 3.5 to 5 lit/min Blood flow is a function of the blood
pressure and flow resistance of the blood vessels in the same way
electrical current flow depends on voltage and resistance.
29. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD FLOW 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)29
When under the low temperatures or under the influence of certain
drugs(e.g., nicotine), the body reduces the blood flow through the
skin by vasoconstriction (narrowing) of the capillaries. Heat,
excitement, or local inflammation, among other things, can cause
vasodilation (widening) of the capillaries, which increase the
blood flow, at least locally. The velocity of blood flowing through
a vessel is not constant throughout the cross section of the vessel
but is a function of the distance from the wall structures.
30. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD FLOW 8/5/2015BVM ET,
BMI(171006)30
31. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD FLOW 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)31
When the blood flow in a certain vessel is completely
obstructed(e.g., by a blood clot or thrombus), the tissue in the
area supplies by this vessel may die. Such obstruction in brain is
cause cerebrovascular accident(CVA) or stroke. The coronary
arteries that supply blood for the heart muscle is called
myocardial (or coronary) infract or heart attack, whereas merely a
reduced flow in the coronary vessels can cause a severe chest pain
called angina pectoris. The blood clot in a vessel in the lung is
called an embolism.
32. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)32 Medical
professionals can diagnosis certain types of heart disorders by the
sounds and vibrations associated with the beating of the heart and
the pumping of blood. The techniques of listening to sounds
produced by the organs and vessels of the body is called
auscultation. The heart sounds heard by the stethoscope actually
occur at the time closure of major valves in the heart. With each
heartbeat, the normal heart produces two distinct sounds that are
audible in the stethoscope called lub-dub.
33. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)33 The lub is
caused by the closure of the atrioventicular valves, which permit
flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles but prevent flow
in the reverse direction. Normally this is called the first heart
sound, its occurs approximately at the time of the QRS complex of
the electrocardiogram and just before ventricular systole. The dub
part of the heart sounds is called the second heart sound and
caused by the closing of the semilunar valves, which release blood
into the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems.
34. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)34 The third heart
sound is sometimes heard, especially in adults. This sound, which
occurs from 0.1 to 0.2 sec after the second heart sound, is
attributed to the rush of blood from the atria into the ventricles,
which causes turbulence and some vibration of the ventricular
walls. An atrial heart sound, which is not audible but may be
visible on graphic recording, occurs when the atria actually do
contract, squeezing the remainder of the blood into the ventricles.
Upcoming figure shows the all heart sounds.
35. 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)35
36. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)36 In abnormal
hearts additional sounds, called murmurs, are heard between the
normal heart sounds. Murmurs are generally caused either by
improper opening of valves or by regurgitation, when the valves do
not close completely and allow some backward flow of blood. Another
cause of murmurs can be a small opening in the septum, which
separates the left and right sides of the heart. The upcoming
diagram shows the various types of murmurs.
37. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)37
38. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)38 The first heart
sound primarily of energy in the 30 to 45 Hz range. The second
heart sound usually higher in pitch than the first with maximum
energy in the 50 to 70 Hz range. The third heart sound is and
extremely weak vibration, with most of its energy at or below 30
Hz. Murmurs are in the range of 100 to 600 Hz. A graphic recording
of heart sounds known as phonocardiogram. The vibrations of the
side of the heart as its thumps against hitting the chest wall form
the vibrocardiogram.
39. HEART SOUNDS 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)39 When an artery
is partially occluded so that the blood velocity through the
constriction is increased sufficiently, identifiable sounds can be
heard downstream through stethoscope. These sounds, called
korotkoff sounds, are used in the common method of blood pressure
measurements. Ballistocardiogram, is direct result of the dynamic
forces of the heart as it beats and pumps blood into the major
arteries.
40. OUTCOMES 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)40 We come to know
about the blood circulation system of the body, heart anatomy,
related to that the blood pressure, heart sound and its brief
introduction. We also come to know various aspects related to heart
and its functioning. Overall we can say the overview of the
cardiovascular system that we can relate with the electronics
engineering and instrumentation side.
41. REFERENCES 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)41 Book: Biomedical
instrumentation and measurements ,by L. Cromwell, F .Weibell, and
E. Pfeiffer. PHI publication 2nd Edition
www.worldofteaching.com
42. QUESTIONS????? 8/5/2015BVM ET, BMI(171006)42 THANK YOU