8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
1/21
1
UNIT 5
NAISBITT/FREILER
ABSOLUTISM THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATE
The religious anddynastic wars thatdominated the 17th
century had a profoundeffect upon westernEurope
The demand for morecentralized states meantmore and more power forthe monarch andcorrespondingly lessinfluence of traditionalsites of powers like thetowns and nobles
The era of Absolutism was an era of
increased power for the king and his
court
GRANDIOSE CAPITALS
EMERGED By the beginning of
the 17th century,monarchs had setup permanent seatsof governmentattended by vastcourts of officials
The idea of thecapital cityemerged, withMadrid, London,Paris and Vienna asthe models
Great displays ofwealth and
grandeur wereessential to thegreat monarch
Madrid
London
Paris
Vienna
PORTRAITS
CONVEY AWE
Portraits of themonarchs were used toconvey the majesty oftheir rule
Elizabeth I hadnumerous portraitscommissioned to depicther own magnificence
Habsburgs used horsesin their portraits toexude the spirit of the17th century monarch power and self-assurance
SHAKESPEARE ANDKINGSHIP
The role of WilliamShakespeare (1564-1616) in thecelebration ofmonarchy wassignificant
Many of his playswere set at the courtsof princes, and evencomedies such as TheTempest(1611) andMeasure for Measure(1604) centered on thepower of the ruler
Shakespeares
focus on the affairsof rulers reinforced
their dominant role
in the lives of their
subjects
SHAKESPEARES PLAYS
Shakespeares historyplays focused on kings
In Richard II(1597)
and Henry VI(1591-1594) he exposed theharm done by weakmonarchs
In Henry IVand Henry Vhe highlighted thebenefits of strongmonarchs
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
2/21
2
SHAKESPEARES TRAGEDIES
Shakespeares tragediesserved to expose the
personal flaws of leaders
and the effect those flaws
had on the world
In Macbeth (1606), the flaw
was ambition as Macbeth
killed to become king andkept killing to remain one
In Hamlet(1602), the tragicflaw was indecision as the
Prince of Denmark failed
to act decisively
DIVINE RULE
In the 17th
century,Monarchs embracedthe concept ofDivine Right transforming thenotion of a kingtreating theirkingdoms andsubjects aspersonal propertyto the idea that therulers embodiedtheir nation andwere imbued byGod to rule
MONARCHY AND LAW
The political theory
of Divine Right of
Kings held that the
institution of
monarchy had been
created by God and
that the king
functioned as Gods
representative on
earth
KING JAMES I AND DIVINE RIGHT
One clear statement of
divine right theory was
written by King James VI
of Scotland, who laterbecame King James I of
England
In the True Law of Free
Monarchies (1598),
James reasoned that
God had placed kings on
earth to rule and He
alone would judge them
in heaven
BODIN AGREED
The notion of divine right was not controversial at the time
Many agreed, including French political theorist Jean Bodin in hisbook, The Six Books of the Commonwealth
He wrote thatkings had the right to impose laws on subjectswithout their consent
THE ROYAL COURT EXPANDS
The day-to-day affairs of the modern state had expandedbeyond the capacity of any monarch to handle
Expanding the court helped monarchs run the state, butwasalso oneway in whichmonarchscontrolled
potential rivalswithin thearistocracy
Those courtiersformed Royalcouncils(leadingofficeholderswho advised the monarch) that assumedgreater and greater power and influence
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
3/21
3
MONARCHS CHOSE A FAVORITE
The monarch appointed,promoted, and dismissed
officeholders at will Most monarchs choose a
single individual to act asbest friend, right-hand man,and hired gun
Some favorites, likeCardinal Richelieu of Franceand Spains Count-DukeOlivares, were able totransform themselves intochief ministers completewith a political philosophyand vision of government
Portrait of Count-Duke Olivares,
circa 1638
LOUIS XIIIS (AND HIS MOMS)
FAVORITE: RICHELIEU
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-
1642) was born a noble ofminor distinction andtrained for law and thenbecame a Cardinal basedon family connections in1622
Through his participationin the meeting of theEstates-General in 1614 hewon the approval of LouisXIIIs mom Queen Mariede Medicis
RICHELIEU AMASSES FORTUNE,
WEATHERS PLOTS
Richelieu became a dukeand amassed the largestprivate fortune in all ofFrance
However, he never enjoyeda particularly closerelationship with Louis XIIIand in 1630, Marie deMedicis turned against himand nearly drove him outof office
His last years were filledwith suppressing plots
against his life
KING PHILIP IVS FAVORITE:
OLIVARES
Like Richelieu, Count-Duke Olivares (1587-1645)was born into alesser noble family
By age 20, he was acourtier with a title, acollege grad and had aamassed a large fortune
He soon became thefavorite of Spanish KingPhilip IV and used thiscloseness to gainappointments to the court
for his family members
OLIVARES ATTEMPTS TO
CENTRALIZE POWER Olivares attempted to
further the process ofcentralizing royal power
However, his plan for anationally recruited andfinanced army ended in
disaster His policies mired the
Spanish in warsthroughout the early 17th
century and he waseventually dismissed in1643 and died two yearslater exhausted andmentally insane
Downtrodden
Spanish
soldier
CHARLES IS FAVORITE:
BUCKINGHAM
Englands Duke ofBuckingham (1592-1628)was not of noble birth buthe was handsome andcharming
He used his charm tofirst gain the attention ofQueen Anne, James Iswife, and his rise wasmeteoric
His reform of the Englishnaval administration wasa success, but he foundenemies at every turn
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
4/21
4
BUCKINGHAM ACCUMULATES
POWER, THEN IS KILLED
The Dukes position asthe Kings favorite didnot change after James Ideath
He became the ChiefMinister of Charles I andsome have said he wasone of the most powerfulmen of England between1618-1628
In 1628, a disgruntlednaval officerassassinated the Dukeand King Charles I weptopenly upon hearing thenews
The Duke made many powerful
enemies
CENTRALIZING
GOVERNMENTS: LEGALLY
One of the chief means bywhich kings and councilorsexpanded the authority of thestate was through the legalsystem
As legal experts and thedemands for legal servicesincreased, royal law courtsexpanded
For example in France, theParlement of Paris, the mainlaw court of the state, becamea powerful institution thatcompeted with courtiers forthe right to advise the monarch
Members of the Parlement of Paris
were known as theNobility of theRobe
MORE LEGALEASE In Spain, the letrados
(noble lawyers) werethe foundation ofroyal government
Formal legal training was arequirement for many of theadministrative posts in Spain
Members of all of Spainssocial classes used the royalcourts to settle disputes
The expansion of acentralized system of justicethus joined together the
interests of subjects andmonarchy
ENGLANDSLEGAL SYSTEM
InEngland,centralcourts (located in the royalpalace of Westminster)grew in numbers while thelawyers and judgesincreased their power
The lawyers and judgeswere especially active inthe House of Commons
Justices of the Peace thatpresided over local courtswere given power by the
crown to hear and settleminor cases
As the system of justice centralized,
judges power grew
GOVERNMENT
ADMINISTRATION GROWS The monarchs needed
officials to enforce royal
policies locally
By the 17th century, the
French monarchy began
to rely on new centralofficials known as
intendants to perform
many of thetasks of
provincial governors
Richelieu greatly
expanded their role in
royal governmentMany intendants served as taxcollectors
WAR LEADS TO CENTRALIZATION
More than any otherfactor, war propelled theconsolidation of thestate
War taxation was aconstant of the 17thcentury European
nation As much as half of the
entire revenue collectedwent to war
As one observer noted,There can be no peacewithout arms, no armswithout money, and nomoney without taxation
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
5/21
5
LOWER CLASSES CANT
SUPPORT WAR The inability of the lower
orders of European societyto finance a century ofwarfare was clear
In Spain and France muchof the wealth was beyondthe reach of tradition royaltaxation
The nobility and many ofthe important towns hadtax exemptions
The financial crisis that theEuropean wars provokedresulted in an expansion ofstate taxation
STATESSEARCH
FORREVENUE
In France, for example, royal expenditures rose 60% during the firsttwo decades of the 17th century, while the yield from the tailleremained constant
The crown was forced to look for additional revenue
Selling offices and then taxing those offices (paulette) was onesolution
The paulette allowed the office holder to sell or bequeath the officeas desired
By the early 1620s, revenue from the sale of offices amounted to1/3rd of the crowns income
The Taille
was a tax on
basic
commodities
SPAIN: A PAIN IN THE TAX
As the greatest militarypower in Europe, Spain hadthe largest military budget,and thus the mostextensive system oftaxation
Despite the influx of goldand silver, Spain fell shortof the needed revenue
In 1590, Philip II introducedthe milliones, a tax onconsumption
The milliones taxed meat,wine, and oil and impactedthe poor more than anyone
The milliones
taxed the basic
elements of the
Spanish diet
TAXATION IN ENGLAND
Wars with Ireland in the 1590sand Spain between 1588-1604
depleted reserves that the crown
had obtained when Henry VIII
dissolved the monasteries
Disastrous wars against France
and Spain in the 1620s initiated
a need for addition revenue
Customs duties, orimpositions,
became a lucrative source of
income for the king
Impositions were taxes on
luxury import goods andimpacted the merchant and
urban classes
Unlike the Spanish milliones,
the impositions impacted
those that could afford it
THE 17TH CENTURY MONARCHIES
SOLIDIFY
The kings authority camefrom God, but his powerfrom the people
Throughout the 17th
century monarchssolidified their position byadministering justice,assembling armies, andraising revenues throughtaxation
Furthermore, Europeansbegan to identifythemselves as citizens ofa nation and todistinguish themselves inrelation to other nations
17th
17th century monarchs
centralized their government
through justice, defense, and
revenues
SUBJECTS FEEL THE SQEEZE The growth of central government came at the expense of local
rights and privileges formerly held by institutions such as thechurch and towns and individuals
Many upset urban and rural subjects rioted to protest grainprices, increased taxes, and local institutions inefficiency
By the 1640s rebellion was seen throughout the continent and inEngland
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
6/21
6
17TH CENTURY POPULATION
DECLINE
Europeans lived more
precariously in the 17th
century than any other
period since the Black
Death
Population decline in
Spain, Italy and
especially Germany (30
Years War) was acute
Northwestern Europe
suffered greatly
particularly in the 1st half
of the century
The robust population figures that we are
so aware are a recent phenomenon
CAUSE OF POPULATION DECLINE
Surprisingly, the hardships
of war represented a smallcomponent of the overallEuropean population decline
However, the indirect effectsof war the negative impacton agriculture and thedisease associated with earlymodern warfare
Spain lost over a millionpeople before mid-centurywhile outbreaks of theplague in 1625 and 1665 hitEngland
Barren fields and disease
were main causes of
population decline
PEASANTS
HIT HARD
All sectors of European economy, from agriculture
to trade, stagnated or declined in the 17th century
Not surprisingly, peasants were hit the hardest
Tens of thousands died during the two great
subsistence crises in the late 1620s and 1640s
Plague, frost, and floods and rising taxes combinedto devastate peasants across Europe
PEASANTS REVOLT ACROSS
EUROPE A series of peasant
revolts in France in the
late 1630s focused on
increased taxes
Revolts followed a
pattern: a local tax
official was murdered,
peasant militia was
organized, rebels forced
temporary concessions,
ended with a
reimposition of order by
the state
Nu-Pieds the barefooted-- rose
up in France in protest of the salt tax
PALERMO UPRISING
The mostspectacular popularuprising occurred inSpanish-occupied Italy
In 1647, the city ofPalermo explodedunder the pressure of abade harvest, risingfood prices andrelentless taxation
Women rioted over bread prices and soon the entirecity was in revolt
For a while they achieved the abolition of Spanishtaxation on food, but their gains were short-lived andthe revolt was crushed
RESISTANCE THEORY
While Luther and Calvinpreached a doctrine of
passive obedience to
civil authority, others like
Philippe Duplessis-
Mornay argued that the
king who violated lawcould be resisted
His book,A Defense ofLiberty Against Tyrants
(1579), implied that a
oppressive monarch was
not ruling by divine right Duplessis-Mornay articulated theconditions by which resistance to
royal authority could occur
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
7/21
7
MILTON OUTLINES
COVENANT THEORY
English poet John Milton spokeof a covenant between ruler andruled in his book, The tenure ofKings and Magistrates (1649)
Milton wrote in defense of theEnglish revolution that the kingin his coronation oath promisedto uphold the laws of the landand rule for the benefit of hissubjects
The subjects in turn promised toobey
Failure by either side to meetobligations broke that contract
CATALONIA
AND THE
FRONDE
Two 17th century revolts reflectedthe new rebellion theories
In 1640, Catalonia (eastern Spain)resisted attempts to be
consolidated into the Spanishprovinces
In France an aristocratic rebellionover taxation directly threatenedthe authority of the state
The Fronde, as it was known,accomplished little except that itdemonstrated that the Frencharistocracy remained anindependent force in politics
Both the Catalonia revolt and theFronde revealed the fragile stateof the absolute state
The aristocratic revolt (Fronde)in France meant rebellion was
not limited to the peasantry
MONARCHS SEEK GREATER
CONTROL
Mid-17th century
European rebellions did
provide a temporary
check to royal power but
also compelled
monarchs to strengthen
their power
By the second half of the
17th century, effective
government was the
byword of the royal state
absolutism was on the
riseAbsolute rule responded tomid-century threats
THE NATURE OF ABSOLUTE
MONARCHY
The greatest proponent ofabsolute rule was English authorThomas Hobbes
His book, The Leviathan (1651),Hobbes argued that before civilsociety formed, humans lived ina savage state of nature, in awar of every man against everyman
Without government man wascondemned to a life that wassolitary, poor, nasty, brutish,and short
The solution? Absolute rule!
HOBBES ADVOCATES
ABSOLUTISM
To escape the savagestate of nature,individuals pooled theirpower and granted it to aruler
For Hobbes it was
simple; rulers agreed torule and subjects agreedto obey
When the contract wasintact, people ceased tolive in a state of nature;when it was broken, theyreturned to it
According to Hobbes, without a
strong government man would
live in chaos
EUROPE EMBRACES
ABSOLUTE RULE
With some notable exceptions,
Europe in the later 17th century
embraced absolute rule as not
only a necessity but an ideal
The consolidation of power in the
hands of the divinely ordained
monarch who ruled according to
the principles of laws and justice
was seen as the perfect form of
government
Hobbes was thrilled . . .Absolute Monarchy was
viewed as a stable
alternative to arbitrary rule
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
8/21
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
9/21
9
RELIGIOUS ISSUES
COMPLICATE POLITICS
Throughout Englanddemands to reform theEnglish church were heard
One of the mostcontentious issues involvedEnglish Puritans demandingthe end of the system ofhierarchy of archbishopsand bishops in the church
Puritans wanted to removeall remnants of the Catholicchurch from the church ofEngland
SCOTTISH PRAYER BOOK
IMPOSED, RIOTS RESULT King Charles I and
Archbishop William Laudwanted to establish amore consistent divineservice in the kingdom,and to that end theyintroduced the newScottish book of prayerin 1637
The resulting riots wereput down by Scottishtroops as Charles Iregarded an attack onthe church as an attackon the monarchy
CHARLES I CALLS ON PARLIAMENT
When Charles I needed funds to repel Scottish troopsfrom England, he called on Parliament in November of1640 (this Parliament was known as theLongParliamentbecause they met for nearly 13 years)
The Parliament refused to grant Charles I money untilhe address their grievances
Long Parliament
1640-1653
LONG PARLIAMENT FLEXES
THEIR MUSCLES
The Long Parliament won manyconcessions from Charles I,including mandatory Parliamentmeetings at least once every 3years, due process in common lawwould be observed, and the ancienttaxes that the crown had revivedwould be abolished
To show they were serious,Parliament tried and executedCharless leading political adviser,the Earl of Strafford, and
imprisoned Archbishop WilliamLaud
Earl
Laud
CHARLES LOSES PATIENCE
By the end of 1641, Charless patience had worn thin Parliament had no intention of providing him the funding he
wanted and they had begun negotiating with t he Scottishthemselves
In the summerof 1642, Charlesfled
London having
declared theleaders ofParliament rebelsand traitors
The EnglishCivil War hadbegun
Parliament
was now atwar with
the king
PARLIAMENT VS. THE KING
Parliament believed it
was fighting to
defend their religion,
their liberties, and
the rule of law
Royalists believedthey were fighting to
defend their
monarch, their
church, and social
stability
VS.
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
10/21
10
PARLIAMENT WEARS DOWN
ROYALISTS BY CONTROLLING
LONDON AND COASTAL REGIONS
PARLIAMENT
PREVAILS After 3 years of inconclusive
fighting, Parliament won adecisive victory at Naseby(1645)
The king was in captivity,bishops had been abolished,a Presbyterian church hadbeen established, and severelimits were put on royal power
However, the king had nointention of surrendering hisreligion or his authority
Despite the Parliamentaryvictory, they could not rulewith the king
The war left many questionsunanswered
MANY FACTIONS WANT SAY IN
GOVERNMENT In the Civil War the
Parliament had help fromthe Scots and fromvarious governors ofLondon, and so-calledIndependents whodesired a moredecentralized church
Each of these factionshad their own objectivesin a final settlement ofthe war
Charles I happily played
both sides against themiddle
Parliament was walking a tightrope after thewar and Charles was willing to let them fall
CHARLES KIDNAPPED,
MILITARY TAKES CONTROL
In June 1647, soldiers kidnapped the king and demandedParliament pay their arrears, protect them, and recognizetheir service
The Civil War had now become a military revolution
Military forces under the control of Sir Thomas Fairfax
and Oliver Cromwell crushed the last vestige of royalresistance and seized control of Parliament
CHARLES I BEHEADED
When the Parliament was
subsequently purged of
those who did not
support the army, the
remaining parliamentary
members (called theRump Parliament)
brought the king to trial
for crimes against his
subjects, and executed
him on January 30, 1649
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
11/21
11
COMMONWEALTH DECLARED
After the execution,England was declareda Commonwealth
The monarchy andHouse of Lords wasabolished
England was to begoverned by what wasleft of the House ofCommons
Within four years, OliverCromwell, with thesupport of the armyssenior officers, forciblyseized control Cromwell quickly dissolved the
Rump and became the leader of
the revolutionary government
OLIVER CROMWELL Cromwell was given the
title ofLord Protectorwasto rule along side a freelyelected Parliament and anadministrative councilknown as the Council ofState
A devout Puritan,Cromwell held therevolutionary governmenttogether through the forceof his personality
He believed Gods handwas helping Englandmove toward a gloriousfutureCromwell refused the title of
monarch, believing the authorityshould rest in the Parliament
THE NEW MODEL ARMY
Members of the New Model
Army were well-disciplined
and were promoted on merit
For the first time it became
possible for working-class
men to become army
officers
He recruited men who, like
him, held strong Puritan
views and the Army wentinto battle singing psalms,
convinced that God was on
their side
THE REVOLUTION DIES WITH
CROMWELL
When Cromwell died in
1658, the revolution fell
apart
The military again
intervened by
dismissing the recently
elected Parliament and
calling for the
restoration of the
monarchy
Soon after, the Stuarts
were restored in theperson of Charles IIThe Stuart Restoration 1660
EFFECTS OF 20 YEARS OF CIVIL
WAR IN ENGLAND As a result of 20 years of
turmoil and revolution, the
Parliament became a
permanent part of civil
government
Royal control of taxationand religion were curtailed
England was a reformed
Protestant state
Absolute monarchy had
become constitutional
monarchy with the threat
of revolution still looming
THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION The threats of revolution
proved viable whenJames II (1685-1688)came to the throne
A declared Catholic,James II used his powerto promote Catholics tohigh positions
When he attempted topack the new Parliamentwith Catholics, leadingProtestants begannegotiations withWilliam, Prince ofOrange, husband of MaryStuart, James eldestdaughter
James II
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
12/21
12
WILLIAM LANDS FORCES IN
ENGLAND
In 1688, William landedforces in England
With little support, James II
flees to France
With the throne vacant,
William and Mary were
proclaimed King and Queen
of England
With little bloodshed, the
event came to be known as
the Glorious Revolution
DECLARATION OFRIGHTS
The Declaration of Rightswas created in 1689 andpresented to William andMary before they took thethrone
The Declaration reassertedmany of the Parliamentarygains made over the lasthalf century
Additionally, the Tolerationof Act(1689)grantedreligious freedom to nearlyall Protestant groups
The liberties and rights ofthe subject and sovereignwere in balance
Draft of the
Declaration
of Rights
LOCKE COUNTERS HOBBES
Locke was an Englishtheorist who wasclosely tied to theEnglish Revolution
His ideas of resistancelent credibility to therevolt
In his influence work,The Two Treatises onCivil Government, hedeveloped thecontract theory of
government
LOCKE INFLUENCES OTHERS For Locke, society was a
contract between rulersand subjects whereby thepower to rule is offset bythe protection of naturalrights
When rulers actedarbitrarily, they were tobe disposed by theirsubjects (preferablypeacefully)
Later, Lockes ideas wereincorporated during theAmerican Revolution andhas impacted many otherwestern nations
Locke
1632-1704
The accession of James I and the end of the war with Spain
Queen Elizabeth dies 1603 ( Tudor)
The Stuarts 1603 - 1713The Gunpowder Plot 1605
New colonies and trading posts 1607
King James' Bible 1611Sailing of the Mayflower 1620
Charles I and Parliament 1625 - 1640
Prayer Book riots, National Covenant and Bishops' Wars 1637 - 1638Irish Rebellion 1641
English Civil War 1642
Charles I's surrender and execution 1649Cromwell and the Commonwealth 1649 - 1660
Charles II and the restoration of the monarchy 1660
'Glorious' Revolution 1688
William of Orange, Mary II and the Declaration of Rights 1689John Lockes Two Treatises Published 1690
TIMELINE
TIMELINE
TIMELINE 17th CENTURY ENGLAND ABSOLUTISM
IN THE EAST:
FREDERICK
SHOWS THE
WAY
Frederick William, the Great Elector ofBrandenburg-Prussia (1640-1688), was oneof the European leaders who made the mosteffective use of the techniques of absolutism
In 1640, he inherited a loose collection of territoriesdevastated by the Thirty Years War and turned it into anrobust state with a strong, discipline army and effectivebureaucracy
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
13/21
13
FREDERICK AND HIS ARMY From his experience as a
youth, Frederick William,
the Great Elector, wasconvinced a strong armyand a viable revenue baseto support that army, werecritical elements of statebuilding
When he inherited Prussiain 1640 he had neither
An army of 2,500 withterritories that had notradition of militarytaxation
Frederick was not impressed when he
surveyed his troops in 1640
FREDERICK WILLIAM
CREATES STRONG
ARMY After successfully introducing an
excise tax, Frederick William
created one of the most capable
standing armies of the age
A highly disciplined force, the new
army was the model of efficiencyas the government created a
department to oversee all of the
details including; housing,
supplies, training and taxation
Frederick was also able to create a
highly effective state bureaucracy
PETER THE GREAT TRANSFORMS
RUSSIA
The Russian Tsar Peter I(1682-1725) was enamoredwith the west at an early age;the technology, the culture,the military, the food, thefashion, etc.
He launched a campaign towesternize Russia includingputting the church under statecontrol
He ordered men to shave theirbeards, he lauded the benefits
of dentistry, and he promotedwine and new food products
PETER MODERNIZES ARMY
Peters greatest reforms
were military
He quickly modernized
his military in hopes of
reestablishing Russian
control in the Baltic ports
He created military
schools, introduced
conscription, promoted
based on merit, andbrought technology from
the west
By the end of Peters reign in 1725, theRussian monarchy was among the
strongest in Europe
PETER GOES AFTER
SWEDES, WINS His first efforts at dislodging the Swedes from the Baltic region
were not successful
However, through perseverance and preparation, Peter achieved hisambitions in 1709 with a victory over the Swedes at the Battle ofPoltava
After that victory, Russia gradual replaced Sweden as the dominantpower in the Baltic
Battle of Poltava as painted by
Denis Martens the Younger in 1726
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
14/21
14
THE ORIGINS OF FRENCH
ABSOLUTISM Nowhere in Europe was
absolutism so successful asin France
Its origins can be found in
Louis XIIIs rule (1610-1643)
The young king was only 8
years-old when he assumed
power and he grew into his
role under the tutelage of
Cardinal Richelieu
It was Cardinal Richelieus
vision that the greatness of
France depended on royal
power (read absolutism)
The boy king and hismentor
RAISON DETAT
Richelieu, the chief
minister for Louis XIII,preached a doctrine of
raison d etat reason of
the state the
subordination of all else to
the needs and wants of the
state
Richelieu sought to
eliminate all threats to
royal power including
Huguenots, nobles, and
local governors
RICHELIEU SUBDUES NOBLES
Richelieu insisted on nointernal threats to royaldominance
The nobles were the mostdifficult to subdue becauseof their long tradition ofindependence
The ancient nobility (thenobility of the sword) andthe new nobility (nobility ofthe robe lawyers and stateofficials) were limited byRichelieus appointment oflocal officials and intendants
who brought more regionsunder direct royal control
RICHELIEU GOES AFTER
HUGUENOTS Richelieu was less
interested in challenging
the Huguenots religion
than their autonomy
In 1627, when the English
sent a force to aid the
Huguenots against the
government, Richelieu
abolished the Huguenots
privileges altogether
They were allowed to
maintain their religion,
but not their specialstatus
The HuguenotCross
RICHELIEU AND LOUIS XIII
Louis XIII and Richelieu died within six months of each other in1642 and 1643
Richelieus aggressive policies curbed the nobility and precipitatedthe Fronde (aristocratic tax rebellion)
Both of the above had a profound impact on the new King LouisXIV who would domesticate and pacify the nobles like no otherabsolute monarch
MAZARIN AND LOUIS XIV
Like his father, LouisXIV came to the throneas a kid (5 years-old in1643)
He was tutored byCardinal Jules Mazarin(1602-1661),Richelieus successor
as chief minister A gambler by nature,
Mazarin died with thelargest personalfortune ever amassedby a French citizen
Mazarin was anexcellent administratorwho learned well fromhis predecessor
Portrait of a
young King
Louis XIV
The Kings
powerful mentor,
Cardinal Mazarin
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
15/21
15
LOUISS MONEY MAN: COLBERT
Louis XIV had a dynamic
Financial Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis credits Colbert with
the building of the French
Navy, reforming legal
codes, and the
establishment of the
National Academies of
Culture
Colbert turned French
debt into surplus without
raising taxesUntil Louis embarked on a series of
costly wars, Colbert had the French
state solvent
LOUISS WAR MAN: LOUVOIS
In matters of war, Louis
counted on the Marquis deLouvois
Louvois reformed the Frenchmilitary who during the Frondewere barely able to defeat themakeshift forces of the nobility
By the end of the reign, royalforces had been thoroughly re-organized and had grown to400,000
Merit promotion and up-to-datetechnology made the Frencharmy a superior fighting force
LOUIS MAINTAINS HUGE
BUREAUCRACY
Louis XIV furthered thepractice of relying onprofessional administratorsto supervise maindepartments of state
He excluded the nobility ofthe sword from the innercircle of government andincreased the role ofintendants
It was through intendantsthat the wishes of the centralgovernment were madeknown to the provinces
THE COURT OF VERSAILLES
Majesty was central toLouis XIV rule and noblecontrol
His residence atVersailles was the mostglittering court in all ofEurope, renowned for itsbeauty and splendor
When the court and kingmoved there permanentlyin 1682, Versaillesbecame the envy of thecontinent
PROTOCOL AT VERSAILLES
Louis established asystem of court etiquetteso complex that nobleshad to constantly study itto avoid humiliation
It was considered a greathonor for a noble to be
chosen to hand Louis hisshirt while dressing
Where people sat atdinner was a huge deal seniority issues abound
If the Kings dinner wereto pass you in the hallyou had to bow and say,The Kings Dinner . . .
LIFE AT LOUISS HOUSE: THE
METHOD BEHIND THE MADNESS
One never knocked on adoor; one scratched afingernail why thismadness?
When the nobility studieddecorum they could not
plot rebellion
Thus, Versailles servedmany roles; resident ofking; reception hall;office building; home tomany, many preoccupiednobles all hoping to winthe kings favor
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
16/21
16
FRENCH CULTURE DURING
LOUIS S REIGN
Massive royalpatronage of art,science, and thoughtbrought Frenchculture to new heights
During Louiss reign,France replaced Spainas the greatest nationin Europe
The French languagereplaced Latin as thelanguage of Europe
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
17/21
17
FRENCH CLASSICISM
Systematic purchases of
treasures from ancientand modern cultures theworld over enhanced theregime's prestige
The need to reignsupreme in culturalmatters also spawnedFrench Classicism, thecrowning culturalachievement of France'sgolden age under LouisXIV
Artists Jacques- LouisDavid and NicholasPoussin were twoleading artists of the era
Jacques- Louis Davids Oath of Horatii
is an example of the classical subject
matter French Classicism embraced
Jacques-Louis Davids Death of Marat
Davids Mars Disarmed by Venus
and the Three Graces
Davids Napoleon Crossing the
Saint Bernard
Nicholas Poussin Ashes of
PhocianPoussin Shepherds of Arcadia
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
18/21
18
Poussins Rape of the Sabine
WomenFRANCE REVOLVES
AROUND THEIR SUN
During Louis XIVs longreign (1643-1715), Franceachieved greatesteconomically, politically,and culturally
They became aeconomic power rivalingthe Netherlands
They became a navalpower rivaling England
They were a militarypower without peer
LOUISS FAULTS AND FAILURES
Louiss reign had a downside; economic collapse and religiouspersecution
His aggressive foreign policy ultimately bankrupted the crown andcosts thousands of French lives
However, the greatest failure of his tenure was his persecution of the
Huguenots For Louis, the Huguenots represented an affront to his authority
LOUIS REVOKES
EDICT OF
NANTES
From the beginning, Louispersecuted Protestants,despite their protectionfrom the Edict of Nantes(King Henry IV of Franceissued the Edict of Nanteson April 13, 1598 to grantFrench Protestants, alsoknown as Huguenots,substantial rights in aCatholic nation)
Finally, in 1685 Louisrevoked the Edict of Nantesin his Edict ofFontainebleau
All forms of Protestantworship was outlawed asthousands fled France
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS OF
ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIV, Peter the Great,and Frederick William theGreat Elector were alltowering figures whose styleof rule revealed the royalstate at its height
The king, his advisors, and aburgeoning statebureaucracy ruled the day
A delicate balance betweenthe will of the king and thewill of the state was crafted. . . destined to be thrown offkilter
EMPIRES OF GOODS
By the end of the 16th
century, a worldwidemarketplace for theexchange of commoditieshad been created
First the Dutch and then theEnglish had establishedmonopoly companies in theEast
Colonies across the Atlantichad been established withhopes of economic gain
Trade enhanced the materiallife of all Europeans
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
19/21
19
THE DUTCH: FIRST GREAT
COMMERCIAL POWER
The Dutch ledthe way basedon theirinnovativetechniques and management,combined with a social,political, and culturalenvironment that supportedmercantile activities
Dutch society was open tonew ideas and freer thanmost European nations
The Dutch created the idea ofthe Entrepot; a storage sitefor goods before they areexchanged
Today, the entrepot is standard
procedure for large companies
DUTCH TREAT The Dutch pioneered in
finance by establishing theBank of Amsterdam
They led in shipbuilding bydeveloping the flyboat along-flat-hulled vesseldesigned to carry bulkygoods
They traded around theworld with the largestmercantile fleet
It was not until the 17th
century that England andFrance surpassed theDutch (How? By passinglaws to eliminate Dutchcompetition)
Flyboats were cheap to build and could
be manned by small crews
16th CENTURY TRADE ROUTES
EVOLE, POWER SHIFTS NORTH
The Spanish moved back andforth between the New and OldWorld across the Atlantic
The Dutch and Portuguese sailedaround Africa to the IndianOcean
The Baltic trade connected theeastern raw materials with thewestern manufactured goods ofEurope
The Mediterranean Sea stillsurvived as an intercontinentalhub, but commercial power wasshifting to northern Europe justas dramatically as political and
military power
Major Global Trade Routes, 1400-1800
TRIANGULAR
TRADEDEVELOPS
The Triangular trade created a larger pool of desirablegoods than the bilateral trade it replaced
British manufactured goods could be traded to Africa forslaves, slaves could be traded in the West Indies forsugar, and sugar could be consumed on Britain
Supply and demand were a better match
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
20/21
20
TriangularTrade
NEW FORMS OF BANKING The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609 to
create a uniform rate of exchange for the various
currencies From there, a system of transferring bills and accounts
was developed (called giro banking)
Next, bills of exchange (a crude form of checking) werecreated to settle international transactions
Bill of
Exchange
EASTERN TRADEHEATS UP
The chief commodity
imported to the East was
bullion; tons of South
American silver
In return came spices, silk,
coffee, jewels, porcelain
and dyes
By 1650, the Dutch
dominated the spice trade
The Dutch enjoyed a
virtual monopoly in
cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg,mace and pepper
By mid-17th century, Europeans were
consuming 7 million pounds of pepper
COTTON MARKET THRIVES
The Dutch were the first torealize the enormouspotential of the cottonmarket
Until about 1650, cottonand cotton blended withsilk were used in Europeonly for wall hangings andtable coverings
Shortly thereafter, cottonreplaced linen as thematerial of choice forundergarments
The fashion caught on andthe Dutch soon beganimporting calicoes (Indiancotton) to the continent
The
emergence of
cotton would
fundementally
alter the
economy
ENGLAND SOON DOMINATES
COTTON TRADE
By 1750, the English
dominated the cotton
trade
They shipped more than
a million cloths a year
into London
The calicoes craze was
so great that both France
and England attempted
to ban their import to
protect domestic cotton
industries
EYE OPENING NEW BEVERAGE:
COFFEE Coffee became a
fashionable drink in
Europe by about 1700
Coffeehouses sprang up
in major urban areas of
northern Europe The Dutch and the
English established
themselves in the coffee
trade which was centered
in the Middle Eastern
seaport of MochaBy 1700, strong middle easterncoffee was very popular in
Europe
8/3/2019 Growth Nation States 17th Red
21/21
21
TEA STILL KING
Despite the increasingpopularity of coffee, tea was
still the basic beverage
It was probably mostprevalent in England where
a mix of Chinese tea and
West Indian sugar was all
the Tea soon became the
dominate cargo of English
ships
Paid for in bullion, it wasnt
until the Chinese started
consuming opium that a true
triangular trade developed
COLONIAL TRADE: SWEET
The success of tea waslinked to the growth of thesugar trade in EuropesAtlantic colonies
Widespread cultivation ofsugar began in thePortuguese colony of Brazil
The English had aninsatiable appetite forsugars sweetness hot,sweet tea provided energyfor millions of Englishmen
By 1730, over 100 millionpounds of sugar wereconsumed by the British
Sugar went from luxury item
to staple item
AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE
The Triangular Trade of manufactures mostly re-exporting calicoes and rum to Africa for slaves,who were exchanged in the West Indies for sugar,became the dominant form of English overseas trade
Colonial production depended on the enforced laborof hundreds of thousands of Africa slaves
AFRICANS IN THE NEW WORLD
More than 6 million black slaves were imported into theAmericans during the 1700s
Every colonial power participated in the lucrative slave trade The English eventually came to control the trade as the sweet
tooth of Europe was fed by the sweat of black Africans
DUTCH MASTERS OF TRADE
The Dutch economygrew significantly in 17th
century
Their advantagesincluded Protestant
immigrants that brought
with them capital and
manufacturing skills
The Dutch had excellent
craftsmen and
successful farmers
Their greatest attribute
was trade
HOLLAND #1
Although the Dutch Republic comprisedseven separate political entities, with apopulation of 2 million, the province ofHolland was preeminent among them
The port city of Amsterdam, Holland, was one of the
greatest cities in Europe The city rose dramatically in population and
prominence in the 17th century