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GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Jacek Namieśnik
Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry
Gdańsk University of Technologyul. G. Narutowicza 11/1280-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Tel: (058) 347 1010Fax: (058) 347 2694
E-mail: [email protected]
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ENVIRONMENT
Justice
Sustainablestate
Effectiveness
ECONOMY
Health
SOCIETY
Sustainable Development
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Synonymous expressions for GREEN CHEMISTRY
• Environmentally Benign Chemistry
• Chemia prośrodowiskowa
• Clean Chemistry
• Atom Economy
• Benign by Design Chemistry
• Environmentally Benign Chemical Technology
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Historical timeline
1991 – Paul Anastas coined the term GREEN CHEMISTRY in the ‘Green Chemistry Program’, inaugurated by the US EPA in 1991.
1995 – an annual award was established for achievements in the application of GREEN CHEMISTRY principles; similar awards were set up in European countries.
1996 – IUPAC Working Party on Green Chemistry founded.
1997 – the GREEN CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE (EPA) came into being in the USA. It fosters contacts between governmental agencies and industrial corporations on the one hand, and university research centres on the other with the aim of developing and implementing new technologies.
1997 – the first international GREEN CHEMISTRY symposium took place
2003 – the first national conference devoted to GREEN CHEMISTRY took place in Poland – EkoChemTech’03.
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GREEN CHEMISTRY journals
1998 – Journal of Clean Processes and Products (published by Springer-Verlag)
1999 – Green Chemistry (published by The Royal Society of Chemistry), IF ~ 5.836
Since ca 1980 – Environmental Science and Technology (published by The American Chemical Society) has devoted a separate section to Green Chemistry. [The first issue of this journal came out in 1967!]
Much current information in this field is also available on Internet websites.
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The principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY
The 12 Principles of GREEN CHEMISTRY P.T. Anastas, J. Warner, Green Chemistry.
Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press,New York, 1998, p. 30
PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRYNeil Winterton, Green Chem., 3, G 73 (2001)
These are the principles of implementing green chemicalsyntheses on a technological scale.
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1. Benign synthetic methodology and catalysis
2. Catalytic degradation of pollutants
3. Benign process technology
4. Development and application of renewable resources
5. Future sources of green energy
Special Topics Issue on Green– sustainable chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 79 (11), 2007
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GREEN CHEMISTRY
GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
SOLVENT FREE SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
GREEN SOLVENTS AND REAGENTS
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Publications on GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
YEAR OF PUBLICATION
CU
MU
LA
TIV
E N
UM
BE
R O
F PU
BL
ICA
TIO
NS
S. Armenta, S. Garrigues, M. De la Guardia, Trends Anal. Chem., 27, 497 (2008)
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Methodological challengesINTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO
ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES
GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
The search for new, direct analytical techniques
Solvent-free techniques for preparing samples for analysis
Miniaturization of equipment and integration of analytical systems
Assessment of the environmental stress caused by a laboratory and analytical methodologies – the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
techniques
NEW EXTRACTION MEDIA
The use of ionic liquids at the sample preparation stage -----------------------------------
The use of subcritical water as a convenient extraction medium (Subcritical Hot Water Extraction – SHWE)
FACTORS ASSISTING OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY
Microwave radiation -------------------------------------
Ultrasound --------------------------------------
UV radiation
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Parameters determining the „green nature” of analytical chemistry:
• eliminating (or at least reducing the consumption) of chemical reagents, particularly organic solvents;
• reducing the emission of vapours and gases, and also the discharge of effluents and solid wastes produced in analytical laboratories;
• eliminating highly toxic and/or ecotoxic reagents from the analytical process (e.g. the replacement of benzene by other solvents);
• reducing the per analyte time- and labour consumption of the analytical process.
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Direct techniques
NO SAMPLE PRETREATMENT BEFORE ANALYSIS NECESSARY
AN IDEAL SOLUTION
BUTBUT::• only a limited number of such techniques!!
• NEW ONES ARE NOT TO BE EXPECTED IN THE NEAR FUTURE!!
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• Potentiometric techniques (ion-selective electrodes –ISE);
• Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with (in a graphite cuvette);
• Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP);
• Neutron activation analysis (NAA);
• X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF);
• Surface analysis techniques (AES, ESCA, SIMS, ISS);
• IMMUNOASSAY (IMA)
Known types of direct techniques:
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Immunoassay (IMA)
Ab + Ag + Ab* AbAg + AbAg*Where:
Ab – antibody; Ag –antigen; Ag* - marked antigen
Radioimmunoassay –RIAEnzymatic Immunoassay –EIA
Fluorescence Immunoassay – FIA
CHALLENGE:
To search for specific ANTIBODIES and new types of MARKERS !!
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Classification of solvent-free sample preparation methods
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
The use of passive permeation dosimeters for sampling analytes, and thermal desorption for their release and injection into the analytical instrument.
TECHNIQUES FOR THE SOLVENT-FREE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
Extraction of analytes with a stream of inert
gas
Head Space Analysis – HSA
Whole Column Cryotrapping- WCCT
Cryotrapping – CT
Membrane extraction
Direct determination of analytes in a stream of
gas or fluid washing the outer side of the
membrane.
Retention of analytes from the gas stream on a layer of sorbent and their release by thermal desorption prior to the final determination step, for example:• Membrane Extraction with Sorbent Interface – MESI,• Hollow Fibre Sampling Analysis –HFSA,• On-line Membrane Extraction Microtrap – OLMEM, • Membrane Purge and Trap – MPT,• Pulse Introduction Membrane Extraction – PIME, • Semi Permeable Membrane Devices –SPMD.
Thermal Membrane Desorption Application –TMDA
Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry –MMS
Traps containing a layer of solid sorbent, for example:• Purge and Trap – PT,• Closed Loop Stripping Analysis – CLSA, • packed PDMS trap.
• Solid Phase Microextraction – SPME, • Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction -HS-SPME
Using a section of a capillary column as a trap for retaining analytes from a stream of gas or fluid, for example:• Coated Capillary Microextraction –CCME,• Film Open Tabular Trap – TFOT, Thick Film Capillary Trap – TFCT.
Solid phase extraction (SPE)
Inside Needle Capillary
Absorption Trap –INCAT
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SOLVENT-FREE TECHNIQUES OF PREPARING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
Extraction of analytes from a sample using a stream of gas
Head Space Analysis – HSA
Whole Column Cryotrapping – WCCT
Cryotrapping – CT
Classification of solvent-free methods of sample preparation
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Classification of solvent-free methods of sample preparation
The use of passive permeation dosimeters for sampling analytes, and thermal desorptionfor their release and injection into the analytical instrument.
SOLVENT-FREE TECHNIQUES OF PREPARING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
Membrane extraction
Direct determination of analytes in a stream of gas or fluid washing the
outer side of the membrane.
Retention of analytes from the gas stream on a layer of sorbent and their release by thermal desorption prior to the final determination step, for example:• Membrane Extraction with Sorbent Interface – MESI,• Hollow Fibre Sampling Analysis –HFSA,• On-line Membrane Extraction Microtrap – OLMEM, • Membrane Purge and Trap – MPT,• Pulse Introduction Membrane Extraction – PIME, • Semi Permeable Membrane Devices –SPMD.
Thermal Membrane Desorption Application –TMDA
Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry –MMS
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Classification of solvent-free methods of sample preparation
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
TECHNIQUES FOR THE SOLVENT-FREE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
Using traps containing a solid sorbent, e.g.• Purge and Trap – PT,• Closed Loop Stripping Analysis – CLSA, • packed PDMS trap.
•Solid Phase Microextraction – SPME, •Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction - HS-SPME
Using a section of capillary column as a trap for capturing analytes from a stream of gas or liquid, e.g.• Coated Capillary Microextraction –CCME,• Thick Film Open Tabular Trap – TFOT, Thick Film Capillary Trap – TFCT.
Solid phase extraction (SPE)
Inside Needle Capillary Absorption Trap –INCAT
Inside Needle DynamicExtraction- INDEX
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SPME- Solid-Phase Microextraction
Mode of extraction:• direct-immersion SPME• headspace-SPME
1. Plunger2. Barrel3. Injection needle4. Inner needle5. Coated fused silica fibre
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Concept of the Membrane- SPME technique(M-SPME)
SPME:• simplicity• short extraction time• solventless• automatization• GC compatible• in-situ sampling
Membrane techniques:
• physical separation
• selectivity
• broad range of solvents
M-SPME
A. Kloskowski, M. Pilarczyk, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chem., 81, 7363 (2009)
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glass rod
polar sorbent (PEG)
hydrophobic membrane (PDMS)
Scheme of SPME fiber
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Results – fiber
Fiber coated with PEG (20kDa) d = 85 (±5%) μm …
… + PDMS layerd = 20 μm
Mechanical and thermal stability successfully examinated
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Results
LOD (µg/L) Compound
Linearity range (µg/L)
R2 M-SPME PA
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 15-1500 0.9953 7 50 2-Chlorophenol 3-300 0.9936 43 530 2,4-Dichlorophenol 3-300 0.9987 15 120 2,4-Dimethylphenol 3-300 0.9921 9 110 2,4-Dinitrophenol 10-1000 0.9963 110 950 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 15-1500 0.9898 81 680 2-Nitrophenol 3-300 0.9945 9 60 4-Nitrophenol 15-1500 0.9937 150 1800 Pentachlorophenol 15-1500 0.9914 83 740 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 10-1000 0.9932 61 440
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ConlusionsAdvantages:• Improved extraction efficiency
• Possibility to utilize as sorbents materials soluble in water
• Increased range of sorbent to be utilized
• Partition based mechanism of analytes separation
• Possibility to adjust selectivity of sorption based on
high dielectric constant of PEG
Limitations:• Complex procedure of fiber preparation
• Coating unavailable commercially
Future outlooks:• Application of the other internal materials
• System adaptation for another sample preparation techniques
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Solid Phase Nanoextraction – SPNE
•• PRINCIPLE:PRINCIPLE:
Makes use of the strong affinity of PAHs for gold nanoparticles.
•• IMPLEMENTATION:IMPLEMENTATION:
Liquid samples (water) of volume ca 500 μl (!!!) are mixed with a colloidal solution of gold. This is followed by the quantitativebinding of PAH analytes to the surface of gold nanoparticles, which are then removed in an ultracentrifuge.
HPLC-FD (fluorescence detector) is used for the final determination. Determination of PAH analytes in water possible at the ppb-pptlevel.
H.Wang, A.D. Campiglia, Anal. Chem., 80, 8202-8209 (2008)
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Microwave Enhanced Chemistry - MEC
Microwave radiation can be used as an enhancing factor in such operations as:• Rapid heating of samples;• Drying (Desiccation) of samples;• Determination of water content (microwave moisture analysers);• Fixing of biological samples;• Ashing and melting of samples;• Excitation of analytes in plasma (MIP);• Acceleration of chemical reactions;• Evaporation of water from aqueous solutions;• Thermal stabilization of waste products;• Heating of chromatographic columns (GC);• Analyte extraction – Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE)
J. Namieśnik, P. Szefer, Ecol. Chem. Eng., 15, 167- 249 (2008)
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Operations can be carried out at high pressure
Small quantities of reagents used
E. M. M. Flores, J. S. Barin, M. F. Mesko, G. Knapp, Spectrochim. Acta B62, 1051-1064 (2008)
Characteristics of microwave enhanced mineralization
Microwave enhanced
mineralization
Microwave enhanced wet decomposition
Dry mineralization
techniques
Low background level
Saving of time
Need to use durablematerials
Low level of organic carbon
Samples of large mass
Applicable to samples containing non-metals
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SonochemistryUltra Sounds (US) are already in widespread use for enhancing:
• Sample mineralization;
• Dissolution of sample constituents;
• Homogenization;
• Emulsion formation;
• Filtration;
• Derivatization;
• Reagent formation;
• Cleaning of glassware;
• Sample degassing;
• Filtration;
• Ultrasound extraction – USE
J. Namieśnik, P. Szefer, Ecol. Chem. Eng., 15, 167- 249 (2008)
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Extraction agentStream of mobile phase (GC)
Neutral gas
Extraction agent (HWE, SHWE)Superheated water
(water in a subcritical state)
Extraction agentReaction medium
Ionic liquid
Extraction agent (SFE)Stream of mobile phase (SFC)
Supercritical fluid
ApplicabilityMedium
„Green” media used in analytical laboratories
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New, environmentally friendly media
Water
I. Single-phase systems:
• water / solvent / reagent;
• microheterogeneous systems:
- micellar solutions;
- microemulsions (water/oil and oil/water)
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New, environmentally friendly media
Water
II. Bi- and polyphasic systems:• water / liquid organic phase;
• water / solid;
• water / liquid organic phase / solid
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Application of subcritical water
Pressure (bars)
Temperature (°C)
Ice
Boiling curve of water
Water in a subcritical state
Water in a supercritical state
Critical point (220.5 bars, 373.9 °C)
Vapour pressure curve
Water vapour
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Possible uses of subcritical water as an extractant
S.B. Hawthorne, A. Kubatowa, Hot (subcritical) water extraction, in: Sampling and sample preparation for field and laboratory collective work, edited by J. Pawliszyn), Elsevier, 2002, pp. 587-608
DIFFICULT NON-POLAR
EASY POLAR
Water temperature as an extraction factor essential for the extraction of analytes of different polarity
100oC
280oC
PCB
PAH
Organohalogen pesticides
Monoterpenes
Triazines and organonitrogen pesticides
Explosives (HMX, RDX, TNT)
Phenols, amines
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Physicochemical properties of supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water
10-801-2Range of analyte polarity(ε)
poorGoodSelectivity of extraction from samples
with a given matrix composition (e.g. soils)
goodAverage Selectivity of extraction of analytes of different polarity
Variable level of difficultyUsually easyAnalyte preconcentration (after
extraction)
low-averageLow Analyte reactivity
polar constituentsNon-polar constituents Easily extractable analytes
non-polar constituentsPolar constituents Extractable analytes
TT, PThe main factor affecting extractantproperties
50-1000000 times10-100 times Analyte solubility can be changed
H2OCO2Parameter
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Supercritical fluids
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE:
• monophase systems:- sc CO2 / reagent;
- microemulsions water / sc CO2
• biphase systems:- solid (catalyst) / sc CO2;
- water / sc CO2
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Supercritical fluid
Pressure
Temperature
SOLIDLIQUID
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
GAS
Critical point
Triple point
Phase diagram
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Ionic liquids – solvents of the 21st century
They satisfy the requirements of GREEN CHEMISTRY.
IONIC LIQUIDS are salts containing:• an organic cation;• an anion (usually inorganic).
At room temperature these salts are liquids.
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3 types of ionic liquid are known:
• Quaternary ammonium salts: [RxNH4-x]+Y-
• Iminium salts:
imidazolinium pyridinium
• Phosphonium salts:
where:x= 1, 2, 3, 4; Y = BF4, PF6, NO3, SbF6, AlCl4, CuCl2
[RxPH4-x]+Y-
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• room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL);• non-aqueous ionic liquid;
• molten salt;• liquid organic salt;
• fused salt
Terminology:
History:
The first ammonium salt classified as an ionic liquid was obtained in 1914 (the nitrate [C2H5NH3]+NO3
-).
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Interesting and promising properties
They:They:
• dissolve both inorganic (including some rocks and coal) and organic (from simple solvents to polymers) compounds;
• are thermally stable: their boiling points are high, often > 350°C;
• usually immiscible with water;
• are non-volatile (very low vapour pressure at 25°C);
• dissolve catalysts, especially complexes of transition metals, without simultaneously damaging the walls of glass or steel reactors.
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A characteristic feature of ionic liquids is the range of temperature over which they exist in the liquid state.
This range is assumed to be greater than 300°C.
The physicochemical properties of commonly used solvents:
4475
100124150161163164205215
>300
-3480
1006156776569
211153
>200
-7850
-63-94-84-98-956
-61~ -96
AmmoniaBenzeneWaterChloroformAcetoneEthyl acetateMethanol HexaneNitrobenzeneDimethylformamideIonic liquid
(BP-MP) [°C]
BP[°C]
MP[°C]
Solvent
MP – melting point ; BP – boiling point ; (BP – MP) – the range of temperature over which the solvent is a liquid
NO COMMONLY USED
SOLVENT IS A LIQUID
OVER SUCH A WIDE
RANGE OF TEMPERTAURES!!!
J. Pernak, Przem. Chem., 79, 150 (2000)
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The effect of the location of a measuring instrument with respect to the object of interest on the time delay in acquiring analytical
information.
Tim
e el
apsi
ng b
etw
een
two
cons
ecut
ive
mea
sure
men
ts.
In-line
On-line
Off-line
24 hours
1 hour
1 minute1s
1s 1 minute 1 hour 24 hours
At-line
Time elapsing between sample collection and the final determination result.
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Speed of analysis
Analytical requirem
ents (instrumentation, staff)
Sensitivity / Precision of measurements
Indicator strips
Colour testsvisual assessment
Comparative test
Indicator stripswith refractometer
Cell testswith a photometer
Reaction tests with a photometer
Fast analytical tests
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Miniaturization in analytical chemistry
New types of sensor Supramolecular sensors
Sets of sensors
Artificial nose
Artificial tongue
Micro-total analysis system
Lab-on-a-chip
μ- TAS(μ- Total Analysis System)
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What is e-nose & e-tongue?
ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACEHEADSPACE
ANALYSIS OF LIQUID ANALYSIS OF LIQUID SAMPLESAMPLE
E-nose & e-tongue (artificial senses) are instruments based on non-selective sensor arrays with special mathematical data processing by pattern recognition (PARC) methods (artificial neural networks, principal component analysis, etc.).
E-nose (artificial nose, mechanical nose, aroma sensor, odour-sensing
system)E-tongue (taste sensor)
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Instrumental TechniquesElectronic nose
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Electronic tongue
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MEDICINE
APPLICATION OF EAPPLICATION OF E--TONGUETONGUE
FOOD INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Food quality control during processing
and storage (water, wine,
milk, juice)
Optymalization of bioreactors
Non-invasive diagnostic
(analysis of urine)
Clinical monitoringin vivo
Monitoring of agriculutraland industrial
pollution of water
Control of productionprocess
Product purity
Investigationof transformation
of pollutants
Assessmentof health effects
of pollutants
Determination of type,vintage and possibility
of adulteration of wines
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Green methodology in analytical chemistrySolvent-free sample preparation techniquesUse of ‘green’ mediaReducing the scale of determinationsDirect analytical techniques
Green Analytical Chemistry
Shortening the duration of the analytical cycleApplication of factors enhancing the efficiency of some operations and processesCatalyst and biocatalysts
results become availableUse of direct techniques (in-line system)Fast tests and biotests
Hermetization of analytical operations and processesSolvent-free sample preparation techniquesReducing the scale of determinations
Solvent-free sample preparation techniquesUse of direct techniquesUse of reagents with a high degree of purityReducing the scale of determinationsRecycling of media (after cleanup)
Reducing amounts of wastes and effluents
Reducing consumption of
reagents and solvents
Reducing gas and vapour emissions
Shortening the time that elapses before
real-time
Saving energy
Solvent-free sample preparation techniquesAutomation of analytical processesMiniaturization of monitoring instrumentationHermetization of analytical operations and processes
Reducing professional
exposure
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Life-cycle assessment of solvents
Ch. Capello, U. Fischer, K. Hungerbühler, Green Chem., 9, 927-934 (2007)
CED: Cumulative Energy Demand
Distillation is the environmentally more friendly approach
OPTIO
N: m
ineralization (combustion)
OPTION: distillation
Environmentally-friendly solvents
Combustion is the environmentally more friendly approach
Cumulative energy demand per kg of solvent [MJ]
Cumulative energy demand per kg of solvent [MJ]
Tetrohydrofuran
Butyl acetateCyclohexane
Propanol
Formic acidEthyl acetate
DimethylformamideAcetonitrile
DioxaneButanol
AcetoneAcetic acidBenzyl ether
FormaldehydeToluene
CyclohexanoneIso-propanol
MEK Methyl acetate
Xylene
MethanolEthanol
Pentane
Hexane
HeptaneDiethyl ether
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An assessment of the effect of solvents (using a combination of EHS and LCA)
Ch. Capello, U. Fischer, K. Hungerbühler, Green Chem., 9, 927-934 (2007)
EHS: Environmental Health Safety CED: Cumulative Energy Demand
EHS
LCA
Numerical value of the index
Cumulative Energy Demand per kg of solvent [MJ]
Environmentally-friendly solventsFormaldehyde
Dioxane
Acetonitrile
Formic acid
TetrohydrofuranCyclohexane
Acetic acid
Heptane
Hexane
Diethyl ether
Pentane
Ethanol
Methanol
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetateButyl acetate
XyleneMEK
Dimethylformamide
CyclohexanoneToluene
AcetoneIso-propanol
Benzyl ether
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Recent publications on green analytical chemistry:
1. Curyło J., Wardencki W., Namieśnik J., Green aspects of samplepreparation- a need for solvent reduction, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 16, 5-16 (2007)
2. Wardencki W., Curyło J., Namieśnik J., Trends in solventlesssample preparation techniques for environmental analysis, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 275-288 (2007)
3. Tobiszewski M. Mechlińska A., Zygmunt B., Namieśnik J., Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants, TrAC, 28, 943-951 (2009)
4. M. Tobiszewski, A. Mechlińska, J. Namieśnik Green analytical chemistry - theory and practice, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 2869-2878 (2010).
http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/
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http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/Katedry/Analityczna/
• INDIVIDUAL COURSES ‘to order’• A PRACTICAL COURSE IN HIGH- PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)• A COURSE IN THE PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS • A COURSE IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – THE FUNDAMENTALS• A COURSE IN THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – A MORE ADVANCED COURSE • THE MONITORING AND QUALITY OF ANALYTICAL MEASUREMENT RESULTS • THE ABC OF SPE TECHNIQUES• A COURSE IN LC-MS
Department of Analytical Chemistry
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Evaluation and quality control of analytical results
Collective work edited:
Piotr Konieczka Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Jacek NamieśnikGdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
ISBN: 978-83-204-3255-8
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QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN THE ANALYTICAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY:
A PRACTICAL APPROACH
The volume comes with a CD containing calculation sheets.
Piotr Konieczka Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Jacek NamieśnikGdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Series: Analytical Chemistry
ISBN: 9781420082708ISBN 10: 1420082701CAT #: 82701Pub Date: 2/23/2009
CRC Press Inc - Taylor & Francis Ltd
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Piotr Szefer Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
Jacek NamieśnikGdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
ISBN: 9781420082685ISBN 10: 142008268XCAT #: 8268XPub Date: 6/26/2009 CRC Press Inc - Taylor & Francis Ltd
Analytical Measurements in AquaticEnvironments
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01.07.2007-01.07.2013Project deadline:
3 391 950,00 PLNRecommended subsidy:
WND-POIG.01.03.01-00-138/09No. of project:
1.3.1. Development projectsSub-action:
1.3. Support for R+D projects carried out by scientific institutions on behalf of industrial companies
Action:
1. Research and development of novel technologies Priority axis:
Project co-financed by European Union from European Regional Development Fund in a framework of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013
CONTACTGdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty
G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańskphone/fax: 0048 58 347 26 25
e-mail: [email protected]://www.chem.pg.gda.pl/agrobiokap/
The exploitation of white cabbage for the phytoremediation and biofumigation of soils
(AGROBIOKAP)
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European Master in Quality in Analytical Laboratories-EMQAL
University of Algarve (Portugal, PT), University of Barcelona (Spain, ES), University of Bergen (Norway, NO), University of Cadiz (Spain, ES), Gdansk University of Technology (Poland, PL)
http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/