Appendix A - 1
GREEK 3
“GRAMMAR IN THE HEAD” (GIH)
For Greek reading, translation, and exegesis, communicators of the Word need to be able to recall the various ways grammatical forms may function in
a NT Greek sentence. These “Grammar in the Head” charts reduce to grid form
the various categories of function of Greek grammatical forms. By the end of Greek 3, you will be able to Î explain
all the grammatical function categories on these charts, and ã describe the functions the different forms fulfill,.
At that point you will have it all “in your head.”
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinate Conjunctions
Continuative
“and”
Adversative
“but,
however”
Disjunctive
“or”
Inferential
“therefore,
so, then”
Explanatory
“that is, for”
Transitional
“now, then”
Emphatic
“indeed”
Ascensive
“even”
Correlative
6"4 •88" ´ @Û< ("D *g ("D *g :,< . . . *g
Adverbial Subordinate Conjunctions
Comparative
“as”
Temporal
“when”
Causal
“because”
Conditional
“if”
Concessive
“although”
Purpose
“in order
that”
Result
“so that”
Local
“where”
ñH ÒJg ÒJ4("D
Cl.1 gÆ + indic. . . . any
Cl.2 gÆ + past . . . •< +
past
Cl.3 ¦"< + subj. . . . any
Cl.4 gÆ + opt. . . . •< + opt.
gÆ 6"4 Ê<" ñFJ, @â
Adjectival and Substantival Subordinate Clause Connectors
Adjectival
“who, which”
Substantval
“that”
Definite Indefinite(Generic/Qualitative)
ÓJ4Ë<"
ÓH, », Ð ÓFJ4H, »J4H, Ó J4
Appendix A - 2
TENSE
Progressive Aspect Tenses
Present Imperfect
Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Common Uses
Progressive“is ing”
Instantaneous“completed at
speaking”
Iterative“repeated at
intervals”
Customary“habitually
occurring”
Gnomic“general truth”
Progressive“was ing”
Ingressive“accents action’s
beginning”
Iterative“repeated at
intervals”
Customary“habitually
occurring”
Summary Aspect Tenses
Aorist Future
Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Special Use
Constative“views action in entirety”
Ingressive“accents action’s beginning”
Consummative“accents action’s conclusion”
Predictive Imperatival
Completed-Stative Aspect Tenses
Perfect Pluperfect Tense
Basic Use Common Use Special Use Basic Use Common Use Special Use
Intensive“accents present state
resulting from completed
action”
Extensive“accents completed
action”
Perfect with Present
Force
Intensive“accents past state
resulting from completed
action in past time”
Extensive“accents completed action
in past time”
Pluperfect with
Simple Past Force
Appendix A - 3
VOICE
Active
Normal Use Other Uses
Simple
“subject does the action”
Stative
“subject exist in state described
by verb”
Causative
“subject is ultimate source of
action,” -izw, -ow
Reflexive
“Subject acts on self + reflexive
pronoun object”
Middle
Common Uses Other Uses
Indirect
“accents subject’s role in
producing action”
Deponent
“middle form with active
meaning since verb lacks active
form”
Direct
“Subject acts on
self”
Permissive
“accents subject’s
interest in results of
verb’s action”
Reciprocal
“interchange of
action among plural
subjects”
Passive
w/Agency Expressed w/o Agent Expressed
Ultimate (Direct) Agent Intermediate Agent Impersonal Means obvious from context
focus on subject
rhetorical effectßBo/ + genitive *4a/ + genitive ¦< + dative or simple dative
Appendix A - 4
MOOD
Indicative
Basic Use Other Uses
Declarative
“makes a statement”
Interrogative
“asks a question” (;)
Cohortative
“gives a command in Future 2nd
person”
Conditional
“ei) + indic.”
Subjunctive
Independent Clause Dependent (Subordinate) Clause
Hortatory Deliberative Emph. Negat. Prohibitive Conditional Purpose/Result Indefinite (•<)
1st Pl. Subj.
“Let us . . .”
question @Û :0 + A S :0 + A S ¦"< + Subj. Ê<" + Subj. Relative Temporal
ÓH •< + Subj. ÒJ"< + Subj.
Optative
Rare (70x in GNT)
Most common is :0 (g<@4J@ (15x in GNT)
Imperative
Basic Use Other Uses
Command Prohibition Request“from subordinate
to superior”
Permission“consent from
superior to action
desired by
subordinate”
Progressive Summary Progressive Summary
Pres. Imv.
“Do continually or repeatedly”
Aor. Imv.
“Do at once”
:0 + Pres. Imv.
“Stop doing” or
“Don’t be doing”
:0 + Aor. Subj.
“Don’t start to do”
or “Don’t do”
Appendix A - 5
PARTICIPLES
Adjectival (DBW = “Dependent Adjectival”)
Attributive Predicate
Substantival (DBW = “Independent Adjectival”)
Subject Pred. Nom. Direct Object Indirect Object Obj. of Preposition Appositive“explains or describes
another noun more
fully”
Adverbial (DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)
Dependent Absolute
Manner
“. . . ing”present
sometimes aorist
Means
“By . . .”present
sometimes aorist
Time“After, While,
Before”all tenses
Cause“Because”
aorist, perfect
Condition“If”
aorist, perfect
Concession“Although”
aorist, perfect
Purpose“in order that”
future sometimes
present
Attendant
Circumstance
“And”
aorist
Gen./Acc.“Different
subject than
verb
modified”
Verbal (DBW = “Independent Verbal”)
Imperatival Complementary
(DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)“completes thought of verbs of cognition, perception,
beginning, continuing, or ceasing”
Periphrastic
(DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)
“accents duration”
Appendix A - 6
INFINITIVES
Adjectival (DBW = “Epexegetical”)
Modifies a Noun Modifies an Adjective
Substantival
Subject Object Appositive“explains or describes another
noun more fully”
Indirect
Discourse“reported speech”
“that”Direct Complementary
(with verbs of beginning,
volition, ability, obligation)
Adverbial
Purpose Result Time Cause Means
,ÆH J@BD@H J@J@L
ñFJ, BD4<, BD@ (Subseq.)
¦< Jå (Contemp.)
:,J" J@ (Anteced.)
*4" J@ ¦< Jå
Verbal
Imperatival
(No article; clearly unrelated to a verb or a noun)
Appendix A - 7
CASES
Nominative
Designation (Nominative) Address (Vocative)
Subject
“does verb’s action”
Predicate Nominative
“defines or describes subject; after verb ‘to be’”
Appositive
“explains or describes
another noun more fully”
Direct Address
“person or thing to whom statement is
spoken”
Genitive
Description (Genitive) Separation (Ablative)
w/ Action Nouns w/ Non-Action Nouns w/ Verbs Comparison
(after
adjective)
Source“that from
which modified
noun arises”Subjective
“does modified
noun’s action”
Objective“receives
modified
noun’s action”
Descriptive Possessive“owns modified
noun”
Partitive“whole of
which modified
noun is a part”
Attributive“specific
quality of
modified noun”
Apposition“particular
instance of
modified noun”
Quality of
Time“–time”
Dative
Personal Interest (Pure Dative) Position (Local Dative) Means (Instrumental Dative)
Indirect Object“to or for whom verb’s action occurs”
Interest“person favorably or
unfavorably affected by
verb’s action”
Reference“thing with respect to
which verb’s action
occurs”
Sphere“location within
spatial or
logical limits”
Point in
Time
“at, on”
Association“in association
with”
Means“by, with”
Cause“because of”
Accusative
Substantival Adverbial
Direct Object
“receives verb’s action”
Double Accusative Direct Object Subject of Infinitive Measure Reference“thing with
respect to which
verb’s action
occurs”Person + Thing Object +
Complement
Extent of
Time“for the
duration of”
Extent of
Space
Appendix A - 8
DEFINITE ARTICLE
With Nouns (DBW = “Dependent/Modifying”)
Individualizing Generic
Simple
Identification
Relation to Context Reputation Quality “as a class”
(last resort) Anaphoric
“points to
previous
mention”
Deictic
“present at time
of speaking”
Well Known Par Excellence
“best in its class”
Abstract Monadic
“unique”
With Other Parts of Speech (DBW = “Substantiver”)
Adverb Adjective Participle Infinitive Genitive Phrase Prep. Phrase Particle Clause
As a Function Marker
Adjectival Position Indeclinable Nouns Participles Demonstratives Subject
Granville-Sharp Rule
w/ Singular, Personal, Non-proper Nouns w/ Plural Impersonal and/or Proper Nouns
Both persons identical Distinct groups,
though united
Overlapping
groups
First group
subset of second
Second group
subset of first
Both groups
identical
As a Pronoun (DBW = “Independent”)
Personal Alternative Possessive Mild Relative
Absence
Indefinite Qualitative Definite
Appendix A - 9
PARTICLES
Emphasis Negation General Sense
•:0<, (g, <"4 @Û :0 @Û :0 •<(and compounds)
w/ indicative mood;
expects a “yes” answer
w/ other mood and modes;
expects a “no” answer
w/ subjunctive
emphatic negation
PRONOUNS
Substantival Use
Emphasis Reference Relation Question General Sense
Subject Focus Identity Previous Conceptual Possession Participation Mutuality J\H, J\B@4@H, B@F@H
J4H, J4ÓFJ4H, »J4H, Ó J4
¦(T, FL@ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H
"ÛJ@H ¦(T, FL,"ÛJ@H
@ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H
J@LJ@J"LJ"
¦(TFL
"ÛJ@L
¦:"LJ@LF,"LJ@L©"LJ@L
•8808T<
Adjectival Use
Description Quality Quantity Proximity Identity General Sense
ÓH, », Ó @Ë@H, B@4@H ÓF@H, B@F@H @ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H "ÛJ@H J4H, J4
Appendix A - 10
PREPOSITIONS
Direction Position Relation Agency Means Cause Association Purpose
*4" “through”
(G)
“because of”
(A)
gÆH “into”
(A)
“in”
(A)
“for”
(A)
¦6 “out of”
(G)
“by”
(G)
“from”
(G)
¦< “in”
(D)
“with”
(D)
6"J"“down from”
(A)
“down”
(G)
“according to”
(A)
:gJ"“after”
(A)
“with”
(G)
BgD4 “around”
(A)
“about”
(G)
BD@H“toward”
(A)
“at”
(D)
“for”
(A)
ßBgD“over”
(A)
“on behalf of”
(G)
ßB@ “under”
(A)
“by”
(G)