Early 1800s PoliticsGoal 2
War of 1812
James Madison became President in 1808 Father of the Constitution Did not want war
British continue harassment of U.S. trade US declares war b/c of British impressment (war hawks)
2nd war of Independence British burn Washington DC
Dolley Madison saves Washington US wins battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson Last battle of the war, we almost lost
Treaty of Ghent, 1814 (nothing changed hands) Star Spangled Banner- Francis Scott Key
Dolley Madison Saves Washington’s Portrait
Dolley after seeing the British were approaching Washington saved the full-length portrait of former president and national icon George Washington from desecration by vengeful British soldiers before fleeing the White House
Federal Powers
Powers expanded – use of implied powers and the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution
Judicial Review (Supreme Court) Marbury v. Madison
Implied Powers and the National Bank 1st National Bank expired and the 2nd National Bank is
created as it is decided the need for stability and regulation is paramount to fears of Federal Power
Implied Powers and National Supremacy confirmed • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • National Bank can not be taxed by a state bank
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)• Interstate Commerce controlled by National Government
Foreign Affairs
End of the war of 1812 Era of Good Feelings – only one political party
temporarily as the Federalist party disappeared Northern border with Canada established 49th
parallel (British territory still) Florida becomes apart of the US, 1819
Adams-Onis Treaty also sets SW border with Spanish Mexico
Mexican War and Texas Independence causes division and tension in regards to the intent of the war and entering of Texas to the Union
Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe became President in 1816 US is still a fragile nation in the world arena
Manifest Destiny is pushing West and into contact with foreign power
Attempts to claim part of the world as our own “neighborhood” Connections to Manifest Destiny? Imperialism?
Monroe Doctrine States that Europeans should not interfere with
this hemisphere Attempts to interfere would be taken as a threat of
aggression
Missouri Compromise
Slavery had not been an issue since the Constitutional Convention ????? Slave Trade Compromise, Nat Turner Rebellion, etc. Abolition Movement was beginning to grow with
the addition of new states and new religious/social movements
1820 it was even with slave and free states – representation in the House
Decision: Missouri would enter at the same time as Maine to balance slave/free; line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery
Madison Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6VQo1YjTOw
Market Revolution Goal 2
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization
EAST Industrial
SOUTH Cotton & Slavery
WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
Capitalism - Distribution of Wealth
Capitalism - Distribution of Wealth
v During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population.
v 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor was widening!
Markets Expand
New Markets change population centers
Competition within the US as well as Foreign
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
•Textile Industry became more efficient and clothes could be made in a factory setting •Fashion became more important and the desire to own fashionable clothing
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse1840 – Telegraph
•Linked towns and settlers •Improved communication for families as well as business and government
Inventions Improve Life
Increased communication Increases markets Improves standard of living
They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
The “American Dream”The “American Dream”
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.
Transportation Changes
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont• Increases travel and trade • Very profitable for the North
Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System• Made NY a commerce center as it linked lakes to ocean – interstate and intrastate as well as foreign trade• By 1840 – 3,300 canals across the US• BY 1850 – 700 steamboats – called riverboats in the US
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
The “Iron Horse” built by Peter Cooper – he called it the “TOM THUMB”
Traveled at the incredible speed of 10 mph
First trip – 13 miles between Ellicott & Baltimore MD
TheRailroadRevolution,1850s
TheRailroadRevolution,1850s
p Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs.
p Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.
p Eventually it would connect the Atlantic to Pacific with the Transcontinental Railroad
Agriculture
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
•Made it possible to plant in the rocky West – moving agriculture westward •Made planting more efficient
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
•Wheat Harvesting was more efficient, thus more could be planted •Helped turn the Midwest into the “Breadbasket”
Agriculture
Increased markets, productivity, respect (foreign)
Become more self-sufficient within our country
Become more reliant on each other to produce the parts of the whole
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
ECONOMIC?
SOCIAL?
POLITICAL?
FUTUREPROBLEMS?
Sectionalism Goal 2
Industrial Revolution
Developed in Great Britain Came to US because of Embargo Act of 1807 and
the War of 1812 (forced us to industrialize as we weren’t trading with Great Britain
Interchangeable Parts Assembly line and Specialization Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
Mass Production – less skill needed Lowell System – textile industry
Developed the modern factory idea Highly organized – basically little towns of their
own
Lowell MillLowell Mill
Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses
Lowell Mills Time Table
Lowell Mills Time Table
Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
Society
North Societal Changes – making NE perfect for industry▪ Owners of Industry – protected by courts and government ▪ Laborers – skilled artisans forced to become factory workers to compete
First Labor Unions Develop – because Middle Class is disappearing; cities becoming a concentration of lower class people
Anti-slavery movement South
Based on agriculture – little urban development and commericalization
Plantation owners Planters Farmers Slaves – became very profitable to sell/trade w/in the US as
Slave Trade was banned internationally
Cotton is King
Cotton is a valuable crop but requires great hand labor – i.e. need for slave labor
Invention of Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney – reduced time and cost to separate cotton from the seed
Increased capacity for cotton production with the addition of the western lands By 1820 more cotton was produced than any other
crop in the South Cotton becomes ½ the value of American exports by
1840 Price of a slave went from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in
1860
Sectional Differences
Views differed on many issues See back of paper
Land Free Land vs. Market Value ▪ Debate over how to expand in the west
Tariff of 1816 High vs. Low: North advocates for high to protect against
British/Foreign goods and South Advocates for Low ▪ Increased cost of manufactured goods 20-25%
Slavery North – abolition movement picking up steam South – “necessary evil” to a “positive good”
American System
High Tariff Protective against foreign competition Supported by Democratic-Republicans
National Bank Need for a uniform currency as states were
printing their own and causing inflation System of Internal Improvements
Roads, bridges, canals- paid for by the federal government to build unity within the country
Help to settle western lands Promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as
Economic Nationalism
Transportation
National Road – made by the Federal Government From Maryland to Ohio – was a toll road
Conestogas – wagons to travel west Erie Canal – made NE a commerce
center Railroad building will begin soon
Helped widen the gap between North and South
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
Age of Jackson“Jacksonian Democracy”
Goal 2
Champion of the
“Common Man”?
“King”Andrew?OR
Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay[KY]
John Quincy Adams[MA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
Results of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 Election
A
“Corrupt Bargain?
”
A
“Corrupt Bargain?
”
Election of 1824
No winner of electoral college: there were 4 candidates and no one won a majority
John Q. Adams is chosen over Jackson as President Adams is president w/o winning the popular vote or the
electoral college – decision made by the House of Representatives
Called corrupt bargain as Jackson had most votes Adams appoints Clay as Secretary of State (believed to
be the position that led to the presidency) Jackson supporters formed Democratic Party and
opposed Adams policies Begins to campaign for next election
The “Common
Man’s”Presidential Candidate
The “Common
Man’s”Presidential Candidate
1828 Election Results
1828 Election Results
Election of 1828
Higher voter turnout b/c voting requirements had been lowered No property requirements in order to
vote in most states now Increase of the popular vote’s
importance Jackson appealed to the common
man: supported majority rule Jackson becomes 1st Western
President Frontier Lawyer who built his own wealth
Jackson’s Presidency
“ Common Man”’s President Not from aristocracy
Creation of the Spoils System Faithful supporters got a government job
as a reward for their support Greater democracy but women and
minorities we still ignored More eligible voters
Great silence over the issue of slavery – at the government level
Nullification Crisis
Tariff of Abomination (debate over high tariff) John C. Calhoun – VP from South Carolina Theory of nullification: protect Southern
beliefs on states rights; nullifies a series of tariffs in S. Carolina
S. Carolina threatens secession – Calhoun steps down as V.P
Jackson threatens the use of force – saw secession as treason and passes the Force Bill
Henry Clay proposes a compromise that post pones secession
Indian RemovalIndian Removal
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Indian Policy
Different views about Indian policy Indian Removal Act of 1830
Move Native Americans out of valuable Southern lands
Cherokee take the issue to the Supreme Court and they win – Federal government overrule the State government (supremacy clause)
Jackson ignores the court and order removal
Trail of Tears 1838
National Bank
Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S. “Money Power” Aristocracy
Thought it was an abuse of power and served the wealthy first Bank stocks were corruption
Jackson vetoed the new charter for the bank and withdrew all government funds Causes creation of Whig party
Van Buren
Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson Campaign manager for Jackson; VP 2nd term
Suffered because of Jackson’s bank policies Massive inflation; stopped accepting paper $ for
federal land Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic
situations Worse depression to date – banks, farmers,
businesses were all going bankrupt Newly formed Whig party gains strength
Supporters of Democrats leave and create the Whig Party
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
Harrison and Tyler
War Hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig President Beginning of modern campaigns
Harrison dies 1 month into office Portrayed as a commoner
John Tyler is first V.P. to become President Institutes American System Idea and throws out
Whig ideas (ran as a Whig with Harrison) Whigs: strong federal government to manage
economy; loose constructionist; American System supporters (protective tariffs, internal improvements and national bank)
Expansion DBQ Essay
Intro Paragraph Historical Context to start you No “in this essay I will say…”
Body Paragraph 1 Describe government actions: war, purchase, etc.
Body Paragraph 2 Describe the impact
Conclusion Was it worth it?
Must use 5 of the documents!!!! Include your unit vocabulary!!!!
Era of Reform and Mid-1800’s Reform
Goal 2
The Second GreatAwakening
The Second GreatAwakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal
Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
Societal Change
2nd Great Awakening Period of religious revival after 1800 Fewer religious “pilgrims”
Utopian Communities – Brook Farm A group living area that would be perfect Based on everyone working together Most did not work well
Transcendentalism
Belief in a simple life People could transcend their lives in
order to achieve balance and a higher state of consciousness
Walt Whitman “Leaves of Grass” Ralph Waldo Emerson “Self Reliance” Henry David Thoreau “Civil
Disobedience” Walden Pond
Education
One Room School House Few were educated beyond the age of 10 Horace Mann
Advocated for public schools for everyone Trained teachers Set standards for schools statewide Eliminating the use of corporal punishment Free and public education paid for by taxes
Education would give Americans knowledge and tools they needed to participate in an industrialized democracy
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
Institution Reform
Dorothea Dix - Massachusetts Help for the mentally ill Helped to start many mental hospitals
Prison Reform Prisons were a place of retribution not
rehabilitation Advocated for rehabilitation and
repentance so that prisoners could contribute to society
American Writers
James Fenimore Cooper – Frontier and Expansion
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Romaticism Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe – Detective Novel Emily Dickenson – Poetry and
Women
Abolitionists
Those who opposed slavery Development of the Underground
Railroad to take slaves to freedom in Canada
William Llyod Garrison – “The Liberator”
David Walker – freedom by force Frederick Douglas – “North Star”
Former slave who wrote about and spoke about his experience as a slave
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
Life Under Slavery
Rural slavery work and home were in the same place Plantations Field work House workers
Urban slavery Skilled labor More freedoms as they would go to work
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Rebellion
Slaves turn to violent methods Nearly 200 slave revolts by the mid
1800s Denmark Vesey’s attempt at a large
uprising was crushed before it started in Charleston
Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt – killed 60 initially on his way and then he was in hiding for 6 weeks until he was caught and hanged
Scared many slave holders in the South
Led to greater control over slaves
Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet
Anti-Slavery
Emancipation – freedom of all slaves throughout the country not just in the North
Religious reasons – Moral wrong to have slaves –
conditions and treatment Values of the Constitution – Life,
Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness for all (equality)
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroade “Conductor” ==== leader of the
escape
e “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
e “Tracks” ==== routes
e “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
e “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
Pro-Slavery
New fear of revolt – complete society upheaval if slaves revolted Illegal to teach a slave to read or write Illegal for slave to gather in groups unless overseer was
there to monitor Black codes begin – form to communicate and
give hope to each other Used songs and stories to code their messages
Religious support “happy” plantation slave myth
They are happier as they are taken care of and given a purpose; they would be lost without the direction of the master
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
R2-8
Women’s Reform
Abolitionists/Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Two movements closely tied as women viewed the
existence of slaves similarly to their existence Temperance
Move to ban alcohol Blamed alcohol for problems of the industrial society Saw women and children as the victims of the
drunken men who would abuse and beat them
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
“The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
Reforms
Women’s Education – women were not educated; if they were it was not at the collegiate level Catherine Beecher Oberlin College – first college to accept
women Health Reform
Elizabeth Blackwell▪ Medical positions for women
Amelia Bloomer
Women’s Movement
Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements Women had prominent roles in the church
and that carried over to many of the reform movements as they were grounded in the religious awakening taking place
Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Declaration of Sentiments – ideals of the
Declaration of Independence (equality) applied to women
Women’s Life
Cult of domesticity Husband, children, home, church
Limitations on Women – British custom that stayed in America Could not hold office Could not vote in most places Could not speak in public Could not own property or keep wages if
husband lived Divorce meant the husband received all
wealth and children
Changing Workplace
Development of industry Decline of skilled labor – could not
compete with the price of mass production Growth of urban areas
Urbanization concerns and complications Cost of goods decreased and supply
increased Volume production not quality production –
price reduced Women were not working in the home but
working outside the home
Lowell System
Lowell Textile Mills Samuel Slayter in Massachusetts
Factory system Perfected the English ideas
Company town for young girls Live and work at the factory
Strict control over the workers lives Factory conditions would worn of
future problems
Working Conditions
Long hours – 10+ hours shifts 6 days a week Poor ventilation and lighting
Led to more injuries and health issues Unsafe working conditions
Machinery, type of work Development of labor unions and
strikes Many were begun by women as they
held a high percentage of the factory jobs
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the Star-
Spangled Banner”
Immigration
Lots of immigration in the mid 1800s Led to feelings of nativism Caused by poverty in Europe
Many were Irish or German Therefore Catholic not Protestant
Most immigrants settled in cities to get factory jobs Taking American jobs Weight on American Society
Low wages of immigrants made union activity difficult Willing to work when Americans were not and therefore made
it difficult to enact change Know-Nothing Party
Kept party a secret and would state if asked “I know nothing”
Reform Essay
THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION
Theme: Reform Movements Reform movements have been an important part of United States history.
Task: Identify three reform movements in the United States since 1800 and for
each reform movement Describe the historical circumstances that led to the need for reform State two goals of the movement Discuss one action taken by the government, a group, or an
individual in support of this goal Evaluate the success of the reform movement at achieving its desired
goals
Expansion Essay