GGR 337 Environmental Remote Sensing:
½ courseMonday 10:00 am-12:00 noon
Jing M. ChenDepartment of Geography
University of Toronto Office: Room 305, 45 St. George St.
Physical Geography BuildingConsultation Time: Wednesday 3:15 to 5:15 PM
T.A.: Weimin Ju, Room 306, 45 St. George St.
This space is for references
Course Outline
1. Introduction2. Electromagnetic Radiation (Lab. #1, 5%)3. Spectral characteristics4. Satellite orbits and sensors5. Digital data handling and geometric corrections (Lab. #2, 10%)6. Image enhancement and filtering (Lab. #3, 10%)7. Color display techniques (Lab. #4, 10%)8. Multispectral transformations and vegetation indices9. Radiometric correcitons10. Clustering and unsupervised classification11. Supervised classification techniques (Lab, #5, 15%)12. Remote sensing applications I13. Advanced remote sensing tools. Review
Definition of Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation
Key words:1. “science and art”2. “not in contact”
Lillesand et al., Chapter 1
Other Definitions of Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the practice of deriving information about the earth’s land and water surfaces using images acquired from an overhead perspective, using electromagnetic radiation in one or more regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, reflected or emitted from the earth’s surface.
Campbell (1996), Chapter 1.2
The art of dividing up the world into little multi-coloured squares and then playing computer games with them to release unbelievable potential that's always just out of reach. - Jon Huntington, CSIRO Exploration, Geoscience, Australia
Definitions
Remote Sensing is the most expensive way to make a picture.- Andrew Bashfield, Intergraph Corporation
Seeing what can't be seen, then convincing someone that you're right. - David Pairman, Landcare Research, New Zealand
Being as far away from your object of study as possible and getting the computer to handle the numbers.- Clare Power, N.R.S.C., England
The acquisition of information about an object, without being in physical contact with that object.- Christine Hutton, CCRS
Staying as far away from the problem as possible. - G. Archer, World Bank
Having fun without touching.- Peter Hausknecht, DLR, Germany
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Web Site: www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca
Schedule and Topics
January 5
OverviewCourse Description
Resources, References, BooksComputer Accounts, Unix Systems
Introduction to PCI
Definition and Principles of Remote SensingHistory of Remote Sensing
January 12
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radiation Laws
Atmospheric Absorption
Radiation Terminology
Lab 1: Radiation Questions
January 19
Spectral Signatures of Ground Targets
Spectral Signatures: Passive SensorsVegetation
SoilWater
Thermal
Spectral Signatures: Active Sensors
January 26
Satellite Orbits and Sensors
Geostationary and Polar-Orbiting Active and Passive Sensors
CharacteristicsComponents
February 2
Interpretation of Digital Data
Bit and ByteASCIIBinary
Image Recording Media and Formats
Geometric correctionsImage registration
Projections
Lab. #2, 10%
February 9
Image Enhancement and Filtering
Single-Band Image ProcessingHistogram
Image contrast enhancement(Linear stretch, histogram equalization)
Spatial feature enhancementEdge enhancement
Filters
Lab. #3, 10%
February 23
Colour Display Techniques
Colour DisplayAdditive and Subtractive Colours
Colour TriangleColour Cube
HexconeHue, Intensity and Satruation
Class 8: Radiometric Corrections
Sensor CorrectionsAtmospheric Corrections
Conversion from DN to reflectanceBRDF Corrections
March 01
Lab. #4, 10%
March 08
Multispectral transformation and Vegetation Indices
Two-band vegetation indices
Three-band vegetation indices
Leaf area index
March 15
Clustering and Unsupervised Classification
Histogram-basedSequential Clustering
Spectral Similarity
Lab. #5, 15%
March 22
Supervised Classification
Training FieldsParallel Piped Classifier
Maximum Likelihood Classifier
Assessment of Classification Accuracy
March 29
Remote Sensing Applications
Forestry
Agriculture
Climate Change
Environment, etc.
April 05
Advanced Remote Sensing Tools
Geometric-optical model
Atmospheric correction model
Review of major concepts
Marking Scheme
Grading PolicyWork which is handed in late will be downgraded by 10% for each day overdue (give the assignment to the TA and he will note the date on it), i.e., the grade is multiplied by 0.90 if handed one day late; multiplied by 0.80 for 2 days, etc.
Lab Work 50% Throughout the term (5 labs)35% For graduate students (4 labs)
Mid-term Exam 10% Also for graduate students
Final Exam 40% Date to be determined30% for graduate students
Term Paper 25% for graduate students only
Text Book
Remote Sensing and Image InterpretationT.M. Lillesand, R. W. Kiefer, and J. W. Chipman, Wiley, 2004 (5th Ed.)
References
Remote Sensing : Principles and InterpretationFloyd F. Sabins , 1996 (3rd Ed.)
Satellite Remote Sensing of Natural Resources David L. Verbyla, CRC Lewis Publishers, 1995
Introduction to Remote Sensing
James B. Campbell, Guilford Press, 1996 (2nd Ed.)
History of Remote SensingHistory of Remote Sensing
Milestones
Principles
Campbell Chapter 1
Milestones
1826-27 Beginning of photography
1847 Properties of infrared showed to be like visible
1856 F. Tournachon: Aerial photographs of Bièvre from a balloon
Campbell 1.3
1909 Photography from airplanes
1873 Maxwell’s electromagnetic energy theory
Milestones
Campbell 1.3
1910-1920 WW I: aerial reconnaissance
1920-1930 Development & Application of aerial photography and photogrammetry
1930-1940 Development of radar
1940-1950 WW II: Applications of nonvisible electromagnetic spectrum training for interpretation and acquisition of airphotos
1950-1960 Military research and development
Milestones
Campbell 1.3
1971 Canada Centre for Remote Sensing
Milestones1956 Colwell’s research on crop disease detection with infrared photography
1960-1970 TIROS weather satellite; First use of term “remote sensing”
1972 Launch of LANDSAT 1 (Multi-Spectral Scanner)
1970-1980 Rapid advance in digital image processing
1980 USSR METEOR Satellite
1986 Système Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)
1995 RADARSAT
1979 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
1999 TERRA (launched December 18, 1999)2002 AQUA (launched May 4, 2002)
1978 SEASAT
1957 First satellite: Sputnik
1982 LANDSAT Thematic Mapper
Campbell 1.3
Principles
Spectral Differentiation
Radiometric Differentiation
Spatial Differentiation
Geometric Transformation
Multi to Hyperspectral remote sensing
The science of observing at different wavelengths to derive information
Detection of differences in brightness of objects and features
Picture elements or “pixels”Sensor limitation in respect to the size of the smallest area thatcan be separately recorded on an image
The 2-D representation of the 3-D real world requires corrections basedon the sensor optics, motion of scanning optics, terrain relief, and earthcurvature
Temporal DifferentiationImaging revisit interval (satellite)
Campbell 1.6
Interchangeability of Pictorial and Digital Formats
Remote Sensing Instrumentation Acts as a System
Role of the Target in Remote Sensing
Role of the Atmosphere
Digital array of numbers = photograph-like image
The image interpreter must have good knowledge about the system-instruments used in the acquisition of remote sensing data: optical, mechanical, electronics, and chemical processes.
Size, shape, patterns, physical properties
Sensors have to “see” through the atmosphere. The sun radiation reaching the target is also altered by the atmosphere.
Principles
Campbell 1.6
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