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TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Section List1. Introduction

2. Applications

3. GFX Key Features

4. Gasoline & Diesel Fuel Problems & Solutions

5. Effect of fuel system deposits on performance & drive-ability

6. GFX Active ingredients

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Key features of GFX

ApplicationsGFX can be used in any application or equipment that uses diesel or petrol. Examples include:

• Diesel Powered Vessels• Generators• Fuel Storage Tanks• Trucks• Loaders, Excavators, Dozers

IntroductionGreen Fuel Max (GFX) is a high performance diesel fuel additive specially formulated to improve fuel efficiency, protect your investment, and provide ongoing optimization for your fuel system. A completely organic product, GFX offers an all-in-one solution that is both highly effective and environmentally safe.

Solubilises liquid water into the fuel. Reduces or eliminates the conditions favourable to the growth of microorganisms.

Stabilises fuel by inhibiting the formation of gums and varnish.

Inhibits corrosion of fuel system components.

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Promotes a uniform fuel spray pattern in combustion chambers, thus reducing carbonisation and improving combustion efficiency.

Inhibits formation of corrosive acids in combustion chambers.

Gasoline & Diesel Fuel

PROBLEM: Water

Water is a major source of problems in fuel systems. No matter how well refined the original fuel, water can subsequently enter the fuel in a number of ways:• During transport• During storage at the distribution point • During transfer from tank to tank• During storage in the vehicle tank itself

While poor practices in the fuel distribution system may enable water to infiltrate the fuel, the primary cause is condensation in fuel storage tanks.Left untreated, water in hydrocarbon fuels tends to separate, leaving water to accumulate at the bottom of tanks, on metal surfaces in storage tanks, and in fuel lines, carburetors, and fuel injectors. This water promotes corrosion, catalyses decomposition of the fuel itself, and allows micro-organisms to thrive at the fuel-water interface. In extreme cases - particularly in diesel fuels - mats of micro-organisms can form in fuel tanks. Pieces of the matting can break off, blocking fuel lines and injectors, and causing severe engine problems. Sulphur-reducing bacteria also thrive in these conditions. Feeding off the sulphur compounds in the fuel, these bacteria produce hydrogen sulphide that in turn reacts to form corrosive sulphur compounds.

SOLUTION:

GFX eliminates one of the prime causes of fuel problems – liquid water in the fuel.

The detergents in GFX solubilise the free water and allow it to form a homogeneous mixture with the hydrocarbon fuel. The oxygenates present in GFX assist this process by acting as coupling agents to promote the dissolution of water in fuel. Water dispersed into the fuel in this way is vaporised during normal combustion of the fuel and passes harmlessly from the engine along with the other products of combustion.

PROBLEM: Fuel system deposits

Gasoline (petrol) and diesel are complex mixtures comprising hundreds of individual hydrocarbon compounds as well as a small proportion of nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen-containing compounds (heteroatom compounds). The composition of fuels also varies with feedstock, season, and with refinery blending practice. Of the many compounds making up hydrocarbon fuels, olefins, diolefins, high boiling components, and heteroatom compounds (together with moisture and atmospheric oxygen) are responsible for most of the problems associated with fuel quality. The fluid catalytic cracking unit of the refinery is a major source of these substances and if proper sweetening or after-treatment processes are inadequate, their presence can be particularly troublesome.

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Problems & Solutions

Olefins and diolefins are susceptible to oxidation and polymerisation and are largely responsible for the formation of gums and varnishes in fuel systems and engines.

Deposition of these materials in critical fuel metering components of engines, such as carburettors and fuel injectors, and in intake ports and valves, is the principal cause of poor engine performance and drivability problems.

SOLUTION:

GFX has been developed primarily as a modern high performance additive to control the formation of undesirable compounds in fuel that contribute to the formation of engine deposits; and to minimise the effect of liquid water on fuel quality. The detergents in GFX have been proven to assist in keeping intake valves clean, thus promoting both the correct spray pattern in the combustion chamber and the clean combustion of the fuel. As the performance of engines becomes even more demanding, the requirement for clean fuel to achieve maximum economy and performance will increase. GFX represents a significant advance in achieving control over fuel quality at every stage of the fuel delivery system.

Detergents are the major active component of GFX. They are essential for maintaining fuel systems free from liquid water as described above. In addition, detergents inhibit the formation of deposits in the fuel system, reduce NOx emissions and play a part in the observed reduction of carbon emissions when using GFX.

The mechanism for this latter effect is due to the ability of the detergents to function in both the liquid and the vapour phase to prevent deposit formation and remove existing carbon. This function may be enhanced by the catalytic effect of oxygenates present in GFX.

PROBLEM: INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

Incomplete combustion is caused when the air/fuel mixture of an engine is incorrect, and this is usually a result of fouled or dirty fuel injectors. The end result of incomplete combustion from Diesel engines is black smoke, typically full of particles such as carbon and soot that are not being burned as fuel. Not only harmful to the environment, black smoke and the underlying incomplete combustion represents reduced fuel efficiency and increased fuel cost.

Solution:

In field trials spanning more than a decade, GFX has been shown to promote cleaner burning of hydrocarbon fuels. By maintaining the correct fuel spray pattern in combustion chambers, GFX works in two ways:1. It reduces carbonization; and2. It improves combustion efficiency

Hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of hundreds of different compounds and the reaction pathways during combustion are extremely complex and far from fully understood. The addition of significant levels of oxygenates (>.0.1%) are known to alter pre-flame reaction pathways. The oxygenates in GFX, in conjunction with the detergents, catalyse more efficient fuel combustion resulting in improved fuel economy and clearer emissions.

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PROBLEM: CORROSION

Water in fuel systems that contain metal will cause rust and corrosion of these parts. Where there is water, oxygen and metal, there will be rust and corrosion

SOLUTION:

Removing liquid water from fuel systems is the first and most important step in reducing corrosion in fuel systems. GFX contains corrosion inhibitors that coat the metal surfaces of the fuel system and inhibit any residual corrosion due to water dispersed in the fuel. GFX inhibits the copper catalysed oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons that leads to the formation of gums and varnishes.

PROBLEM: FUEL STABILITY

During storage, hydrocarbon fuels are subject to deterioration mainly as a result of oxidation and copper catalysed reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons to form gums.

SOLUTION:

GFX is not an anti-oxidant but inhibits the formation of gums as described above. In addition, and most importantly, GFX contributes to fuel stability by maintaining a fuel system free from liquid water, considerably reducing the tendency of the fuel to become “sour”

PROBLEM: Bacterial growth

During transport and storage, fuel is often decanted many times from tank to tank, and whether through condensation or leakage, moisture is able to infiltrate the fuel. Fungal spores, yeast, and bacteria are commonly found in almost any environment and a fuel tank provides the perfect breeding ground for the growth and spread of these contaminants. The most common of these is “Cladisporium Resinae” - the Diesel Bug. At its worst, serious infestations can cause complete breakdowns, however even mild levels of contaminants can quickly lead to fuel degradation and costly maintenance.

SOLUTION:

GFX disperses the water into the fuel slowly, allowing the water to be burned off. Bacteria can’t live without the presence of water, nor can it reproduce. By eliminating and controlling any water in the entire fuel system, bacteria growth is eliminated. Actual testing has demonstrated that GFX will solubilise water in the fuel and will actually emulsify the water into the fuel. The addition of GFX does not interfere with the action of on board water separators that only separate free water.

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PROBLEM: PRESENCE OF SULPHUR

Sulphur is present to some degree in all fuels, particularly diesel fuels. It can react with other materials and cause corrosion and the introduction of ultra low sulphur diesel also gave rise to lubricity issues, in particular boundary lubrication.

With insufficient boundary lubrication within fuel injection equipment excessive and accelerated wear can be expected and premature failures thereafter. The areas most affected by this are fuel pumps without external lubrication sources. Typically this applies to individual cylinder reciprocating fuel pumps or common rail pumps. Failures such as this would be extremely costly, not only in financial terms, but also in terms of safety and lost time.

Ultra low sulphur diesel has also been associated with rapid corrosion when contaminated by ethanol, which can occur due to switch loading. This is process of using the same fuel haulage tankers to transport different types of fuel. Residual ethanol in tankers contains the acetobacter microbe, and in the presence of water, it rapidly multiplies in the diesel fuel. This bacterial growth produces acetic acid, which leads to corrosion in the tanks.

SOLUTION:

No additive can change the level of sulphur in a given fuel. However, by eliminating the presence of liquid water in the fuel system, and by also killng and remove any bacteria in the fuel, the corrosive process is prevented. GFX also improves boundary lubricity and inhibits the premature formation of acidic sulphur compounds. It is these acidic sulphur compounds that can attack the sensitive fuel system components that contact the fuel prior to combustion.

GFX Active Ingredients/GFX is a complex, proprietary blend developed after more than two decades of laboratory and field-testing. The key ingredients are:

• Surfactants (detergents)• Oxygenates• Corrosion inhibitors

Minor components include:

• Metal deactivators• Deposit modifiers• Non-active components including dyes for identification, safety, and regulatory purposes

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Composition

THE EFFECT OF FUEL SYSTEM DEPOSITS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND DRIVEABILITYThe relatively simple and inefficient carburetted engines of the past could tolerate lower quality, variable fuel composition. Compared to today’s standards, quite high levels of deposits could be tolerated in the fuel system without significantly effecting performance or drivability. Deposits in the carburettor body and air bleed area were the main cause of driving problems (hesitation, surge, and stalls, for example), increased fuel consumption, and increased exhaust emissions.By contrast, today’s advanced engine designs incorporating such features as port fuel injection, timed manifolds, high swirl/fast burn, and multiple valves, need to be kept almost deposit free to avoid problems and provide acceptable performance. With the introduction of fuel injection, car manufacturers quickly discovered that even minute traces of deposits in the fuel metering system caused serious problems. These deposits adversely affected the fuel spray pattern and restricted fuel flow, seriously affecting drivability and performance. Fuel economy and exhaust emissions were also adversely affected but were less noticeable to the driver.

Deposits in other parts of the fuel system have also been found to cause performance and drivability problems in modern engines. Intake port and valve deposits cause loss of power by restricting airflow at full throttle, and at low throttle speeds lead to increased hydrocarbon and NOx emissions. Valve seat and valve face deposits cause poor seating, resulting in rough idle and in extreme cases, valve burning. Deposits in the combustion chamber cause ORI (octane requirement increase), a significant restraint on engine performance

DOSE RATES/DIRECTIONS FOR USEGFX is added directly to fuel storage tanks to eliminate the problems associated with water contamination.

In neglected fuel systems, particularly those in which biological contamination has been allowed to build up, an initial high dose of GFX may be required to eliminate the accumulated water. The detergent properties of GFX can also assist in the dispersion of biological contamination by breaking up the accumulated material.

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AUSTRALIAA.

P.E.W.

HONG KONGFlatB3-B, 1/F, Blk B, Hong Kong Ind. Ctr.,489-491 Castle Peak Rd. Hong Kong+852 2785 9098 | +852 2741 [email protected]

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P.E.W.

CONTACT US

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PO BOX 265West Burleigh QLD 4219 Australia+61 7 5641 [email protected]


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