A Geographical study of Civic amenities in PMC area using GIS techniques
Mr. Santosh Bhailume 1
, Dr. Virendra Nagarale 2, Mr. Parviz Gohjogh Najad
3
1 . Research Scholar o f Depar tment o f Geograph y, Ti lak Mah arsh t r a Univer s i t y Pune, Pune.
2 . Reader & Head Dept . o f Geo graph y, S.N.D.T. Wo men‟s Univer s i t y Pune Campus, Pune
3 . Research Scholar o f Depar tment o f Geograph y, Univers i t y o f Pune, Pune.
Abstract
The traditional role of municipal bodies had been one of providing basic amenities of civic life.
Services such as water supply and sanitation, roads and drains, street-lights, collection and disposal of solid
waste, maintenance of public places, burial grounds and crematoria, cattle pounds, registration of births and
deaths, maintenance of markets have long been seen as the function of municipal bodies. In addition, they
performed certain regulatory functions relating construction of buildings, public health areas such as eating
places, slaughter houses and tanneries, etc.
The 74th Constitutional Amendment has substantially broadened the range of functions to be
performed by the elected urban local bodies (ULBs). The twelfth Schedule brings into the municipal domain
among others such areas such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for economic and
social development,‟ safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society including the handicapped and
mentally retarded,‟ slum improvement and up gradation, urban poverty alleviation, and „promotion of cultural,
educational and aesthetic aspects‟. The subject of‟ cattle pounds‟ has been extended in the Twelfth Schedule to
include „prevention of cruelty to animals‟. The Constitution thus envisages urban local bodies as being totally
responsible for all aspects of development, civic services, and Environment in the cities, going far beyond the
traditional role. Provision of basic amenities will continue to be among the core activities of the ULBs. The
efficient performance of these responsibilities requires proper institutional structure, ambiguous decentralization
of powers, and adequacy of resources, support of the State Governments and their entities, and a concerted
effort to build up capabilities in the various sections of the ULB machinery. using the Tenth Plan, some key
areas of water supply and sanitation, urban transport, alleviation of urban poverty, the housing needs of slum-
dwellers, and reforms in the urban sector with a view to Strengthening the institutional and resource base of
ULBs will have to be taken up for special attention.
Keywords: Civic Amenities, Urban growth, Non-spatial Data, Overlay Analysis, Normalization,
Vectorization, Administrative Wards.
Introduction
Pune is second Largest city of state the present population of Pune city is around 31,
57,000 as per 2001 census Population of Pune has increased by 56 % over the last decade in
which reflects tremendous increase making it more congested than ever. The expansion
process is still continuing both due to its own population expansion and the influx from
surrounding areas. Understanding the growth and change brought on by urbanization is
critical to those who must manage resources and provide services in these rapidly changing
environments the rapid population growth has caused heavy pressure on city administration
regarding issues of transportation, atmospheric pollution, water supply, sewerage, electric
power and other civic amenities with impacts to the citizenry at large. Since, the provision of
most civic services to the public involves geographic aspects (i.e., locate and provide) there is
a logical need that all the agencies responsible for providing basic urban facilities to the
citizens should have accurate maps, rectified to a common geographic reference for use in the
urban environment. Unfortunately, hand-made sketches of civic infrastructure without any
grid reference are being developed and used by each agency for the achievement of their
respective goals. Moreover, maps are seldom updated after any specified time-interval.
Resultantly, there is non-conformity in the precincts of various administrative divides
depictive of Town, Union Council, and Population Census units.
Significance of the study
The planning and management of urban environment require huge amount of
information regarding almost all Aspects of natural and man-made features of that area. Until
lately, such a study could be achieved through days of exhaustive Surveys, map generation
and tedious calculations. GIS serve as a powerful tool for spatial and non-spatial analysis of
data. In This study tried to apply the role of GIS in the management of urban environment.
Urban environment basically consists of built up area, i.e. buildings, roads, industries, but in
this study try to attend to some amenities in side Pune urban activity zone.
With using GIS techniques in the research we can understand how the modern
technology can be used in the study of urban sprawl and its growth trend, updating and
monitoring, Using repetitive coverage, urban environment especially land use the study on
Pune Municipality.
Selection of Study Area
Pune city in India, growing at a very fast rate, and PMC area in pune spread over
243.84 SqKm. 94% increase in area from 1961 to 2001, Population grown 400 times from
1961 to 2001, CAGR for 1991-2001 is 4.94% and 50% of population growth in last decade
due to in-migration.
Aims and Objectives: The precise aim to this present study is to find out different amenities
in PMC area and suggest planning to provide better utility services.
Role of Geographic Information System
The 19th
century witnessed a trickle of urbanization and the emergence of
metropolises. To control the world‟s urban development as crucial for the future of humanity.
This rapid and haphazard growth of urban sprawl and increasing population pressure is
resulting in loss of productive agricultural land and loss of surface water bodies, green open
spaces, besides causing air pollution, health hazards and contamination of water.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a powerful set of tool for collecting, storing,
retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. It has an ability to
assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non spatial. GIS allows the user to
integrate database generated from various sources on single Platform and analyze them in a
spatiotemporal domain. GIS provides support in resource management and decision making
(Burrough, 1986).
Location and Extent of Study area
Pune city lies between 18o 25‟ to 18
o 37‟ North latitude and 73
o 44‟ to 73
o 57‟ East
longitude. The study area covers 243.31 sq. km composed of 144 general electoral wards
according to 2007 which comes under 14 administrative wards of Pune Municipal
Corporation. The city is located in saucer shaped basin at an average altitude of 560 m. from
mean sea level. The area surrounded by offshoots of Sahyadri hills from west to east, Pune
slight hollow on bank of Rivers Mula and Mutha on Deccan plateau.
Fig 1: Study
Area
Landuse During the 1970's, the urban activities spilled beyond the erstwhile city limits and it
was felt that for comprehensive and integrated planning, a metropolitan region converging on
Pune be defined. Accordingly, the Pune metropolitan region was defined in July, 1967.
Earlier, the Pune Municipal Corporation city area was 18.3% of the Pune Urban
Agglomeration, while about 45% was village areas, 9% cantonment area and 17% was the
town area. In 1997, PMC‟s area increased by 14,611 hectares,to include 10 census towns and
26 villages bringing the land extent to over 46,713 hectares. This increased the PMC‟s share
in the PUA to 58.75%. However the city forms a mere 31.28% of this area, the rest being
villages (45.7%), and towns (23.02%). It is clear that the expansion of the urban area into
neighboring towns and villages needs to be checked. At present after delusion of few newly
added villages, the PMC area is 243.96 sq. km. Within PMC, the newly added villages show
a predominance of agricultural activity and some forestland. This should continue to remain
so, in order to sustain the ecological demands of the city. The urbanization of the agricultural
land has displaced many farmers, who, having lost their sources of livelihood, have settled
down in the city‟s informal settlements. The Riverbed is not spared from slums either. The
landuse pattern of the city reveals a dense core with commercial and residential areas bisected
by the River. The southern bank, having the older parts of the city, has a haphazard high-
density development, while the cantonment areas to the north have comparatively low
densities. The city shows a concentric growth pattern with the River as the center.
Table 1: Existing Landuse for the resultant PMC area after
Addition of villages in 2001
Sr. No. Landuse 2001 %
1 Mixed Landuse 0.5
2 Residential 21.1
3 Commercial 0.1
4 Industrial 1.5
5 Public semi public 1.7
6 Public Utility 7.5
7 Transport & Communication 3.9
8 Agriculture 43.2
9 Hilltop and Hill slopes 6.8
10 Reserve Forest 5.3
11 Others 1.9
Total 100% Source: Development Plan Department, PMC
Database & Methodology: Following table shows the secondary data collected from various
sources.
Table 2: - Secondary Data details for the study area
Methodology
Methodology is one of the important parts of analysis. Output or result of analysis
highly depends on the methodology used for the data processing or analysis purpose. In the
study methodology is divided into five phases.
Field Work
Phase I : The first phase deals with the literature review for the understanding the complexity
of an urban envirment. Literature referred to urban envirment, extraction of, problems related
upon agglomeration were collected to have some general understanding of the topic.
Phase II : In this field work phase the data were collected from different sources in that
various utility data and, ward wise population data both data are obtained from PMC. Ground
trusting was completed. And database Generation.
Phase III: Administrative Ward wise analysis
Each parameter has been ranked based on it important and values for that particular sub-
indicator in ward are converted into the scale of ranking these wards then compared with
each other as well as the average for the city to identify the deficit /gap/surplus where
standard not available
Phase IV: Develop Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP)
is a approach to making that involves structuring multiple choice criteria into a
hierarchy assessing the relative important of these of these criteria ,comparing alternative for
each criterion ,and determine an overall ranking of the alternative “,AHP provides a proven
,effective means to deal with complex decision making.
Phase V: Analysis using GIS
This step uses GIS extensively for analytical study. The maps generated are DEM
map, population density map different weights maps etc. The reclassification is used over the
various maps.
Segment Type of data center
Spatial data
SOI topo map
Scale 1:25000
No 47 F/14/2, 47/F/14/3, 47/F/14/6, 47/F/15/NW
47/F/15/NE, 47/F/15/NW
Survey of India
Non spatial data
Environment(Noise,water quality,air Quality,)
Solid waste
Pune Municipal Corporation
and PMC
departments
Utility Planning
This step for conclusion and utilizes out put of this steps and works, then with using
that can find out condition of each wards in case study amenities and can use from that for
future planning.
Analytical Framework
Fig 2
Pits
Spatial Data Non spatial Data
Toposheet Case Amenities Data
Scanning Soft copy
Georeferncing Normalization
Vectorization Data Attachment
Data baseGeneration
Data
Ward level analyses
Environment
Elevation
Air Quality
Noise
Garden
Water Quality in river
Soilde waste
Generation
Ward density map
Digital elevation map
Growth up time line map
BOD
TDS
TSS
Infrastructure
Sevak
Container
Vehicles
Sweepers
Analytical Hierachy process
(AHP)
Rating
Weight map Generation
Utility planning
RSPM
0
50
100
150
200
Jan-0
7
Feb-0
7
Mar-
07
Apr-
07
May-0
7
Jun-0
7
Jul-07
Aug-0
7
Sep-0
7
Oct-
07
Nov-0
7
Dec-0
7
Jan-0
8
Co
ncen
trati
on
in
ug
/m3
Navi Peth Mandai Oasis
Results and Conclusions
For the ward level analysis there are some parameters each parameter ranked based on
its important and value for the particular sub indicator in the ward are converted into the scale
of the ranking these wards are compared with each other as well as the average for the city to
identify the deficit/gap /surplus where standard not available other wise same is compared
with the respective standard. There is some indicator for the ward analysis and in this
research author tried to use two of this indicator.
Ward level analysis Environment: Ambient Air Quality
Ambient pollution source in urban environment include various Stationary,
mobile and area source of emission .these source must be identified to enable effective
management action to reduce eaxposure. The speed with which urban air quality is
deteriorated has grown in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkatta, across the Indian
subcontinent in the last decade is alarming [Aggarwal, 1999]. The World Health Organization
once ranked Delhi as the fourth-most polluted mega city of the world [WHO-UNEP, 1992].
However, in Indian subcontinent, it is not just Delhi, but even small and medium towns,
which are finding themselves in the grip of deteriorating air quality [C PCB, 1995]. In India
according to Air (Prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1981 Criteria Pollutants includes
mainly nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10), total suspended
particulates & many more.
Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)
RSPM concentrations (varied from 52 μg/m3 to 181 μg/m
3 from Jan-07 to Jan-08.The
concentrations seem to be higher at most of time in the residential area i.e Navi Peth than the
standards of 50 μg/m3 whereas they were also found to be higher for commercial &
Background area i.e. Mandai & Oasis respectively. Background concentrations are those
which account for the PM contribution to the city from the surrounding areas and are not at
all coming from the sources located in the city.
Fig 3: Annual trends for Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)
RSPM
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
San
gam
wad
i
Yer
awad
a
Tilak Road
Kar
ve R
oad
Bibwew
adi
Warje
Karv
enaga
r
Hada
psar
Dhan
kawadi
Bha
vaniPet
h
Aun
dh
Gho
le R
oad
Kas
aba vishr
ambag
Sah
akar
naga
r
Dhol
e Patil
RSPM
Gaseous Pollutants (Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
Concentration of criteria gaseous pollutants like Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) & Oxides of
Nitrogen (NOX) varied from 12 to 26 μg/m3
and 34 to 53 μg/m3
respectively for FY 2007 &
2008.Concentration of both pollutants are well within the standard of 80 μg/m3.
The
concentration at background site - Oasis is lower as compared to Residential site - Navi Peth
& Commercial site – Mandai since the contributions is from the surrounding areas and are
not at all coming from the sources located in the city.
Fig 4: Ward wise emssion of PM10 in PMC
Table 3: Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment
Rating point Air Quality Noise Water Quality in Rivers Total Garden
BOD TSS TDS
40 20 20 10 10 100 100
Sangamwadi 1 2 12 6 4 25 1
Yerwada 11 4 12 6 4 37 14
Tialk Road 21 4 12 6 6 49 20
Karve Road 4 4 No river passing 8 7
Bibwewadi 27 4 No river passing 31 11
Warje Karvenagar 21 4 16 6 4 51 0
Hadasar 18 4 8 4 4 38 4
sahkamagar 30 12 16
6 4 68 6
Bhavanipeth 24 4 N0 river passing 28 3
Aundh
25
4 0 6 8 43 5
Ghole Road 14 4 16 6 4 44 22
kasab 27 4 12 4
4
51 6
Vishrambaug wada 29 4 No river passing 33 100
Dhole patil
17 4 16 6 4 47 6
Table 4: Significans of prameters for environment
Parameters Significance
Airqulity
Bad quality of ambient air deteriorates quality of health ,vegetation and
preoperty
Noise level
Noise level leads to hormonal imbalance and various concentration relstived
temporary threshold shift
Garden
Signifies great recreational value /open sapce /aesthetic
Value /potential for air quality improvemet /health and
Carbon sequestration benefits,etc.
Fig 5: Air Quality weight Map of Study Area
Noise
The monitoring noise levels at 35 different traffic junctions including one
background location at Pashan for evaluation of noise levels in the city. Fig No 4.7 represents
noise levels across different junctions. Weekly spot monitoring for noise is carried out using
Sound Level Meter (Lutron SL – 4010) at each junction for one minute interval placed at
about 1 m from the actual traffic junction during late morning and mid-noon hours and
averaging the same.
Table 5: Environment Quality indices for noise standard
Noise rating
Excellent Better Good Bad worst
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
18 36 55 73 91
Noise levels at most of the junctions seem to be around the standards and exceeding
the same at times. However, this shall not be taken misinterpreted as safe since the exposure
to noise is continuous and may result into harmful effects on a long term basis.
Noise levels at one of the major traffic junction i.e. Swargate – Jedhe Chowk the area
selected to assess the influence of traffic on junction noise quality. The high noise levels are
observed and is quiet expected in such a heavy traffic carrying area. Vehicle count done in
recent past depicts on an average 70,000 vehicles pass through daily. As far as the peak and
non peak hours are concern equal i.e. about 35,000 average vehicles pass through the
junction.
Fig 6: Noise Level Stations of Swargate to Jedhe Chowk
Swargate
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08
MMooEEFF LLiimmiitt ((CCoommmmeerrcciiaall))
Fig 7: Noise Weight Map of Study Area
Water Quality
BOD
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by
microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the
water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste.
Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste.
When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even
food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down
this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by
aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live.
As expected Lakes are the least polluted section as they are primary resources.
Maximum BOD is observed in Jan 2008 of Nagzere Nala. In this case, the demand for
oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is
consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.
Total soiled (TDS,TSS)
The most important physical characteristic of polluted water is its total soiled content,
which is composed of settable matter, colloidal matter and suspended matter in solution
.Nallas sample hasing maximum amount of total suspend soils.i.e.366 mg/lit observed at
Bhairoba Nall.Nallas are the main receiving body of the industrial
&domestic different mainly from slum water naturally accumulates verities of soiled as it
passes through soils rocks.
Table 6: Environment Quality indices for Water Quality in River
BOD Rating
Excellent Better Good Bad worst
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
33 66 100 133 166
TDS Rating
Excellent Better Good Bad worst
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
80 160 250 330 410
TSS Rating
Excellent Better Good Bad worst
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(65) (130) (200) (265) (330)
Fig 8: Weight Map of River Water
quality
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
Bhav
ani P
eth
Kasa
ba P
eth
Vish
ram
bag
Dho
le P
atil
Saha
karn
agar
Karv
e R
oad
War
je
Gho
le rd
Tila
k R
oad
Sang
amw
adi
Bibv
ewad
i
Had
apsa
r
Yerw
ada
Aund
h
% Area % Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Pune city has about 885 to 1200 MT of Municipal Solid Waste generated per day. Per
capita waste generation of the city as well as ward is about 294 to 399 gm and 211 to 504 gm
per day respectively. Vishrambaug ward has highest population i.e. about 2.51 lakh and
respective per capita waste generation is 477gm/day. Tilak road ward has highest per capita
waste generation rate i.e. 601gm/day but have population about 2.11 lakh. Central Pollution
Control Board has municipal solid waste generation standard of 400gm/capita/day and the
city as a whole generates about 445gm/capita/day.
Fig 9: Comparative account of area of ward and % waste collected
The container bins are placed at designated locations and along the roads across the
city. The containers are of different sizes i.e. containers handled by dumper placers – 3.8 m3
and containers handled by compactor vehicles – 2.2 m3, 1.5 m
3 and 1.1 m
3. Municipal Solid
waste collecting facility has maximum number of dumper placers i.e. 1003. Compactor bins
with capacity 2.2 m3, 1.5 m
3 and 1.1 m
3 are 65, 341 and 111 in number respectively. Total
numbers of containers are reduced in past 2 years about 1050. Bibvewadi ward has higher
holding capacity bins as compared to the quantity of waste generated, where as Dhole patil
ward has the least number of bins for collection of the waste.
Table 7: Parameters rating and Ward level evaluation for soilde waste
Table 8: Significans of prameters for Solid Waste
Rating Points Generation
Infrastructure
Pits
MSW
Vehicles Sevak Container Sweepers
40 10 10 10 10 20 100
Sangamwadi 23 7 7 5 2 6 50
Yerwada 33 6 8 1 2 4 54
Tilak road 22 1 8 5 10 7 53
Karve road 30 1 7 1 2 15 56
Bibwewadi 40 2 1 2 10 3 58
Warje karvenagar 32 1 8 2 2 11 56
Hadapsar 23 7 8 4 6 3 51
shakamnagar 22 7 9 4 2 6 50
Bhavani peth 25 4 10 1 8 2 50
Aundh 33 5 9 2 4 20 73
Ghole road 36 4 9 4 4 10 67
Kasaba 35 2 10 4 4 1 56
Vishrambaug wada 29 3
10
6
2
14 64
Dhole pati 10 4 9 8 8 7 46
Parameters Significance
Waste generation
Amount of waste generated signifies the resorce utilization as well as
culture it also reflect the need for infrasturcture requirement
Infrastructure
Avalibility (hotel,Gadi socitey
Richshaw ,sweepers,containers
Colletion and transport potential related to
The waste generation is important from point of view of managemet and
resourece. Allocation ratio with that of generation determines the plaing
needs
Vermicomposting pits signifies segration ad management at through people involment
Fig 10: Solid Waste Weight
Segregation of Waste with the help of Ragpickers
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated the efficiency of GIS as a tool in the Study of urban
environment, it gives a fairly a good understanding of Changing amenities in the different
area, which in turn will be very helpful for local administrative bodies. Thus, this technology
has the capability to provide the necessary input and intelligence for preparation of base
maps, formulation of Planning proposals and act as a Monitoring tool during the
implementation phase.and AHP model to evaluate the ability of various activities of a
programme to fulfill a given objective. This assessment can take place to collect the opinions
of decision-makers and beneficiaries about the effectiveness of the activities and to structure
the views of project or programme managers about on-going activities to discuss the content
of the programmes, and the funding of various activities during the drafting of strategies and
programmes
The findings of study is follow
1. In Parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Environment in the study area the
noise polluation and and air polution& BOD considered with the heights weight in
the sahkamagar and for noise in Vishrambaugwada also consendired highests weight
2. In the garden inquire according to standard 0.2 for 1000 population,
Vishrambaugwada have highest weight, for that purpose need to devleope the
gardens in this administrative ward. This indicates that one major reson of the air
pollution and noise pollution in this area related to this limitation.
3. In the pollution water quality in the river the highest weight for pollution obteined in
Sahkarnagar and B. S. Dholepatil Road administrative wards, that indicates that these
two wards are having more river pollution than other administrative wards.
4. In parameter Rating and Ward Level Elevation for Solid waste in the study area the
highest weight observed in Aundh and then Gholeroad and Vishrambaugwada were
more solid waste genration and infrastructure compare to other administrative wards
5. In the development planning PMC should be concentrate to these administrative
wards have to develop more than other wards.
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