General Zoology General Zoology Unit SixUnit Six
The Amniotic EggThe Amniotic Egg
All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of boneEndoskeleton of bone
Most are carnivores, but some are Most are carnivores, but some are herbivores or omnivoresherbivores or omnivores
Tough, leathery skin covered in Tough, leathery skin covered in scales (claws)scales (claws)
Respiration entirely with lungs Respiration entirely with lungs
Closed double looped circulatory Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three system with a ventral three chambered heart (one exception)chambered heart (one exception)
Regulatory ectothermsRegulatory ectotherms
Excretion through metanephric Excretion through metanephric kidneys, with uric acid as the form kidneys, with uric acid as the form of nitrogenous wasteof nitrogenous wasteNervous system of brain and dorsal Nervous system of brain and dorsal nerve cord - all five senses well nerve cord - all five senses well developed in various groupsdeveloped in various groups
Most are tetrapods Most are tetrapods
Reproduction - dioecious, internal Reproduction - dioecious, internal fertilizers that produce amniotic fertilizers that produce amniotic eggseggs
Reptilian Evolutionary PressuresReptilian Evolutionary Pressures
Water retention and conservationWater retention and conservation
Food Food capturecaptureObtaining oxygenObtaining oxygen
More efficient circulationMore efficient circulation
Limb and muscle designLimb and muscle design
Advanced sensory abilitiesAdvanced sensory abilities
ReproductionReproduction
Reptilian TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Reptilia (7100 species)
Subclass Anapsida
Order Testudines
Ex. - Terrapene, Chelonia
Superclass Gnathostomata
Reptilian TaxonomyReptilian TaxonomyClass Reptilia (7100 species)Class Reptilia (7100 species)
Subclass DiapsidaSubclass Diapsida
Superorder LepidosauriaSuperorder Lepidosauria
Order Squamata (snakes, Order Squamata (snakes, lizards)lizards)Suborder AmphisbaeniaSuborder AmphisbaeniaEx. - Ex. - RhineuraRhineura
Suborder LacertiliaSuborder LacertiliaEx. - Ex. - Crotaphytus, Crotaphytus, SceloporusSceloporusSuborder SerpentesSuborder SerpentesEx. - Ex. - Crotalus, Crotalus, LampropeltisLampropeltis
Reptilian TaxonomyReptilian TaxonomyClass Reptilia (7100 species)Class Reptilia (7100 species)
Subclass DiapsidaSubclass Diapsida
Superorder ArchosauriaSuperorder Archosauria
Order CrocodiliaOrder CrocodiliaEx. - Ex. - Alligator, CaimanAlligator, Caiman
Order SaurischiaOrder Saurischia
Suborder Theropoda (bird Suborder Theropoda (bird ancestors)ancestors)
Subclass SynapsidaSubclass Synapsida
Order Therapsida (mammal Order Therapsida (mammal ancestors)ancestors)
General Zoology Unit Six
Objective Seven
All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsAnatomy highly adapted for Anatomy highly adapted for flightflight
Short body with a Short body with a disproportionately long neckdisproportionately long neck
Endoskeleton made of pneumatic Endoskeleton made of pneumatic bonesbones
Body covered with feathers (except Body covered with feathers (except lower legs)lower legs)
Paired appendages (the first pair Paired appendages (the first pair being wings)being wings)
Closed, double looped circulatory Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered system with a four chambered heartheart
Respiration entirely with lungs in Respiration entirely with lungs in conjunction with air sacsconjunction with air sacs
All are homeothermic endothermsAll are homeothermic endotherms
Nervous system with dorsal brain Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight of sight
Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with uric acid metanephric kidneys with uric acid the form of nitrogenous waste (no the form of nitrogenous waste (no urinary bladder)urinary bladder)
Reproductively dioecious, internal Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs fertilizers that lay amniotic eggs
Avian Avian OriginsOrigins
Avian Avian OriginsOrigins
Avian OriginsAvian Origins
Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Class Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass Subclass ArchaeornithesArchaeornithesEx. - Ex. - ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx
Superclass GnathostomataSuperclass Gnathostomata
Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes
Superorder Paleognathae Superorder Paleognathae (ratites)(ratites)Order Struthioniformes Order Struthioniformes (ostriches)(ostriches)Order Rheiformes (rheas)Order Rheiformes (rheas)
Order Casuariiformes (emus Order Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries)and cassowaries)
Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)Order Apterygiformes (kiwis)
Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes
Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae
Order Sphenisciformes Order Sphenisciformes (penguins)(penguins)Order Pelecaniformes Order Pelecaniformes (pelicans)(pelicans)Order Ciconiiformes (herons, Order Ciconiiformes (herons, storks)storks)Order Anseriformes (ducks, Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese)geese)Order Falconiformes (falcons, Order Falconiformes (falcons, eagles)eagles)
Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes
Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae
Order Galliformes (chickens, Order Galliformes (chickens, turkeys)turkeys)Order Charadriiformes (gulls, Order Charadriiformes (gulls, terns)terns)Order Columbriformes (pigeons, Order Columbriformes (pigeons, doves)doves)Order Psittaciformes (parrots)Order Psittaciformes (parrots)
Order Strigiformes (owls)Order Strigiformes (owls)
Avian TaxonomyAvian TaxonomyClass Aves (9600 species)Class Aves (9600 species)
Subclass NeornithesSubclass Neornithes
Superorder NeognathaeSuperorder Neognathae
Order Apodiformes Order Apodiformes (hummingbirds)(hummingbirds)Order Piciformes Order Piciformes (woodpeckers)(woodpeckers)Order Passeriformes (perching Order Passeriformes (perching birds)birds)
Feather Feather StructuStructu
rere
Calamus
Rachis
Feather Feather TypesTypes
AdaptatioAdaptations for ns for FlightFlight
Avian Avian Wing Wing
DesignDesign
General Zoology Unit Six
Objective Sixteen
Three main causes:
Genetic
Physiological
Environmental
General Zoology Unit Six
Objective Twenty
† † 90% of all 90% of all known known species species are are monogamousmonogamous† † The other The other 10% 10% are are polygamouspolygamous
† † AltricialAltricial
† † PrecocialPrecocial
All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsSkin produces hair and Skin produces hair and clawsclaws
Teeth specializations for Teeth specializations for exploitation of foodexploitation of food
Endoskeleton made of boneEndoskeleton made of bone
Respiration carried out entirely by Respiration carried out entirely by lungslungs
All have a secondary palateAll have a secondary palate
Closed, double looped circulatory Closed, double looped circulatory system with a four chambered system with a four chambered heartheart
All are tetrapodsAll are tetrapods
All are homeothermic endothermsAll are homeothermic endotherms
Nervous system with dorsal brain Nervous system with dorsal brain and nerve cord - excellent sense and nerve cord - excellent sense of sight of sight
Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired metanephric kidneys with urea the metanephric kidneys with urea the form of nitrogenous wasteform of nitrogenous waste
Reproductively dioecious, internal Reproductively dioecious, internal fertilizers with aminotic eggs and fertilizers with aminotic eggs and milk production milk production
Mammal Mammal OriginsOrigins
Mammal OriginsMammal Origins
Mammal TaxonomyMammal TaxonomyKingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
Subphylum VertebrataSubphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia (4600 Class Mammalia (4600 species)species)Subclass PrototheriaSubclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata (oviparous Order Monotremata (oviparous mammals)mammals)
Superclass GnathostomataSuperclass Gnathostomata
Ex. – Ex. – Ornithorhynchus Ornithorhynchus
Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy
Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria
Order MarsupialiaOrder Marsupialia
Ex. - Ex. - DidelphisDidelphis
Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous Infraclass Metatheria (viviparous pouched mammals)pouched mammals)
Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy
Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria
Order Insectivora Order Insectivora (shrews)(shrews)Order Chiroptera (bats)Order Chiroptera (bats)
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)
Order Primates (humans, Order Primates (humans, monkeys, apes)monkeys, apes)Order Xenarthra (armadillos, Order Xenarthra (armadillos, sloths)sloths)
Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy
Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria
Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares)hares)Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, Order Rodentia (rats, squirrels, beavers)beavers)
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)
Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, Order Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, seals)seals)Order Proboscidea (elephants)Order Proboscidea (elephants)
Mammal TaxonomyMammal Taxonomy
Class Mammalia (4600 species)Class Mammalia (4600 species)
Subclass TheriaSubclass Theria
Order Sirenia (manatees)Order Sirenia (manatees)
Order Perissodactyla (odd toed Order Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates)ungulates)
Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous Infraclass Eutheria (viviparous placental mammals)placental mammals)
Order Artiodactyla (even toed Order Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates)ungulates)Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)
PelagePelage * guard hairs* guard hairs * underhairs* underhairs * vibrissae* vibrissae
Guard hairsGuard hairs * awns* awns * bristles* bristles * spines* spines
UnderhairsUnderhairs * wool * wool * fur* fur * velli* velli
Growth typesGrowth types * angora* angora * definitive* definitive
Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw and Inner Earand Inner Ear
Three reproductive strategiesThree reproductive strategies * monotremes (oviparous)* monotremes (oviparous) * marsupials (pouched * marsupials (pouched viviparous)viviparous) * placentals (placental * placentals (placental viviparousviviparous)
Monotremes - egg laying Monotremes - egg laying mammals with a cloacamammals with a cloaca
Marsupials - pouched, Marsupials - pouched, viviparous mammals with a viviparous mammals with a very short gestation periodvery short gestation period
Placentals - viviparous Placentals - viviparous mammals with a long mammals with a long
gestation periodgestation period