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GENDER POLITICS
It has been a politicalissues for many years, aswomen have been eithertotally exclude from, ormarginalized by, the malepower structures of everymajor political system.
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The right to vote was only won bywomen in the twentieth century,
even in advanced democracies.
In recent decades, however,
significant changes have occurred
while still living much ground tocover.
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POLITICS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Only in the last few decadeshas the mainstream political
agenda come to accommodateissues of sexual orientation.
While issues of gay rights
remain controversial,especially in some religions orcultures, the political
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systems in most liberal
democracies have shown
some positive movement inthis area.
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THE POLITICS OF GENDER
Dr. Steven Goldberg
It is terribly self-destructive,
to refuse to accept ones ownnature and the joys and
powers it invests.
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*VALUING OF MALEATTRIBUTES
DISTORTS FEMINIST REASONING:
Feminism was once
dominated by the idea that
sex-related tendencies arepurely cultural in origin.
The higher statusthe more
competitive the positionthe
lower will be the percentage of
women
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*THE MALE OCCUPY MORE HIGH-STATUS
ROLES BECAUSE THEY ARE MOTIVATED
MORE STRONGLY TO ACHIEVE THAT HIGH
STATUS.
*he does not argue that either sex is
uniquely associated withcompetence. But he does say thatfew women would devote the lifelongexpenditure of energy necessary to
achieve such positions and anyincrease of women in these positionswill be slight.
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WHEN FEMALES SUPERVISE MALES:
*Even if the males greater
dominance tendency were
over- ridden and largenumbers of women placed in
positions of authority, it is
unlikely that stability could be
maintained.
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THE UNIVERSALITY OF PATRIARCHY:
*An idea that undergirds muchof feminist thinking is that
patriarchy, matriarchy andequiarchy are all equallypossible, and there is no
natural order which decreesthat men will rule in everysociety.
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* Accordingly, feminist tend to
say that our expectations of
men and women are culturallydetermined, and therefore
infinitely malleable.
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COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE SEXES
*We know that men and womenthink and behave differently,
whatever the causeThesocial is given its limits anddirection by the physiological
Falsity of assumption cannotbe balanced by a doubling ofemotional investment
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*There exist in our culture, apowerful hunger to believe that
gender differences in cognitiveaptitudes are exclusively natural.Men surpass women in dealing
with high-level logic andabstraction, which lead them toexcel in math, composing, chess,
philosophy and so forthfields inwhich, he says, there is nowoman of genius.
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*Women equal surpass men on
all cognitive tests not related tomathematical reasoning or
associated aptitudes, although
neither sex is more intelligent
than the other, he says, when
we speaks of intelligence in abroader sensein all its
different forms.
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*He stresses that none of this
information justifiesdiscrimination against the woman
who happens to be as qualified
as a man in a male- dominatedfieldbut she must be aware,
realistically, that she can never
hope to live in a society that doesnot attach feminine expectations
to women
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DECLARATION OF THE2002NATIONAL
ELECTORAL REFORM SUMMIT
Taking note of the seriousproblems and shortcomings of ourpolitical and electoral system;
Recognizing the urgent need forreforms, notwithstanding the pastand current initiatives of state
reformists and civil society, in thePhilippine electoral process.
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*adhering to the basic tenets of
a broad grassroots-based
democracy and rejecting elite
monopoly in our politicalsystem:
*Stressing the constitutional
mandate to democratizeaccess to political power.
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*heeding the voice of our peoplefor democratic participation in ourelectoral process and ingovernance;
*taking off from the impetus forgovernance reforms underscoredby EDSA I and EDSA II.
*Taking advantage of the
favourable environment fordemocratic governance in Asiaand in the whole world.
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A. LEGISLATIVE AGENDA
1. Enabling law on absenteevoting
2. Law to strengthen the Philippinepolitical party system.
3. Amendments to R.A 7941, the
Party-List Law4. Law on structural reforms in
electoral management.
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5. Implementing law on local
sectoral representation.6. Enabling law on constitutional
ban against political dynasties
7. Law on continuing citizen and
voter education.
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B. ACTION AGENDA
1. Implementation of electoral
modernization.
2. Launching intensive of civicliteracy and voter education.
3.
Building broad consensusregarding constitutional
reform.
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4. Establishment of multi-sectoralcitizen alliance on electoral
reforms.
5. Pursuing the electoral reforms
summit resolutions and
sustaining the summitinitiatives.
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CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
PHIL. CHARTER CHANGE also
known as CHA-CHA
- Refers to the political and otherrelated processes involve in
amending or revising the current
1987 Constitution of the
Philippines
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Peoples Initiatives
Constituent assembly
Constitutional convention
All three would lead to areferendum wherein theproposed amendment/s or
revision/s has to be approved bythe majority of Filipinos in orderto be adopted.
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CHARTER CHANGE: PRES. RAMOS
The proposed changes in theconstitution included a shift to
a parliamentary system andthe lifting of term limits ofpublic officials.
Ramos argued will bring moreaccountability, continuity andresponsibility to the gridlock
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prone Philippine version ofpresidential bicameral system.
Critics argued that the proposed
constitutional changes for one
would benefit the incumbent
which during that time wasRamos.
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CHARTER CHANGE:
PRES. JOSEPH ESTRADA
CONCORD or ConstitutionalCorrection for Development:
according to its proponents,would only amend the restrictiveeconomic provisions of the
constitution that is consideredas impending the entry of moreforeign investments in the Phils.
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Again an objections from
opposition politicians, religioussects and left wing organizations
based on diverse arguments
such as national patrimony andthe proposed constitutional
changes would be self serving.
accused of pushing Charter
Change for their own vested
interest.
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CHARTER CHANGE: PRES. ARROYO
election campaign platform duringthe 2004 elections and wasconsidered as high priority.
created the ConsultativeCommission; was to propose thenecessary revisions on the 1987
constitution after variousconsultation from different sectorsof society.
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PROPOSALS:
A shift to a unicameralparliamentary form of government
Economic liberalizationFurther decentralization ofnational government
More empowerment of localgovernments via transition to aparliamentary-federal government
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1. Sigaw ng Bayan s Peoples
Initiative Their aim was to gather enough
signatures in order to call for a
plebiscite on the proposed
constitutional changes via
Peoples Initiative mode.
Opposed Group:
One Voice
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Communist Party of the Phils.
New Peoples Army October 25,2006, the supremecourt, under Chief Justice
Artemio Panganiban, narrowlyrejected Sigaw ng BayansPeoples Initiative; this time, on
the grounds that the initiativefailed to comply with the basicrequirements of the Constitution
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for conducting a peoples
initiative.2. Constituent Assembly by House
Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr.
attempted to push for
constitutional change process by
convening the House of Representative of the Phils and
the Senate of the Phils into a
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Constituent Assembly or con-ass.
The anti-terrorist change forcesthreatened massive protest on the
political process that could lead
to a plebiscite on the charterchange issue.
*FormerPres. Estrada
*left wing BAYAN
*El Shaddai Movement
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*Jesus is Lord Movement
*LaRouche Youth Movement*Communist Party of the Phillipin
*and other cults and personalities
Called this as eating rally, thereligious leaders called on thewhole nation to embrace electric
post, face removal and characterchange instead of systematicchanges such as charter change
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3. Constituent Assembly by
Nograles-PimentelOn May 1, 2008 announced by
Prospero Nograles this Federal
system of government is close tomy heart as a Mindanaoan
leader and Im sure most of the
leaders in Mindanao will agree
that we have long clamored for it.
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THANK YOU
&
GOD BLESS!
PREPARED BY:MA.MILDRED A. COSTELO
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Senate Resolution 10 is a pleasantsurprise because senate has a
long history of opposing any moveto amend the constitution.
The joint Senate resolution calledfor the creation of 11 federal statesin the country, by convening ofCongress into a constituentassembly for the purpose of
revising the Constitution toestablished federal system ofgovernment.