Fungi Notes - ppt

•Multicellular except for ______________•Cell walls made of ______________ •Some with multinucleate cells and incomplete cell walls (see next slide)

•____________________ – body of the fungus •______________________- – filaments that make up the mycelium•Classified by method of ____________________ reproduction; can also reproduce asexually• -Myco or -mycete = ______________________•_______________________ by absorption•____________________ - feeding on dead and decaying organisms or _________________ – living in or on another organism, possibly causing disease •______________ chlorophyll! _________________ photosynthetic Kingdom FungiThree phyla of fungi, based on method of sexual reproduction:•__________________•__________________•__________________

•Note that some fungi are classified as Deuteromycota or Fungi Imperfecti because the method of sexual reproduction has not been discovered. When it is, they will be placedin the appropriate phylum.

________________________________•Fungi that reproduce with zygosporangia – structures resistant to freezing and drying, allowing the organism to live through “tough times”•Have no walls in their hyphae (multinucleate cells)•Ex) ______________ (top picture) can aim its sporangia toward light where grass is likely to be growing, then shoot spores to the grass. Important because they depend on grazing animals, like cows, to scatter the spores through feces.•Ex) ________________________ - black bread mold (bottom picture); diagram p. 485

___________________________ – club fungi•Fungi that reproduce with basidia (an external club-like structure found under the cap of a mushroom) that bear spores•Hyphae are divided by walls, but usually walls are incomplete so cytoplasm can still move from cell to cell; important in “eating”•Ex) ______________________, puffballs, rusts, smuts, shelf fungi

________________________________ – results from the outward growth in all directions of a basidiomycete (mushroom); the structures visible above the ground are the ________________________; the __________ of the fungus (mycelium) is in the _______________________

Examples of basidiomycetes - Rusts, smuts, & ergotsSome of the “witch hunts” of 17th century America have been attributed to ergot poisoning as it is a common pest in rye.

Fun Fungi Fact:______________ – can cause gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, temporary insanity, and death when accidentally ingested. In 944 A.D. more than 40,000 people died in France from ergot poisoning. It contains one of the active ingredients found in LSD. Oddly enough, it has been used for medicinal purposes in treating high blood pressure and stopping maternal bleeding following childbirth

____________________________ – sac fungi•Fungi that reproduce with internal sac-like structures called asci that are full of spores•Hyphae are divided by walls, but usually walls are incomplete so cytoplasm can still move from cell to cell; important in “eating”•Ex) cup fungi, __________________, morels, __________________ (NOT chocolate!)

Yeast budding -Yeast are ascomycetes Budding – asexual reproduction

Mold_______________ - an ascomycete commonly called “mold” that naturally produces an antibiotic

Note the _______________________ around this Penicillium

What color are fungi NOT? What is missing in the fungi that would make them that color? (Hint: look at the autotrophic, multicellular organism with cellulose in its cell walls surrounding many of these fungi) __________________________________________________________HOW is that evidence that fungi are heterotrophic? What is missing in the fungal cells that are present in the other organism’s cells???? __________________________________________

Fungal PartnershipsSymbiotic relationship – one in which two species live together in a close, long-term association

ex) mutualism – both benefit (___________________ & ___________________)ex) parasitism – host organism is harmed, the parasite benefitsex) commensalism – one organism is neither harmed nor benefits, the other

benefitsFungi are ____________________. __________________ fungi penetrate a living organism with specialized hyphae to allow the fungus to absorb nutrients from its host. Other fungi can prey on organisms that wander into its path by trapping the prey with specialized hyphae upon contact and then penetrating the organism with a different type of hyphae (nematode caught by fungus)______________ – ________________ relationship between a _______________________ organism and a _______________________ - important ________________ species, especially in _________________________

Effects of mycorrhizae(word parts – “fungus root”) on plant growth________________________ – _____________ relationship between a ______________ and a _______________________________

- the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates while the fungus absorbs phosphorus and other minerals from the soil and passes them to the plant, which would be unable to get these minerals without mycorrhizae

- fossilized plants have mycorrhizae, showing that they probably couldn’t have moved on to land without fungi!

Fun Fungus Fact: Most mushrooms that grow at the base of trees are actually the reproductive structures of mycocorrhizae

Fungi and animals evolved from a common, flagellated, protistan ancestor•Animals probably evolved from aquatic flagellated organisms too.

•Molecular evidence from comparisons of several proteins and ribosomal RNA indicates that fungi are more closely related to ________than to plants.

Remember the _____________________!!!!Important Fungal Traits

Principal decomposersPioneer speciesPollution indicators (p. 492)Nitrogen fixersSymbionts

Antibiotic producersAlso, flavor cheese, make bread rise, used in beer brewing, & wine making, as well as providing a food source for many organisms (mushrooms!)