FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OF DISEASE
PATHOLOGY
• The study of changes caused by disease.• The branch of medicine concerned with the structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Homeostasis is measurably disturbed
Definitions:
HYPERTROPHY
ATROPHY
Definitions
• CYTOLOGY
• HISTOLOGY
DISEASE• SIGNS: objective• SYMPTOMS: subjective• SYNDROME: both• ASYMPTOMATIC: without S&S
POSION IVY ALLERGYWhat are the signs? Symptoms?
Merck Manual
•Description of disease•Etiology•Signs and symptoms•Diagnosis•Treatment•Prognosis
PROGNOSIS
• ACUTE
• CHRONIC
• TERMINAL
PREDISPOSING CAUSES OF DISEASE
• GENETICS: Family history of Coronary Artery Disease, cancer, diabetes and renal disease are known hereditary risk factors .
• ENVIRONMENT: interacts with heredity. Where a person lives/works can increase the changes of disease. e.g. black lung disease, lead poisoning.
• AGE: Some disease definitely increase as the age increases. e.g. breast cancer
• SEX: Certain diseases are more common in women (e.g. breast cancer, Osteoporosis, Lupus) and others in men (e.g. gout, Parkinson's disease , color blindness, hemophilia)
Predisposing Factors cont. LIFESTYLE: Occupations, habits & life styles can have negative cumulative effects that impose threats to health. e.g smoking alcohol, stress, lack of exercise)
DIET: Important to mention separate from lifestyle. The improper diet may be quantity or quality.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS OF DISEASE CONT.
• INADEQUATE PROTECTION: inadequate clothing, improper sanitation, auto accidents, power tools.
• INFORMATION GAP: Knowing the wrong information is often more dangerous then lack of information. Can you think of examples?
• EMOTIONAL STATE: • There is empirical evidence that • unhappy people are usually• disease and accident prone. • =STRESS
DIRECT CAUSES OF DISEASE
• Obviously some things directly cause disease.
• Treatment of disease is directed toward the etiology. What if the etiology is unknown?
• Then the treatment is PALLIATIVE in nature. Palliative means the treatment is directed towards the syndrome as the etiology is unkown.
Term:
• Palliative:
DIRECT CAUSES:• LACK OF OXYGEN
• DYSPNEA:labored or difficult breathing• ANOXIA: lack of oxygen• ISCHEMIA: lack of adequate amounts of oxygen to
the tissues cells. • POISON: Ingested or inhaled, Injected (insect and snake bites)•
Direct Causes cont.• IMMUNE DISORDERS: Due to a breakdown in the
body's defense system • ALLERGY: hypersensitivity to a substance
ordinarily harmless.• AUTOIMMUNE: Inappropriate or excessive
response of the body’s defense system that allows the immune system to be destructive. e.g rheumatoid arthritis.
• IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS: results from a depressed or absent immune system. E.g following radiation, or with AIDs.
OTHER DIRECT CAUSES
• NEOPLASM: “new growth”– BENIGN: not cancerous – MALIGNANT: cancerous– METASASIS: capacity to spread
–BY DIRECT EXTENSION–BY BLOOD STREAM–BY LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
DIRECT CAUSES CONT.•INFECTION•NORMAL FLORA•COMMUNICABLE DISEASE•LOCAL INFECTION•SYSTEMIC INFECTION
S&S OF INFECTION: RED, SWOLLEN, WARM, PAIN , FEVER, DRAINAGE, ENLARGED LYMPH GLANDS
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE• A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. • VECTOR: a carrier of disease; an insect, rodent, or small
animal that transmits disease• FOMITE: Inanimate object that may transmit disease
COLD TRAUMA
• FROSTBITE• HYPOTHERMIA
• CELL DAMAGE DEPENDS ON: moisture, pre-existing condition, age.
HEAT EXPOSURE
• HEAT CRAMPS• HEAT EXHAUSTION• HEAT STROKE
• BURNS– Degrees– Desquamation
BURNS
FRACTURES
WOUNDS
• Can be classified as open or closed.– LACERATION– PUNCTURE– INCISION
WOUND Cont.
• AMPUTATION• AVULSION• ABRASION
• CONTUSION• HEMATOMA
NORMAL BODY DEFENSES
• What can the body do to try and maintain body homeostasis?– Species resistance– Mechanical/Chemical barriers
Skin HairSweat MembraneSebaceous secretions CiliaCerumen Saliva & TearsHair Acid
Other Body Defenses
• Fever…vasodilation (antipyretic)• Cold….vasoconstriction• Inflammation• Phagocytosis• Active Immunity• Passive Immunity
SHOCK• TYPES:
–Hypovolemic–Surgical–Cardiogenic–Neurogenic–Septic–Psychogenic
S&S Shock
• Vasoconstriction• Skin color• Vital Signs• Decrease urine
PAIN
• Pain threshold vs. Pain tolerance• ANESTHESIA
– General– Nerve Block– Local – Analgesic– Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator– Neurosurgical
IMMOBILITYIs not a body defense, rather has a catastrophic
effect on the human body…muscle weakness anorexiacontractures urinary stasisdecubitus ulcers psychological effectsthrombus/embolusedemaRespirations decrease
CONTRACTURES
DECUBITUS ULCER OF SACRUM
EDEMA
FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS OF DISEASE
• The human body is amazing. The process of homeostasis and disease balances on a fine line
• As a HCW our job is teach patients to prevent a disturbances of homeostasis and/or treat the disease/injury.