Transcript
Page 1: From De-humanization and Objectification, to Rehumanization · From De-humanization and Objectification, to Rehumanization From Animosity to Empathy: Neuro-Imaging Studies on the

From De-humanization

and Objectification,

to Rehumanization

From Animosity to Empathy:

Neuro-Imaging Studies on the Building Blocks of Fairness

Susan T. Fiske Princeton University

USA

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Stereotype Content Model (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, Advances, 2008; Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, TiCS, 2007;

Fiske et al., JSI,1999, JPSP, 2002)

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

Low Warmth

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Stereotype Content Model (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, Advances, 2008; Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, TiCS, 2007;

Fiske et al., JSI,1999, JPSP, 2002)

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

Pure favoritism

Low Warmth Pure antipathy

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Stereotype Content Model (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, Advances, 2008; Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, TiCS, 2007; Fiske et al.,

JSI,1999, JPSP, 2002)

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

Ambivalence

Pure favoritism

Low Warmth

Pure antipathy Ambivalence

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

poor, welfare, homeless

Disgust

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

older, disabled, retarded

Pity

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

poor, welfare, homeless

Disgust

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

older, disabled, retarded

Pity

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

poor, welfare, homeless

Disgust

Jews, Asians, rich, feminists, vamps

Envy

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

older, disabled, retarded

Pity

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

poor, welfare, homeless

Disgust

Jews, Asians, rich, feminists, vamps

Envy

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SCM: US Representative Sample (Cuddy,

Fiske, & Glick, JPSP, 2007)

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Competence

Wa

rmth

Americans

Elderly

Disabled

Christians

British

Black

professionals

Arabs

Asians

Rich

Poor blacks

Middle-class

Jews

Irish

Housewives

Homeless

Feminists

Retarded

Whites

Welfare

Turks

PITY

DISGUST

PRIDE

ENVY

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SCM: US Representative Sample (Cuddy,

Fiske, & Glick, JPSP, 2007)

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Competence

Wa

rmth

Americans

Elderly

Disabled

Christians

British

Black

professionals

Arabs

Asians

Rich

Poor blacks

Middle-class

Jews

Irish

Housewives

Homeless

Feminists

Retarded

Whites

Welfare

Turks

PITY

DISGUST

PRIDE

ENVY

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Participants & Design (Harris & Fiske, 2006)

Participants: • 10 students (6 women, Mage = 19.5)

Independent variables: • 2 (warmth) X 2 (competence)

Images controlled for 12 irrelevant dimensions

Dependent variable: • Functional scans

• Emotion ratings

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Pride Envy Pity Disgust

1 2 3 4

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Emotion Ratings in Scanner (Harris & Fiske, Psych Science, 2006)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

pride envy pity disgust

Emotion

Pro

po

rtio

n

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SCAN 101

• Medial Prefrontal Cortex

– Social cognition, theory of mind, social affect

• Dispositional attributions about people (Harris, Todorov, & Fiske, NeuroImage, 2006)

– Not ambiguous attributions

– Not objects doing same actions

(Harris & Fiske, Social Cognition, 2008)

• “Social valuation area”

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Pride

Y: 55

Envy

Y: 14

Pity

Y: -19

MPFC: Social Cognition

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Y: 62

Y: 52

Y: 42

Y: 32

Disgust: No MPFC, not Social

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Dehumanization: Denying a Mind to Others

Prejudices MPFC activation

Attributed mind

Likely

interaction

Pride .47 .78 .27

Envy .57 .66 .14

Pity .52 .35 -.24

Disgust .34 .26 -.43

Disgusting groups also less articulate, intelligent, less typically human

(Harris & Fiske, 2006, under review)

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Other Kinds of Dehumanization?

Dehumanization Theory (Haslam):

• Dehumanization as disgusting animals (e.g., vermin such as rodents, insects)

• Dehumanization as objects

(e.g., tools, machines, robots)

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Stereotype Content Model

Low Competence High Competence

High Warmth

older, disabled, retarded

Pity

ingroup, allies, reference groups

Pride

Low Warmth

poor, welfare, homeless

Disgust

(Vermin)

Jews, Asians, rich, feminists, vamps

Envy

(Objects)

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Female Subtypes (Eckes, 2002)

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Female Subtypes (Eckes, 2002)

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Participants & Design (Cikara & Fiske, under review)

Participants: • 19 heterosexual male students (Mage = 20.8)

Independent variables: • 2 (bikini/clothed) X 2 (female/male target)

Dependent variables: • Functional scans

• Face and body recognition (signal detection)

• Also measured Ambivalent Sexism – Hostile sexism (against nontraditional women)

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Sample Stimuli

20 each, 10 foils

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Stimulus Controls

• Facial attractiveness

• Body position

• Gaze

• Size standardization

• Background

• Detail in clothing

• Images were randomized in scanner

and recognition task

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fMRI Design At the beginning of each run…

6000 /10000 ms

200 ms;

see person?

1800 ms

6000 / 10000 ms

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Face Recall

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Body Recall

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Hostile Sexism Correlates with

mPFC

BA 10

48 voxels

Male Female

Control .23 -.32

Bikini .35 -.59**

p = .008 **

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Disclaimer & Hope

• What I said:

– Differentiated prejudicesdistinct activations

• What I did NOT say:

– Prejudice is inevitable, wired in

• From dehumanization to empathy:

– Neural activation depends on social context

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Re-humanization Hypotheses (Harris & Fiske, SCAN, 2007)

• Baseline, nonsocial goal no MPFC

• Categorization goal MPFC, but amygdala

• Individuating goal MPFC, no amygdala

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Shown for 2 sec. at the beginning of each block of 12 faces

Instructions (Harris & Fiske, SCAN, 2007)

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Stimuli & Design (Harris & Fiske, SCAN, 2007)

+

11 sec.

1 sec.

2 sec.

Participants:

• 18 students (10 women, Mage = 20)

Independent variables: • Judgment (dot, age, vegetable)

• Warmth x competence

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Dot: No MPFC, not Social

y: 62

y: 52

y: 42

y: 32

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Age task

x: 5, y: 42, z: 30

Vegetable task

x: 8, y: 38, z: 32

MPFC Activation: Social Cognition

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“Re-humanization (Harris & Fiske, SCAN, 2007)

Previously

Dehumanzed.

Targets

Already

Humanized

Targets

Page 45: From De-humanization and Objectification, to Rehumanization · From De-humanization and Objectification, to Rehumanization From Animosity to Empathy: Neuro-Imaging Studies on the

Thank you

Mina Cikara, Princeton (PhD expected ’09)

Lasana Harris, PhD ‘07 now post-doc, New York University