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ygonf?
a':vSjrdKif (c) rdkifydkydk
978-0-9869240-1-9
================================================================================
rsufeSmzHk; eSifh aemufa}umzHk;
tifwmeufwGif wifoGif;jzef hcsDaom Tpmrl. rsufeSmzHk;rSm OD;atmifxl; t*Fvdyfbmom jzifh jyKpkaom
“Tin Maung Oo: A Forgotten Hero of Asia” . rl&if;rsufeSmzHk;jzpfygonf? xdkenf;wl TpmtkyfeSifh pyfvSsOf;
I jAdwdoSs 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; *dk'ef ba&mif;/ ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Caucas (AIPMC) . 'k OuUX
Kraisak Choonhaven/ ordkif;ynm&Sif ygarmuQ *sdL;Zuf aq;vfAm; pwdkif; eSifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrS David
Kramer (Former Assistant Secretary of State and Executive Director of Freedom House)wdk h.oabmxm;rSwfcsuf
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xkwfa0ol
6
Forgotten Political Prisoners of Burma’s Gulag Archipelagos
About 35 years ago, a hero of Burma, a hero of Asia, Salai Tin Maung Oo, was murdered in Insein Jail,
the most notorious prison in the whole world. Salai Tin Maung Oo was a university student of the Chin
nationality, a great lover of humanity, freedom, justice and peace. As a student leader, he was at
logger’s head with the military rulers. He led many student demonstrations. At long last, he was arrested
and sentenced to death. Then he was sent to the gallows. He is the very first student leader to be
hanged during the time of Ne Win’s military dictatorship.
He was dead. Unsung. Activists used to say Salai Tin Maung Oo had done a great service to the cause of
liberty and democracy. He is a hero. But he is a forgotten hero of Burma. This was not true when I was
put behind bars. When I was put behind bars, already two decades had gone since Salai Tin Maung Oo
was hanged. Nevertheless, the legend of Salai Tin Maung Oo was the talk of the prison. He was still a
legendary hero among us political prisoners. His name, his strifes, his struggles, his sacrifices are lavishly
talked about among us.
Nowadays, thanks to the thorough and investigative research and lovingly care-intensive prose by the
author, U Aung Htoo, Salai Tin Maung Oo is no more a forgotten hero. His life and struggles are unveiled
to the people of Burma, Asia, and the world over. He now becomes an icon of all the political prisoners
in Burma.
While one of the most submerged and unknown figures in Burmese history is unveiled for the first time,
there still are more than two thousand political prisoners languishing in various dirty, unhealthy and
narrow cells in the gulags, which are widely scattered over Burma. All those political prisoners are
serving terms ranging over 100 years to over 30, 40, 50, 60 years, and so forth. Some of those political
prisoners’ names crop up sometimes in the overseas media. The media reports just mention their
names, not their living conditions. Hence, they virtually are forgotten prisoners anyhow.
7
Over two thousand political prisoners are here in Burma now. There are many kinds of demands for
their release; political resolutions, appeals, requests, prayers, etc. to no avail. Recently the so-called
civilian government, headed by Thein Sein, formerly a general and prime minister of the military junta,
decreed an amnesty order reducing one year for every prisoner. It is a big political joke. A great shame
for the country. A huge insult on top of injury. The whole world has cursed the half-military government
in diplomacy-coated language. The shameless government remains unperturbed, looking foolish to the
whole wide world.
There are over two thousand forgotten political prisoners waiting in the gulags of Burma. Where are
authors, writers, poets like Aung Htoo? Authors wanted; writers wanted; poets wanted for each and
every forgotten political prisoner of Burma. You are highly welcomed. Come ye all.
For the moment, Aung Htoo is more than good enough. He has done his best.
~U Win Tin
National League for Democracy
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14
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15
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16
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17
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wrf; waecJhrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf om;jzpfolESifhvufcsif;qufum+yHK;&$ifpGmjzifh a&$wd*Hk
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vdkcJhrnf jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;jzpfolESifh uGmjcm;onfrSm udkwifarmifOD;onf tar. &ifcGifodk@ rnf
onfhtcgr# jyefvnfcdkv_HEkdifawmhrnf r[kwf [lonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf? 4if;. &kyfESifhcE<monf TurBmavmu }uD;
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yguG,f? ighudk ausmufom;eJ@xkxm;wmrS r[kwfwmbJ?’[lIom ajymEkdifcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. yDwdt+yHK;
udk urBmt&yf&yf&Sd jynfoljynfom; taygif;wdk@u awG@jrifcJh&aomfvnf; tarh&ifxJY jzpfay:aecJhaom idkaºuG; rnf
wrf; jcif;rsm;udk rnfolur# owdjyKEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? udkwifarmifOD;eSifhbk&m;ocihfEkdifiHYom
jyefvnfqHkawG@=u&vdrfhrnf[k tartygt0if rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;u ,Hk=unfar#mf vifhae =u&HkrSwyg; tjcm;
rwwfedkif}uawmhyg?
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onfESifhtr# vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u udkwifarmifOD;. toHESifh &yfwnfcsufwdk@udk vspfv#L&_vm=uonfhtay:0rf;enf; rd}u
onf? ol.toufudk paw;um ppfzdeyfatmufwGif 'l;raxmufa=umif;udk udkwifarmifOD;u oufaojycJhjcif;rSm
aemifvm aemufom;rsm;uvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tjrpfjyKwfatmif wGef;vSefEkdifonftxd pGrf;aqmif=uap vdk
onfh ol. vdktifqENudk txift&Sm; jyooGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf pdwfrcsrf;ajr@zG,faumif;onfrSm ‘'Drdkua&pD
pepf odk@ wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJ&ef’/ ‘cGifhv$wfpdwfxm;&Sd&ef’ESifh ‘pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGufOD;pm;ay;&ef’ponfh
aqmifyk'frsm;udk a}uG;a}umfum trsdL;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&; [lonfudk udk,fhtusdK;pD;yGm;eSihf ,SOfwGJt"dyg,fzGifhqdk
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vSsuf ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eSifhvnf;aumif;/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGift&yfom;toGifaqmifxm;aom ppftpdk;&ESihfvnf;aumif;
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a&;twGuf wdkif;jynf,EW,m;rsm;wnfaxmifvnfywfrSKudk w&m;0ifulnDyHhydk;ay;&ma&mufaeapayonf?tusdK;quf
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&Sdae&jcif;jzpfonf?
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aom &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfEdk;=um;vmEkdifap&ef eSifh 4if;. pGrf;aqmifrSKrsm;udk avhvmcGifh&}uap&ef&nf&G,f
vSsuf 4if;. twˆKywWdudk a&;om; wifjyvdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf? urBmajrjyifwae&m&mwGif tm%m&Sifpepf wenf;
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onf tpOftjrJ&Sifoefaernf rkcsjzpfonf?
19
1
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&onfESifh w+ydKifeuf tarhudk OD;pGmcGH@au|;avh&Sdolyg? ol@udk tjcm;aqGrsKd;wpfa,mufa,mufu csDxm;onfh
tcgrsm;wGifvnf; ol@vufxJwGif &Sdaomrkef@udk xdkaqGrsKd;tm; OD;pGmau|;onfh tusifh&SdcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@
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Ttodpdwfudk ol. aemufqHk;xGufouf tcsdeftxd usifhoHk;oGm;cJhonf? rdrd &&SdcHpm;aeaom aysmf&$ifr_/
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jyocJhjcif;jzpfonf?
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4if;udk qdkqHk;r&mYvnf; n‡ifomodrfarG@pGmjzifh ajymqdkqufqHjcif;udk cH,lvdkcJhonf? =urf;wrf;cufxHpGm ajymqdk
qufqHjcif;udk tvGef&GHrkef;cJholjzpfonf? wifarmifOD; touf(2)ESpft&G,f uav;b0 tjzpftysufwpfckudk tazu
jyefajymif;trSwf&onf? wae@wGif wifarmifOD; idk,kdaeaoma=umifh tazu ol@udk tidkwdwfap&eftwGuf ‚ridkeJ@/
wdwfprf;‛[lI toHcyfrmrmjzifh a[mufvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; olu tidkrwdwfcJh? wpfae@wGif wifarmifOD;onf
=urf;jyifay:xdkifum tqufrjywfidk,dkaecJhonf? tidkwdwfap&eftwGuf tazu atmufaigufaomfvnf; r&?
onf;rcHEkdifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif tazu ol. vufESpfzufudk acgif;aemufaphwGif xm;apum acgif;udk atmufodk@
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zdcsI tidkwdwfap&ef ajymaomfvnf; tcsD;ESD;yif jzpfcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif om;jzpfol xdckdufemusifoGm;rnfudk
pdk;&drfaom tazu ol.acgif;udk jyefv$wfay;cJh&onf?
wifarmifOD;tm; wif;rmcufxefpGm jyKrlqufqHI r&a=umif;udk tazu xdktcsdefrSpwif od&SdoGm;cJhonf?
aEG;axG;aysmhajymif;aom avoHjzifh ‚om;u vdrRmygw,fuGm? ridkeJ@awmh?‛[k ajymrSomv#if wifarmifOD; tidkwdwf
a=umif; od&SdcJh&onf? Tae&mwGif wifarmifOD;onf ol. nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;ESifh rwla=umif;/ n‡ifom=uifemr_
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odk@aomfvnf; tqdkyg ‘tysuf oabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;’wdk@onf vlom;wdk@. &kef@&if;=urf;wrf;aom
vkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh ydkrdkqdk;&Gm; vmjcif; jzpfa=umif;/ 4if;wdk@tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfa=umif;wkd@udk wifarmifOD;u
em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf?
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aumif;uifjym}uD;ESifh aumif;uifodk@ xdk;xGufaeaom opfyif&Sd opf&Gufrsm;qDudk ai;=unfhaeavh &Sda=umif;wdk@udk
ol. nDrtm; wcgw&HY &ifzGifhajymqdkcJhonf? xdktcsdefu obm0ywf0if;usif jy\emonf ,ae@acwf
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(odk@r[kwf) wd&p>mefrsm;udk r[kwfbJ opfyifrsm;udkom wifarmifOD;u cspfjrwfEdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh
qdkaomf obm0avmu}uD;wGif opfyifrsm;onf ‘ouf&Sdjcif;’/ ‘oef@pifjcif;’ESifh ‘touf. vnfywfr_ jzpfpOf’wdk@
oabmaqmifaom oauFwwpfck jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; opfyifrsm;udk tjyKjzpfwnfr_
t&mrsm; tjzpf owfrSwfEkdifjcif; jzpfonf?
vl@b0udk usifvnf jzwfoef;&mwGif tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;tm; a&Smifv$JI r&onfESifhtnD
wifarmifOD;onf tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;udk &ifqdkifawG@}uHK&eftwGuf aESmifhaES;aejcif; tv#if;r&SdcJhol
jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; vl@b0. tysufoabmaqmifaom t&mrsm;tay: wifarmifOD;u pdwftm&Hk pGJ+rJaeol
wpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs? ‘pdwfysufjcif;’/ ‘pdwf"gwfusjcif;’ESifh ‘pdwfqif;&Jjcif;’rsm;xJrS &kef;rxGufEkdifolwpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs?
21
olwyg;wdk@. ‘pmemr_’ESifh ‘oem;=uifemr_’wdk@udk ar#mfvifhawmifhw/ &SmazGaeum ‘xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfjcif;’/
‘wdusjywfom;jcif; r&Sdjcif;’/ ‘avmbpdwf’/ ‘rvdkwrmpdwf’/ ‘a'gopdwf’ESifh ‘remvdkpdwf’rsm;xJwGif EGHepfaeol
wpfOD; r[kwfcJhacs? wifarmifOD;onf ol. b0wpfav#mufvHk;wGif ‘tjynfjzpfwnfr_ t&mrsm;’udk pl;prf;&SmazG
aecJhol jzpfonf? i,f&G,fpOf uav;b0uwnf;u pwifum aemufqHk;xGufouftxd olonf urBmavmu}uD;udk
taumif;bufu =unfhjrifcJhonf? taumif;jrifaom pdwfxm;&Sdolwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf? ol. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm;rSmvnf; taumif;bufu jzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ol. tawG;rsm;uJhodk@yif ol. rsufESmxm;rSm ausmufusa&
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[mo^m%f &$ifol
wifarmifOD; [mo^m%f&$ifonfrSm i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif jzpfonf? vSa&$ onf wifarmifOD;.
nDi,frsm;xJwGif wpfa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? wifarmifOD;u ol@udk ‘eDwGwf’[k cspfpEkd; ac:a0:avh&SdcJhonf?
tpfudk}uD;jzpfolESifh twlwuG &SdaecJhpOf tcsdefrsm;wGif udkvSa&$ trSwf&aom &,f&$ifzG,f&m taumif;qHk;
jzpf&yfwpfckrSm 1970pkESpf 0ef;usifcef@wGif jzpfyGm;cJhonf?
wifarmifOD; (7)wef; wufa&mufaepOf wpfae@wGif olonf ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl rkef@pm;qif;csdefwGif
tif;,m;uefY a&oGm;ul;cJh=uonf (wifarmifOD;onf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif a&ul;jcif;udk tvGef0goemxHkcJhol
jzpfonf)? Tta=umif;udk twef;ydkifq&mrESifh ausmif;tkyfq&mrwdk@u od&SdoGm;+yD; wifarmifOD;ESifh taygif;tyg
wdk@tm; 4if;wdk@. rdbrsm;udk ausmif;odk@ac:vm&rnf jzpfa=umif;/ odk@r[kwfygu 4if;wdk@ ausmif;xkwfcH&rnf
jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk ausmif;tkyf q&mru trdef@ay;cJhonf? TwGif zcifvkyfol. a'go ta=umif; aumif;aumif;
odxm;aom wifarmifOD;onf &if;ESD;aom todrdwfaqGwpfOD;xH tultnDawmif;cHavawmhonf? &cdkif}uD; [k
emrnf&ol todrdwfaqGonf wifarmifOD;tazt&G,fcef@&Sd+yD; &cdkifvlrsKd;wpfOD; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@. t}uHtpnfrSm
wifarmifOD;taz tvkyfudpPwpfckjzifh c&D;vGefaeonf[k ta=umif;jy+yD; &cdkif}uD;udk wifarmifOD;. OD;av; tjzpf
[efaqmifapum zatvkyfol.udk,fpm; &ckdif}uD;u ausmif;tkyfq&mrESifh oGm;awG@&ef jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;ESifh ol. twkta,mifOD;av;wdk@ ausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD; &Hk;cef;odk@ a&mufoGm;&mwGif q&mru
wifarmifOD; vkyfcJhaom tjypfrsm;udk ajymqdkwkdifwef;onf? ausmif;tkyfq&mru &ckdif}uD;ESifh pum;jrnfp ajymqdk
&mwGif 4if;onf wifarmifOD;vdk r[kwfbJ jrefrmpum; 0Jaea=umif;udk &dyfpm;rdonf? xdk@jyif wifarmifOD;ESifh
&kyf&nfjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; vm;vm;r# rwl=ua=umif;udk owdjyKrdcJhonf? odk@aomf 4if;wdk@onf aoG;om;eD;pyf aom
aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpfa=umif; ausmif;tkyfq&mrtm; wjznf;jznf; em;0ifatmif ajymqdkEkdifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ausmif;tkyf
q&mr. a&S@wGif &ckdif}uD;u wifarmifOD;udk ajymqdkqHk;rum ‚aemufwpfcg 'Dvdkjzpf&if q&mr}uD;eJ@usaemfeJ@ aygi f;+yD;
aqmf=ur,f‛[k ausmif;tkyfq&mrtm; ajymavonf? jrefrmpum;udk vnfvnf0,f0,f yDyDoo rajymwwfonfh
tjyif xdkuJhodk@aom toHk;tE_H;rsm;udk xnfhajymaoma=umifh ausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD;rSm txmaumufvJGum
t&Suf&oGm;cJhonf? pdwfqdk;refqdk;jzpfoGm;cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh &ckdif}uD;rSm 4if;. pum;toHk;tEH_; rSm;,Gif;r_ESifh
22
pyfvsOf;I &Sif;vif;csufrsm; xkwfcJh&onf? jzpfysufaeaom tajctae t&yf&yfudk &dyfpm;rdonfh wifarmifOD;rSm
ratmifhEkdif rtD;Ekdif &,fcsvdkufavawmhonf?
xGuf&yfayguf aeol &aohwpfyg;tvm; 0wfpm;qif,ifwwfonfh vlwpfOD; wcgu wifarmifOD;rdom;pk.
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wifarmifOD;ESifh ywfoufI &,f&$ifzG,f&maumif;aom jzpf&yfaemufwpfckrSm Todk@wnf;? wpfae@wGif
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txufwef; ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcJh=uonf? wifarmifOD;u nDri,f rvS+rdKifudk 4if;wdk@ESifhtwl
vdkufcJh&efac:&m rvS+rdKifuvnf; oabmwlnDcJhonf? tyef;ajzpcef; a&mufonfhtcg owif;pum;vufqifhurf;
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0kdif;xdkif=u&onf? tm;vHk; tqifoifhjzpfonfhtcsdefwGif 0kdif;xJrS wpfpHkwpfa,mufu pwifI pum;wpfcGef;udk 4if;.
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owif;pum;udk wD;wdk; vufqifhurf;vdkuf&onf? Todk@jzifh wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf ajymoGm;um aemufqHk;
vlxHY &&Sdaom owif;pum;onf e*dkrlvu xGufvmaom owif;pum;ESifh uJGjym;aea=umif;udk &dyfpm;rd=uum
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vufqifhurf; wD;wdk;ajymvdkufonfhtcgwdkif;wGif xdkolonf ratmifhEkdifrtD;Ekdif &,farmum tawmrwwfEkdifawmh
aoma=umifh upm;enf;udk tpu jyefpcJh&onfcsOf;om jzpfonf? wifarmifOD;u ab;vludk rnfuJhodk@ ajymvkduf
a=umif; rod&aomfvnf; 4if;onf tvGef[moajrmufrnfrSm aocsmonf? wifarmifOD;onf [mo^m%f&$ifol
wpfOD; jzpfonfudk tqdkyg tcsif;t&mu oufaojyaecJhonf?
23
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24
2
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aygufuJGcJh&onf? vltkyf}uD;rsm;onf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; ykdifqdkifaom tdrf,mrsm;udk rD;&_d@zsufqD;+yD; w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;udk
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25
w&kwf rdom;pkudk u,fw,fjcif;
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pkd;&drfw}uD; ajymavonf? Tenf;jzifh olu tqdkyg w&kwfrdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;. toufudk u,fwifcJhonf?
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26
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27
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wifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdaomtcg tm;vHk;. vufESdyf"gwfrD;rsm; ydwfum wdwfwdwfav;ae&ef ajymvdkufonf?
28
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29
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30
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31
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rdef;cav; pdwfysufoGm;atmif txdyif taeSmuft,Suf ay;wwfonf? oli,fcsif;awGu ol hudk cspfcif }uojzifh
pdwfqdk;&vnf; tcuf? twGJysufoGm;aoma}umifh t}uD;tus,f a'gyGjyD; ol hudk }udrf;armif;qJqdkaom oli,fcsif;
wOD;&SdcJhonf? ol tjyHK;wcsuf rysuf? xdkoli,fcsif; a}ueyfonftxd jyefvnfawmif;yefonf? aysmf&$if &Darmvm
atmif jyefacsmhonf? ol h&nfrSef;csuf uawmh atmifjrifcJhjyD?
oli,fcsif;awGwae&mwGifpk}ujyD; wuUodkvftwGif;usif;ywwfonfh a[majymyGJ/ uyGJ/ tm;upg;yGJ/
,Ofausk;rSKqdkif&myGJrsm;/ tp&Sdonfwdk hudk wckjyD;wck wufa&muf}ujcif; rSmvnf; enf;wckjzpf onf? b,fudkrSs
oGm;p&mr&SdvSsif jrufcif;jyifwae&m&m odk hr[kwf opfyif}uD; wyifyif atmufwGif pkqHk}ujyD; rdrdwdk hwOD;csif;pD.
tawG ht}uHKrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjy/ tjrif zvS,f}uonf? udkwifarmifOD;rSm[mo&SSdoljzpfojzifh oli,fcsif;awGudk
&,farmatmif vkyfedkif pGrf;&Sdonf? &Hzef&HcgwGif olu tm;vHk;0dkif;xdkifae&mrSxum oli,fcsif;wOD;pDwdkif;.
trlt,m udk [moajrmufatmif twkcdk;vkyfjywwfojzifh tlwufrwwf &,farm}u&onf?
ausmif;apgapgjyD;onfh naeydkif;rsm;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tif;,m;uefodk hoGm;}uavh &Sdonf? ol
b,ftcsdefu b,fvdkoif}um;xm;rSef; rrSwfrdawmhyg? a&udk uGsrf;usifpGm ul;wwf onf? txl;ojzifh yufvuf
ul;enf;udk txl;uGsrf;usifonf? yufvuful;enf;jzifh a7ul;jydKifyGJ 0ifcJh&m uGsef;qG,f y%mr vufa&G;pif tqifhtxd
ta&G;cHcJh&onf? ol yufvuful;wm udk }unfh&m armfawmfuav; ckwfarmif;aeouJhodk hjzpfonf? rSwfrSwf&&
w}udrfwGif oll htpGrf;udk jycJhbl;onf? ,if;rSm tif;,m;uefudkywfIul;jyjcif;jzpfonf? olul;aecsdefwGifrdrdwdk@
oli,fcsif; rsm;u urf;ajctwdkif; vrf;avSsmuf vdkuf}u&onf? oufvHk tifrwef aumif;rGef ojzifhom Todk@
ul;edkifjcif; jzpfonf? yufvuful;enf;udkvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm;udk oloifay;onf? oleSifh oli,fcsif;rsm; tif,m;
uefwGif t}udfrfaygif;rsm;pGmpkqHkjyD; aysmf&$ifpGma&ul;cJh}uonf? rHk hbdk;aiG uav;rsm; tenf;i,f&SdvSsif bl;oD;a}umf
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qdkifrSm xdkifI a&;aEG;}urf;ylyljzifh pkaygif;pg;aomuf um pum;awG w0}uD; ajymcJh}uonfudk rnfonfhtcgwGifrSs
arhedkifbG,fr&Sdyg?
udkwifarmifOD;eSifholi,fcsif;wpk wnaecif; tif;,m;uefta&muf a&ul;qif;cgeD;wGif cyfa0;a0; a&v,f
wae&mY vlvdkvdk jidrfoufaeaom t&mwckudk awG@&onf? tif;,m;uefonf a&aojzpfonf? vlu a&xJwGif
&SdaevSsif vuf odk@r[kwf ajcwckck vSKyf&Sm;aeygrS a&wGif ay:Ekdifonf? okd@r[kwfvSsif a&ao. oabmrSm pkyf,l
wwfojzifh vlonfa&xJodk hjrKyfoGm;rnf jzpfonf? Tt&mrSm vlyHkay:aomfvnf; vHk;0 jidrfoufvSsuf &Sdaeonf?
a&xJodk@ rjrKyf? oli,fcsif;wOD;u Al;oD;a}umfqdkifwGif&Sdaeaom rSefajymif;&Snfwckudk ajy;iSm;onf? tm;vHk; wvSnfhpD
}unhf}uonf? vl rS vl? a&vnfacgifwGif yufvufvSefcg vHk;0jidrfoufvSsuf &Sdonf? vufzsm;a&m/ ajczsm;yg
enf;enf;uav;rSsrvSKyf? xdkolrSm b,ftcsdefuxJu a&xJwGif a&mufaeonfrod? rdrdwdk@ oli,fcsif;awG tm;vHk;
pdwf0ifpg;ojzifh wa,mufwvJ rSefajymif;jzifh apgifh}unfh}u&m aemufxyf em&D0uf/ rdepfav;q,fcef h }umonftxd
a&xJwGif qufjyD; yufvufvSefum jidrfoufvSsuf &Sdonf? jyD;rS 4if;.avhusifhcef;udk tqHk;owfum urf;em;udk
wajz;ajz; jyeful;vmwmudk awG hvdkuf&onf? urf;em;udkta&mufrSm }unfhvdkufawmh tqdkyg vlonf rkwfqdyfarG;/
ykodkif;arG;awG eSifh tif'D;,ef; trsdL;om; wOD; jzpfaea}umif;awG@&onf?
'g tdENd,a,m*Denf;eJ h a&uodkif;0ifaewm jzpfedkifw,f/ 'ga}umifh rul;bJeJ h a&xJrSm ay:aewmjzpfr,f[k
oli,fcsif;wOD;u xifa}u;ay;onf? at; xl;awmh xl;w,fuG igvJ tJ'g udkbJ ajymawmhrvdk h[k tjcm;wOD;u
axmufcHonf? tjcm;oli,fcsif;awGu bmrSrajym jidrf awG;ae}uonf? xdktcsdefrSm udkwifarmifOD; toH ay:vm
onf? b,fu[kwf&rSmvJuG/ 'g a&u odkif;0ifwmr[kwfbl;? vl hcEQmudk,fudk a&xJrSm [efcsufnDatmif xm;wm?
tJovdkxm;edkif&if vl[m a&xJrSmay:w,f? ol htajymudk oli,fcsif;awGtm;vHk;u vufrcH}u? wckck vSKyfaerSom
a&xJrSm ay:rSmayg h/ [efcsufnD&HkeJ ha&xJrSm b,fvdkay:rvJuG wifarmifOD;&[k apg'u wuf}uonf? onfawmh
udkwifarmifOD;u rif;wdk@ r,Hkbl;vm;/ onfrSm}unfh igvkyfjyr,f/ [kajymum abmif;bDwdkuav;eSifh a&xJ
qif;oGm;jyD; yufvufvSefvdkufonf? ol ratmifjrifyg? cE<mudk,f wckvHk;a&xJudk jrKyfqif;oGm;onf? oHk;av;}udrf
}udK;pg;onf? oHk;av;}udrfpvHk;jrKyf qif;oGm;onf? a[haumifwifarmifOD; rif;aoaeOD;r,fowdxm;[k oli,fcsif;
awGu atmf[pf owday;onf? ol quf}udK;pg;onf? }unfh&if;}unfh&if; ol@ cE<mudk,f a&xJrSm yufvufESifh
ajzmifhwef;pGmay:vmonf? vufa&majca&mwcsufrSsrvSKyf? a&jrSKyfwckyifrxawmhbJjidrfvSsuf &Sdonf? toufudk
ajz;ajz;eSifhrSefpGm &SLvSsuf&Sdonf? urf;ajcwGif rwfwyf&yfum apgifh}unfh ae}uaom oli,fcsif;awGu vufckyf
vuf0g;wD;um }obmay;vdkuf}uonf? udkwifarmifOD; qdkonfrSm onfvdkvlrsdL;jzpfonf? avmu. aomhcsufudk
vSsyfwjyuf twGif;rSmyif em;vnfedkifpGrf;&Sdol jzpfonf?
rsufpdyGifh/ em;yGifh jzpfapaom vkyftm;ay; tawG@t}uHK
wuUodkvfausmif; yxrESpfwGif vkyftm;ay; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; aus;vufa'orsm;odk@
apv$wfum pmrwwfolrsm;udk pmzwfwwfvmap&ef oif=um;ay;apaom pDrHcsufrsm; &SdcJhonf? TonfrSm
pmrwwfr_ yaysmufa&;twGuf tpdk;&u csrSwfaom pDrHcsufjzpfonf? tzwf/ ta&;ESifh *%ef;ocsmF tydkif;rsm;udk
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t"duxm; oif=um;ay;onf? vl}uD;vli,f/ usm;r ra&G; vma&mufoif=um;cGifh&Sdonf? udkwifarmifOD;tygt0if
4if;. oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh twef;az:tcsdK@wdk@u TpDrHcsufwGif vkyftm;ay;rsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifcJh=uonf? vkyftm;ay;
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;udk tkyfpkrsm;cGJum jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ae&m tESHtjym;odk@ apv$wfcJhonf?
vkyftm;ay;umvonf (2)vwmcef@ =umjrifh+yD; udkwifarmifOD;onf tjcm; ausmif;om;wpfa,mufESifhtwl
rJpmawmifajc&Sd &Gmwpf&GmY ae&mcsxm;jcif; cHcJh&onf? &efukef+rdK@rS jrefrmEkdifiH tvnfydkif; rEWav;+rdK@em;wGif
wnf&Sdaom rJZmawmifajcodk@ &xm;jzifhoGm;rnfqkdv#if rkdifaygif; (350)cef@ uGma0;onf?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk &Gm. tdrftoD;oD;wGif ae&mcsxm;+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u vkyftm;ay;rsm;udk
vdkvdkvm;vm; vufcH }udKqdk=uonf? wifarmifOD;ESifh 4if;. twef;az:wdk@ aexdkifaom tdrf&Sd rdom;pkxHwGif
q,fausmfouft&G,f orD;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf? vkyftm;ay;rsm;onf 4if;wdk@. vkyftm;ctwGuf tdrf&Sifuay;aom
ae&mxdkifcif;ESifh tpm;taomufrsm;udkom &&Sdonf? ae@ydkif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u tdrf&Sifrdom;pkukd v,fxJwGif
ulnDvkyfudkifay;+yD; nydkif;wGifrl pmwwfvdkaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf &yfuGuf&Hk;wpfckwGif vma&mufpk&Hk;=uum
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh twef;az:wdk@u 4if;wkd@udk (3)em&Dcef@ pmoifjyay;onf?
vkyftm;ay; (2)vtwGif;wGif wifarmifOD;twGuf rsufpdyGifh em;yGifh jzpfapaom tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
&&SdcJhonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;uvnf; wifarmifOD;ESifh 4if;. twef;az:wdk@udk av;pm;cspfcifvmcJh=uonf? pm;0wf
aea&; usyfwnf;aomfjim;vnf; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf aysmfaysmfaewwfolrsm;jzpf=uonfudk udkwifarmifOD;u
od&SdcJh&onf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;udk pdwf+idKjiifapaomtcsufwpfcsufrSm &GmwGif usef;rma&;jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_
vHk;0 r&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf?
onfvkdESifh wpfnwGif &Gm&Sd touf(60)t&G,f rkqdk;rwpfa,muf tonf;toefzsm;emvmcJhonf?
aovkajrmyg;jzpfum aq;ukor_cH,l&ef csufcsif;vdktyfvmcJhonf? TwGif &Gmom;rsm;u olrudk rnfuJhodk@
tultnD ay;Ekdifoenf;[k udkwifarmifOD;u ar;jref;onf? &Gmom;rsm;u T&GmrS (7)rdkifcef@a0;aom ae&mwGif
tjcm;&Gm}uD;wpf&Gm&Sda=umif;/ xdk&GmwGif q&m0efvufrSwf&xm;ol r[kwfaomfvnf; xkd;aq;rsm;ay;jcif;/ '%f&mrsm;
csKyfay;jcif; ponfh omrefemrusef;jzpfr_rsm;twGuf ukpm;ay;EkdifolwpfOD;&Sda=umif; ajymavonf?
pyg;}uD;arGrsm;ESifh tqdyfjyif;aom tjcm;arGrsm;&Sdojzifh &Gmom;rsm;onf tarSmifxJwGif aq;q&mudk
oGm;yifh&ef wGef@qkwfae=uonf? rdrdwdk@ bmrSvkyfay;Ekdifr&Sd[k ,lqum vlemtrsKd;orD;udk 'Dtwkdif; ay;aovdkufrnfh
[ef&Sdaeonf? odk@aomf wifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@udk twif;t=uyfajymonf? TwGif &Gmom;wpfa,muf. xGefpufjzifh
oGm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? csdKifhcGufrsm; jynfhESufaeonfh c&D;vrf;rSm =urf;wrf;aomfvnf; aemufqHk;wGif 4if;wkd@onf
xdk&Gmodk@ qdkufqdkuf+rdKuf+rdKuf a&muf&SdoGm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; aq;&mu ntarSmifxJwGif olwdk@ESifh vkdufcJhvdkjcif;
r&Sda=umif;/ TtwGuf aq;zdk;0g;c &rnfrSmvnf; r[kwfa=umif; wdk@udk ajymavonf? reufusrS vmrnf[k
aq;q&mu qdkonf?
aq;q&m. pum;a=umifh tvGefpdwfysufoGm;aom ukdwifarmifOD;u ‚'DtrsKd;orD;om cifAsm;tar
jzpfcJhr,f qdk&if b,fvkdvkyfrvJ‛[k ol@udk ar;avonf? xdk@jyif vlemtrsKd;orD; taejzifh aq;0g;ukor_
csufcsif;vdktyfaea=umif;udk em;0ifatmifajymqdkaomtcg aemufqHk;wGif aq;q&mu 4if;wdk@ESifh vkdufcJh&ef
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oabmwloGm;onf? 4if;wdk@&Gmudk jyefa&mufvmaomtcg aq;q&mu vlemudk aq;wpfvHk;xdk;ay;+yD;
pm;aq;tcsKd@ay;um ta=umaq; ay;xm; cJhonf? odk@aomf ESpf&uf=umaomtcgwGif vlemtrsKd;orD;
aoqHk;oGm;jcif;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD; tawmfyif pdwfxdckdufcHpm;cJh&onf? usef;rma&; jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_rsm;
ay;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdjcif;a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiH. qif;&Jom;vlxkwdk@ toufwdkae&jcif;udk udkwifarmifOD;u
udk,fawG@}uHKcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? aoqHk;oltrsKd;orD;wGif aqGrsKd;r&SdcJhacs? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh &Gmom;tcsdK@u tokbcs&ef
pDpOf=u+yD; tavmif;wGif;wl;&eftwGuf ocFsKdif;ukef;odk@ oGm;a&muf cJh=uonf?
ocFsKdif;ukef;ESifhywfoufvmv#if udkwifarmifOD;. twef;az:rSm t,lonf;+yD; tenf;i,fa=umufwwfol
jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tavmif;udk ajrjr‡Kyf&mwGif yg0ifulnDjcif; r&SdbJ ta0;wae&mu &yfum ajrjr‡Kyfjcif; jrefjref
+yD;apzdk@twGuf wwGwfwGwfvkyfaecJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; ajrwGif;wl;ae&if;u (4)ayteufavmuf a&mufonfh
tcgwGif ol.a*:jym;ESifhtwl qHyifrsm;/ t&kd;rsm;ESifh tusôprsm; ygvmcJhonf? Ta'owGif qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ajrjr‡Kyf
o+*FKvf&mY tkwf*lwdkifrsm; xm;&Sdavh r&Sd=uacs? xdk@a=umifhvnf; 4if;wdk@u ae&ma[mif;wpfckudk wl;az:rdcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;rSm aoG;qkwfoGm;um ‚0d^mOfqdk;rsm;‛ol@qDodk@ rvmEkdifap&eftwGuf
bk&m;pmrsm;udk &Gwfavawmhonf? vGefcJhonfh (3)ESpfu tqkwfema&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhol rdef;uav;wpfOD;.
tavmif;udk Tae&mY jr‡KyfESHxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? c&pf,mefbmom0if jzpfonfESifhtnD a=umuf&GH@jcif; (odk@r[kwf)
t,lonf;jcif; wpHkw&m r&Sdaom wifarmifOD;u txl;taxG pOf;pm;raebJ tavmif;aumifukd vuf&Sdae&mYyif
jr‡Kyfvkdufonf? ‚vlaoaumifrsm;onf rnfonfht&mudkr# odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdawmh‛[k c&pf,mef usrf;pmY qdkxm;onf
r[kwfavm? (a'oemusrf; 9;5) usef;rma&;jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_ESifh tjcm;aom ulnDaxmufyhHr_rsm; uif;rJhae&onfh
&Gmol&Gom;rsm;tay: tvGef*&k%moufcJh&aom udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;awG@}uHKcJh&aom tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;udk
ol.rdom;pk0if rsm;tm; r=umc% ajymajyavh&SdcJhonf? vltrsm;wkd@. usef;rma&;qdkif&m ta&;ay: tajctaewGif
vdktyfaom jyKpkukor_udk ay;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfESifh ywfoufI awG;rdwkdif; udkwifarmifOD; pdwfqif;&JcJh&onf?
Todk@jzifh vkyftm;ay; oufwrf;rSm (2)vjynfhoGm;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; ae&yfjyef&rnfhae@rSm
tm;vHk;twGuf 0rf;enf;p&m ae@wpfae@ jzpfcJhonf? 0rf;enf;rsuf&nf uscJh&olrsm;vnf; r&Sm;yg? &Gmol&Gmom;
rsm;onf aiG;a=u;tm;jzifh csKd@iJh=uaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@wGif&Sdaom aumufn‡if;qefrsm;/ i&kwfoD;ajcmufrsm;ESifh
yJrsm;udk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl twif;xnfhay;=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ tajctae
tvHk;pHkudk od&Sdxm;aom udkwifarmifOD;url 4if;wdk@xHrS bmwpfckr# ,lroGm;vdkay? odk@aomf &Gmom;rsm;u
twif;xnfhay;=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ol. twef;az:wdk@onf vkyftm;ay;umvrsm;wGif woufwm
tawG@t}uHKrsm; &&SdcJh=uonf? 4if;wkd@u tm;oGefcGefpkduf pmoifjyay;cJhonfrsm;. tusKd;&vm'fudk awG@}uHKcHpm;
&onfrSm =unfEl;p&m taumif;qHk;yifjzpfonf? 4if;wdk@a=umifh &Gmol&Gmom;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf pm a&;wwf/
zwfwwf/ tajccH *%ef;ocsmFrsm;udk wwfvmcJh+yDjzpfonf?
vkyftm;ay; umvtwGif;wGif wifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. ae@pOfb0
tajctaersm;udk awG@}uHKcJh&+yD; 4if;wdk@ todkif;t0kdif;wGif aexdkif&jcif;. vl@oabmobm0udk od&SdcJh&onf?
ordkif;rwdkifrD acwfumv vlaer_b0rsm;ESifh tawmfyif qifwlaom &Gmom;rsm;. &kd;&Sif;onfh ae@pOfb0rsm;udk
vnf;aumif;/ 4if;wdk@. ae@pOftawG@t}uHKrsm;ay: tajccHum qif;&JEGrf;yg;ae&jcif; tajctaersm;ESifhpyfv#Of;
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qufvuf pl;prf;&SmazGaer_rsm;udk vnf;aumif; ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;u *&k%moufcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@.
ae@pOfb0rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I aemufydkif;wGif wuUodkvf0if;twGif; twef;+yD;csdefrsm;Y ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &SdvmcJhonf?
xdk@jyif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. &dk;om;r_/ az:a&Gr_/ yGifhvif;r_/ =uifemr_/ aysmfaysmf aewwfr_ESifh opPm&Sdr_ tp&Sdonfh
vl@wefzdk;rsm;a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4ifwdk@tay: av;pm; txif}uD;cJh=uonf? pdwfykdif;qdkif&m
tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ vufawG@b0wGifaomfvnf; tysufoabm aqmifaom tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@
awG@jrifEkdifaomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh vlom;wdk@xHwGif tjyKoabm aqmifaom pdwfaepdwfxm;&Sda=umif;udk
od&SdcJh&onf? Todk@qdkv#if tjyKjzpfwnfr_ wefzdk;rsm; qufvuf jzpfwnfaeapa&;twGuf yHhydk;jr‡ifhwif ay;&if;wbuf
tysufoabmaqmifaom tjyKtrlp&kdufrsm; avsmhyg;oGm; apatmif rnfuJhodk@ jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf Ekdifrnfenf;?
vli,frsm;omomyif &SdcJhao;aom udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf Tonfwdk@twGuf tajzaumif;wpfckudk
&SmazGaz:xkwfjcif; r&SdEkdifcJhaomfvnf; vlom;wdk@. tysufoabmaqmif tjyKtrlp&dkufrsm;udk ukpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf
enf;vrf;&Sd&rnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
xdktcsdefu pwifum udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘vlom;jzpfr_’ESifh pyfvsOf;I avhvmoif=um; cH,lusifhoHk;
vdkpdwfrsm; ydkrdk xufoef vmcJhonf? vl@avmu}uD;udk ydkI taumif;jrif wwfvmcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk
tusKd;jyK&ef ydkrdk pdwftm;xufoefvmcJhayonf?
36
4
arwWmudk &SmazGol qdkonfxuf arwWmudk ay;a0vdkol
udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;. nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;teuf touft}uD;qH k;jzpfonf? ‚tpfr}uD; trdt&m/
tpfudk}uD; tzt&m‛qdkaom jrefrmpum;yHk uJhokd@yif tdrfwGif tar r&Sdygu udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk
=unfh&_apmifha&SmufcJhonf? taru om;zGm;q&mr wpfOD;jzpfonfESifhtnD olr. tvkyfcsdefrSm yHkrSefr&Sdacs?
tcsKd@aom udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;rSm csufcsif; rD;rzGm;Ekdif=uaoma=umifh taru 4if;wdk@xHwGif ntdyfnwm
aecJh&aom tajctaersm;vnf; &SdcJhonf? tar r&Sdaomtcsdefrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk
t+rJwap aumif;rGefpGm =unfh&_apmifha&SmufcJhonf? ntdyf&m r0ifrSDwGif tdrf&Sd wHcg;ESifh jywif;aygufrsm;tm;vHk;
*vef@cs+yD;jcif; &Sdr&Sd vkdufvHppfaq;onf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;wkd@ twGuf csufjyKwfay;jcif;/ 4if;wdk@ ausmif;roGm;cif
rkef@zdk;ay;jcif;rsm;/ vdrfvdrfrmrmae&ef/ pm}udK;pm;=u&ef qdkqHk;rjcif;rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u jyKvkyfcJhonf?
xdkacwfumvrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pk tygt0if jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd jynfolvlxk trsm;pkonf
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif pm;0wfaea&; c|wf+cHKuscJh&onf? udkwifarmifOD;
&yfuGufxJwGif aexdkifol trsm;pkrSm vufvkyfvufpm;ESifh v,form; vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpf=uonf? 4if;wdk@ awG@}uHK
ae&aom tajctaersm;udk aumif;rGefpGm &dyfpm;rdcJhol udkwifarmifOD;u ol.rdom;pkESifh tdrfeD;csif;rsm;.
ae@pOfb0udk pmemcJhonf?
wnf+idrfat;csrf;r_&Sdaom &JpGrf;owWd tppftrSef
wae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;.nDjzpfol ukdvSa&$onf tdrftjyefvrf;wGif vli,fvrf;o&J tkyfpkwpfpkESifh
xdyfwdkufawG@cJh&onf? vrf;o&Jrsm;onf bmrS r,fr,f&& tvkyfr&Sd=uolrsm;/ rdbu csKd@iJhojzifh ausmif;rwuf
Ekdif=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? vli,f vrf;o&Jrsm;u udkvSa&$udk pvm;aemufvm;jzifh &ef&Smavonf? rcHcsifpdwf&Sdol
udkvSa&$uvnf; jyefyuf&mwGif 4if;wdk@t=um;Y cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;awmhrnf tajctae jzpfaecJhonf? TwGif
udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@xH a&mufvmonf?
‚rif;wdk@u wpf&yfuGufom;awGbJuGm? bmjzpfvkd@ wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf &efjzpfcsif&wmvJ? rif;wdk@
tareJ@vJ igodwmbJ? igwkd@tarudkvJ rif;wkd@ odwmbJ? 'gu ighnDav;qdkwmvJ rif;wkd@ odwmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@ rif;wdk@
tcsif;csif; &efjzpf&rSmvJ? rif;wdk@ rdwfaqG tjzpfqufqHaygh? wpfa,mufeJ@ wpfa,muf ulnD=uaygh?‛ [lI ajymqdk
azsmif;zsum udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@t=um; 0ifa&mufzsefajzay;cJhonf?
wpfae@wGif vSa&$onf cGifhrwkdifbJ ausmif;wpf&uf ysufavonf? TtwGuf '%fay;onfhtaeESifh
aemufwpfae@wGif q&mru vSa&$udk twef;xJu xGufoGm;ckdif;onf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,fESifhtwl
twef;xJodk@ vkdufvm+yD; q&mrESifh pum;ajymonf? &kyf&nfcef@nm;+yD; qufqHa&;ajyjypfonfhtjyif zcif wpfOD;
37
uJhokd@ jyKrlqufqHEkdifaom udkwifarmifOD;. trlt&mESifh ajymqdkyHkrsm;a=umifh q&mru ol@udk txif}uD; av;pm;
oGm;cJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif q&mru vSa&$tm; ‚eifhtpfudk}uD;u eifeJ@rwlbl;? eifu
t&rf;n‡ufwmbJ? eifu *spfwpfwpfeJ@bJ? eifhtpfudk}uD;u ajymvdkufwmeJ@ ig oabmaygufoGm;w,f? aemufwpfcg
eifausmif;ajy;w,fqdk&ifvJ ig eifhtpfudk}uD;bJ ac:ajymawmhr,f‛[k ajymavonf?
uav;b0wGif vSa&$onf ausmif;ajy;I ig;r#m;jcif;ESifh pGefv$wfjcif;wkd@wGif 0goemxHkcJhonf? xdktcsdef
rsm;wGif ukdwifarmifOD; ol.nDi,fudk qHk;rcJh&p+rJjzpfonf?
‚'DtcsdefrSm 'grsKd;vkyfaevkd@ rif; wpfae@us&if 'kuQa&mufr,f? ynmrwwf&if 'kuQa&mufr,f? rif;
'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;ajy;wmawG/ abmvHk;oGm;uefwmawG/ pGefv$wfwmawG rvkyfeJ@? tcsdefeJ@ 'Da&[m vludk
rapmifhbl;uG? tcsdefudk wefbdk;&Sd&Sd toHk;cswwfzdk@vdkw,f?‛[kqdkum pnf;urf;}uD;aom ukdwifarmifOD;u vSa&$
twGuf tdyfcsdef/ pm;csdefESifh pmzwfcsdefrsm; yg&Sdaom tcsdefZ,m;wpfckudk a&;qGJay;cJhonf?
temoufomapaom tpfudk}uD;. &ifcGif
udkwifarmifOD;onf ol.nDi,fjzpfol oef@Zifudkvnf; aumif;rGefpGmjyKpkapmifha&SmufcJhonf? oef@Zif (5)ESpf/
(6)ESpfom; t&G,fwGif rkef@pm;qif;csdefrsm;Y udkwifarmifOD;u ol@qDvma&mufum tpm;au|;jcif;/ rkef@zdk;ay;jcif;
rsm;udk jyKvkyfavh&SdcJhonf? vdrfvdrfrmrmae&efESifh pm}udK;pm;&efwdk@twGuf oGefoifay;cJhonf? wpfae@wGif oef@ZifESifh
vSa&$wdk@ aqmhupm;aepOftwGif; oef@Zif rawmfwq vdrhfusum vufusKd;oGm;onf? oef@Zif. i,foHygatmif
atmf[pfvkdufoHudk =um;onfhtcg udkwifarmifOD;onf tvGefpdk;&drfaeaom rsufESmxm;jzifh ol. nDi,fudk
vm=unfhonf? olu oef@Zifudk n‡ifompGm ayG@zufum ‚bmjzpfoGm;vJ/ bmjzpfoGm;vJ/ nDav;‛[kar;onf?
oef@Zif. vufrSm rcHr&yfEkdifatmif emusifaeaomfvnf; pdk;&drfw}uD; jzpfaeaom tpfudk}uD;. rsufESmudk
awG@vdkuf&onfhtcg temw0uf oufomoGm;ovdk cHpm;cJh&onf? tpfudk}uD;. cspfcif=uifem oem;*&k%m
pdwfa=umifh ol. cE<mudk,f aEG;axG;oGm;onf? ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; jrefvmonf?
xdk@aemuf aq;&Hkodk@oGm;&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u ol@udk ayG@csDum tdrfem;&Sd um;rSwfwdkifodk@ ac:oGm;
onf? um;rSwfwkdifonf 4if;wkd@tdrfrS tenf;i,f vSrf;aoma=umifh oef@Zifudk vufcsnf;oufoufjzifhom csD
oGm;&ojzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;wGif oHk;av;}udrf oef@Zifudkcsum tem;,l&onf? bwfpum;ay:wGifvnf;
olu '%f&m&aeaomnDi,fjzpfol xkdifEkdifap&eftwGuf tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;xHrsm; ae&mawmif;cHcJhonf?
tpf}uD;jzpfol. =uifem,k,r_udk oef@Zif. woufwmwGif arhr&EkdifcJhacs?
38
&,farmaysmf&$if csrf;ajr@=uaom nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;
&HzH&HcgY wifarmifOD;onf tvGeftrif; tpoefoljzpfonf? olonf naeydkif;rsm;wGif tm;upm;&HkY 0dwf
oGm;r+yD; ac|;oH&J&Jjzifh tdrfjyefvmavh&Sdonf? tdrfay:ta&mufwGif rnfolu olESifhteD;uyfqHk;&SdaevJqdkonfudk
OD;pGm=unfhvkduf+yD; nDi,fwpfa,mufudk qJGzrf;um ac|;pnf;rsm;jzifh eHapmfaeaom ol. *sKdif;=um;wGif nDi,fjzpfol.
rsufESmudk n‡yfxm;avh&Sdonf? nDi,f touf&SL=uyfum tvGeftrif;pdwfqdk;oGm;rSomv#if udkwifarmifOD;u ol@udk
jyefv$wfay;wwfonf? +yD;v#if rsufESmr_efodk;odk;jzpfaeaom nDjzpfoludk =unfhum wifarmifOD;u tlwufrwwf
&,farmavonf?
oef@Zif touf (13)ESpfom; avmuft&G,fwGif udkwifarmifOD;tm; ‚udkwifarmifOD;? usaemfvJ
tpfudk}uD;vdkbJ EkdifiHa&;awGbmawG odcsifw,f? EkdifiHa&; vkyfcsifw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfu bmrS rodawmh
usaemhfudk oifay;yg?‛[k awmif;qdkavonf?
TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u EkdifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh ta=umif;t&mwcsdK@udk pmtkyfwpftkyfxJY csa&;
ay;onf? (3)rsufESmcef@ a&;+yD;aomtcgwGif olu oef@Zifudk xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; E_wfv$wftm*HkaqmifEkdif
onftxd usufrSwfyg[k ajymonf? vl@ordkif; tpjyKvmyHk/ vlwdk@. oabmobm0 tp&Sdonfwkd@udk wifarmifOD;u
a&;ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?
olu tb,fa=umifh EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&a=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufI olu
rnfuJhokd@ xifjrif,lqa=umif; ponfwdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;tm; ajymjyavh&SdcJhonf?
1962ckESpf ppfwyf tm%modrf;+yD;onfh tcsdefrS pwifum tpdk;&onf qENjy ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESdyf
ESdrfeif; onf? 4if;.tusKd;qufrSm txl;ojzifh tvkyform; vlwef;pm;rsm;onf ukefaps;E_ef;av#mhcsa&;ESifh
vpmwkd;ay;a&;wkd@twGuf awmif;qdkvmcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wkd@onf ppfwyf. aoewf
usnfqHrsm;atmufwGif jym;jym;0yfcJh=u&onf? ppftpdk;&. rw&m;r_ESifh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_rsm;udk cHpm;aevm
cJh&onfh ausmif;olausmif;om;/ tvkyform;ESifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvHk;wdk@.
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfouf&jcif; jzpfonf[k udkwifarmifOD;u qdkcJhonf?
odk@rSomv#if wkdif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; vGwfvyfr_ESifh w&m;r#wr_wkd@udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpf+yD; vlom;rsm;uJhodk@
aexdkifEkdifrnf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; pm}udK;pm;&efESifh tdrfpm rSefrSefvkyf=uap&eftwGuf wifarmifOD;u t+rJ oGefoifcJhonf?
tdrfpmrsm;udk ulvkyfay;cJhonf? ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;udk em;rvnfaomtcgYvnf; tpfudk}uD;wifarmifOD;uyif
uljyay;cJhonf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; tcsdefrSefrSef pm=unfh/ upm;/ tdyf/ pm;/ a&csdK;Ekdif&eftwGuf tpDtpOfZ,m;
wpfckudk a&;qGJay;cJhonf? vywfpmar;yJGrsm;udk trSwfaumif;aumif;jzifh atmifjrifolrsm;tm; csD;r$rf;cJhonf?
qkaiGrsm; csD;jr‡ifhcJhonf? txl;ojzifh twef;wif pmar;yGJ}uD;wGif tqifh(1)rS (3)twGif; 0ifolrsm; qkay;yJGwGif
0wfqif&ef 4if;wdk@}udKufESpfouf&m tusôt0wftpm;rsm;udk 0,fay;ap&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u rdbrsm;xHrS
awmif;cHay;cJhonf?
39
udkwifarmifOD;. ti,fqHk;nDrav; &if&ifvSonf olr (4)wef;a&mufonftxd ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm
oif=um;cJh&jcif; r&Sdacs? tajccH t*FvdyfpmvHk;rsm;ESifh toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;uomv#if olrudk oif=um;
ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol. oifjyr_a=umifh nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; t*Fvdyfpm atbDpD'Dudk tprStqHk;xd tvGwftm*Hk
aqmifEkdifcJh=uonf? tcgtcGifhoifhonfh tcsdefwdkif;wGif oGm;yGwfwH/ oGm;wdkufaq;/ acgif;+zD;/ aqmif;vdrf;qD/ cJwH/
pmtkyf/ abmyif/ tusô/ abmif;bD/ zdeyf/ xD;/ rdk;umtusô/ vG,ftdwf/ opfoD;/ [if;oD;[if;&Guf/ xrif;/ tom;/ ig;/
ajryJ tp&Sdonfh t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;rsm;udk oif=um;ay;cJhonf?
usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; reuftdyf&mu xxjcif;wGif a&zefcGuf tjynfhwpfcGufudk aomuf&ef/
tdrfomoGm;+yD;onfhtcgwdkif;ESifh tpmrpm;rDwkdif;wGif vufudk qyfjymjzihf aocsmaq;&ef/ vufonf;rsm;udk
rudkuf&ef/ vufvnf; t&Snfrxm;&ef/ vufonf;rsm; &Snfvmygu vl}uD;wpfa,mufudk n ‡yfckdif;&ef tp&Sdonf
rsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u oGefoifajym=um;ay;cJhonf? nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;onf tpm;taomufESifhywfoufI
*sD;rsm;v#if udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@tm; tm[m&jynfh0aom tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;oHk;jcif;. tusKd;aus;Zl;udk
ajymjyonf? nDi,fwpfOD;u ig;rpm;csifonfhtcgY ig;wGif tm[m&"gwf trsm;tjym; yg0ifa=umif;/ ig;pm;olonf
tm;tifoefpGrf;+yD; ^m%faumif;Ekdifa=umif;wkd@udk udkwifarmifOD;u oGefoifay;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;om;
jzpfonfESifhtnD tvkyfrsm;onfh=um;xJuyif udkwifarmifOD;onf nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk ausmif;odk@ rv$wfrDwGif
xrif;&nf wpfa,mufwpfZGef;pD wkdufavh&Sdonf? xrif;&nfwGif tm[m&"gwf rsm;pGmyg0ifaoma=umifh
^m%faumif;Ekdifonf[k oluajymonf?
rdom;pkESifhtwl csufjyKwf pm;aomufjcif;
rdom;pk0ifrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf csufjyKwfay;aeaom rdcifudk udkwifarmifOD;u wcgw&HwGif rD;zdkacsmifY
0ifa&mufulnDay;avh&Sdonf? olonf xrif;[if;csufvJ awmfonf? olcsufaom [if;trsm;pkrSm t&om
txl;&SdvSonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf rD;zdkacsmifxJwGif pdwf&Snfoljzpfonf[k tarESifh nDrrsm;u qdk=uonf? TwGif
ol.vuf&m txl;[if;wpfrsKd;udk a&;om;az:jyaumif;ayonf? yef;a*:zD =uufOar$a=umf [if;wpfrsKd;yg? tarESifh
nDrrsm;u T[if;udk csuf&mwGif awmufawmufpif; yef;a*:zDrsm;udk ',ftdk;xJt&ifxnfhum ar$xm;aom
=uufOrsm;udk aemufrS a&mxnfhI a=umfavh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;url yef;a*:zDxkwfudk "g;jzifhvSD;rnfh
tpm; a*:zDyGifhrsm;udk wpfyGifhjcif; vufjzifhzSJ@onf? xdk@aemuf a*:zDyGifhuav;rsm;udk =uufOar$xJodk@ wpfyGifhjcif;
xnfhpdrf +yD;rSom ',ftdk;xJ xnfha=umfaoma=umifh ol.[if;rSm tvGefyif t&om&SdvSonf? tom;xufpmv#if
ig;u ydkIaps;csdKaoma=umifh udkwifarmifOD;u tarhudk aps;xJrS ig;0,fvm&ef rSmvdkufavh&Sdonf? olcsufaom
ig;a=umfESifh tcsOf[if;rSm t&om&SdvGef;ojzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;u xrif;[if;rsm;udk wpfpufrusef pm;ypf=uonf?
xrif;vHk;aphwdkif;onf 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktwGuf wefzdk;&Sdaoma=umifh udkwifarmifOD;u nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk
xrif;rzdwfap&ef r=umc%owday;avh&Sdonf? 4if;wkd@ toifhpm;oHk;Ekdifaom qefjzpfvma&;twGuf tqifhqifh
pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf&yHk/ qefpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf rnfuJhodk@ tm;tifpdkufxkwf&yHkwdk@udk ajymjyonf? v,form;rsm;u
v,f,mrsm;udk xGef,ufum pyg;aphrsm;udk pdkufysKd;&a=umif;/ &ifhrSnfhvmaom pyg;yifrsm;udk &dwfodrf;+yD; pyg;}udwf
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pufjzifh }udwf+yD;rSomv#if toifhpm;oHk;Ekdifaom qefudk &&Sda=umif;/ rdbrsm;uvnf; 4if;wdk@ cufcJyifyef;pGmjzifh
&SmazGxm;aom 0ifaiGjzifh qefrsm;udk 0,f,l&a=umif; ponfwkd@udk ajymjyonf?
&if&ifvS touf(5)ESpfcef@ t&G,fwGif trSwf&p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckrSm Todk@jzpfonf?
wifarmifOD;onf aEG&moD yljyif;aom ae@&ufrsm;wGif wcgw&HY pawmfb,f&Dcsif;rsm;udk tdrf0,fjyefvmavh&Sdonf?
pawmfb,f&Drsm;udk Ekd@qD/ a&cJwdk@jzifh a&me,fum rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; +rdKif&nf&Suf&nf twlwuGpm;aomuf
=uonfhjrifuGif;udk ,ae@wdkif rarhEkdifacs? wcgw&HwGif wifarmifOD;u taztvkyfroGm;rDwGif =uufO c&rf;csOfoD;
ar$a=umf a=umfxnfhay;vdkufonf?
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rsm;rSm t&om tvGef&Sda=umif;/ pm;aomufaepOftwGif;wGif ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk owd&rdojzifh +rdKIyif
rusEkdifa=umif; wdk@udk ajymjyonf? TuJhodk@aom tpfudk}uD;jzpfol. owd&wwfr_ESifh cspfjcif;arwWmwkd@udk
=um;&onfrSm nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;twGuf =unfEl;p&myifjzpfcJhonf?
tpfudk}uD;tjzpf jyKrlusifh}uHjcif;
nDtpfudk armifESrrsm; aqmhupm;=u&mwGif wcgwH&HY pum;jrm;/ &efjzpfonfrsm; &Sdwwfonf? TwGif
udkwifarmifOD;u 0ifa&mufjzefajz&ay;p+rJjzpfonf? nDtpfudk armifESr tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; csifcif&rnf/
*&kpdkuf&rnf/ &Sdwmudk r#a0&rnf ponfwdk@udk olu oifay;cJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;. cspfjcif;arwWmjzifh axG;+cHK
cH&aom 4if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf ydkrdkI aEG;axG;vHk+cHKr_&Sdonf[k cHpm;vm=u&+yD; rdom;pk0ifrsm; t=um;&Sd
cspfcifav;pm;r_rSmvnf; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf 4if;. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk r=umc% qkdqHk;rum oGefoif !$efjyonfrSm
rSefaomfvnf; rdrdukd,fwkdifrSmum; armifESrrsm;. a&S@wGif [dwf}uD;[ef}uD;jzifh aewwfavh&Sdol r[kwfacs? nDi,f/
nDri,frsm;udk pvm;/ aemufvm;jzifh aewwfolwpfa,mufjzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;}udKufaom oD;csif;rsm;udk
a&'D,kdu v$ifhae+yDqdkv#if armifESrrsm;ESifh twl uckef=uonf? ti,faumifrsm;uvnf; oDcsif;udk ryDuvm
yDuvmjzifh vdkufqdk=uonfrSm aysmf&$if=unfEl;zG,f&maumif;onf? rdrdwdk@. om;orD;rsm; aysmf&$ifjrL;xl;ae=uonfh
jrifuGif;udk=unfhum rdbrsm;rSmvnf; =unfEl;rqHk;jzpfcJh&onf?
rdom;pk0ifrsm;tay: xm;&Sdaom wifarmifOD;. arwWmrSm tuef@towfr&Sdacs? xdk@jyif TarwWmonf
4if;. oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh teD;tem;ywf0ef;usif&Sd vltrsm;xHodk@vnf; wenf;r[kwfwenf;
ysH@ESH@oGm;onf? wifarmifOD;onf oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif rnfaomtcgur# 4if;wdk@xHrS
wpHkw&m tcGifhta&; ,lcJhjcif; r&Sdacs? tcGifhta&; r,lonfhtjyif wifarmifOD;u 4if;wdk@udkyif rdrdwwfEkdifor#
tultnDay;cJhonf? 4if;wkd@ tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wpHkw&m taxmuftyhHay;cJhonf? oli,fcsif;rsm; pHkqHkrd=u+yD
qdkv#if rdrdta=umif;ajymrnfhtpm; tjcm;olta=umif;udkom olu pajymavh&Sdonf? rdrdoli,fcsif; wpfOD;
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wpfa,mufpD. tajctae/ 4if;wdk@ rdom;pktajctaersm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; 4if;wdk@awG@}uHKae&aom
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m (odk@r[kwf) cE<mudk,fykdif;qdkif&m qif;&J'kuQrsm;udk wwfEkdifor# ukpm;ay;onf? odk@aomfvnf;
rdrdta=umif;udk qdkv#if ar;rSom ajymavh&Sd+yD; oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrSvnf; rdrd. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtwGuf
tultnDawmif;cHjcif; r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf?
4if;wdk@. udk,fykdifb0rsm;tm; udkwifarmifOD;u pdwf0ifpm;wwfa=umif; ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;u
cHpm;rdcJh=uonf? olESifh twl &Sdae&aom tcsdefumvrsm;onf aysmf&$if=unfEl;p&maumif;aom tcsdefumvrsm;
jzpfcJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_ tjrif&Sdol/ aumif;rGefpGm jyKrlaexdkifwwfol/ wyg;oltay: aumif;rGefpGm
jyKrlqufqHwwfol udkwifarmifOD;. tusifhp&kdufrsm;udk oli,fcsif;rsm;u twk,lcJh=uonf? tcsdefudk tusKd;&Sd&Sd
toHk;cswwfr_/ pnf;urf;ao0yfr_/ rl;,pfaq;0g; uif;&Sif;atmif aewwfr_/ pdwfydkif;qkdif&mESifh cE<mudk,fydkif;qdkif&m
zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf atmif vkyfaqmifr_/ rdef;uav; ayG&_wfjcif; r&Sdr_/ udk,fcHynm wwfpGrf;r_/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh
ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmwwfr_ ponfh udkwifarmifOD;. xl;jcm;aom tjyKtrlrsm;udk av;pm;cJh=uonf? txl;ojzifh
4if;. vlvlcsif; udk,fcsif;pmemwwfaom pdwfxm;ESifh &JpGrf;owWdwdk@udk tvGeftrif; av;pm;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh
4if;wdk@ rsufpdxJwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf tbufbufu ajymavmufp&m r&Sdaom pHjyvli,fwpfOD;/ 4if;wkd@ tm;udk;
tm;xm;&m/ twk,lp&m vli,fwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhonf? TuJhodk@aom aumif;usKd;&vm'frsm; tm;vHk;onf
ukdwifarmifOD;. twGif;pdwfxJwGif udef;atmif;aeaom ‘tE_dif;rJh arwWm’a=umifhyif jzpfonf?
‘arwWm’ESifh ywfoufaom tvkyfwpfckudk woufvHk; vkyfoGm;rnf [lIyif olu ajymqdkcJhbl;onf?
wpfae@wGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol. rdbrsm;xHodk@ csOf;uyfum wuUodkvfausmif; qufwufvdkpdwf r&Sdawmha=umif;/
c&pf,mefbkef;}uD; vkyfcsifa=umif; wkd@udk ajymvmonf? txl;ojzifh uufovpfbkef;}uD;tvkyfudk pdwf0ifpm;onf[k
olu qdkonf? odk@rSomv#if vltrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tultnDay;Ekdifrnf[k olu xifrSwfcJhaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? bkef;}uD;wpfyg;taejzifh qdkygu vltrsm;wdk@twGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt&aomf vnf;aumif;/ cE<mudk,fydkif;
qdkif&m t&aomfvnf;aumif; vufawG@b0wGif ulnDaxmufyHhr_rsm; ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k olu ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;rsm;u ausmif;ESifh rdbrJh a*[mrsm;udk vnfywfaeyHk/ aq;&Hkrsm;wGif ulnDaqmif&Gufay;aeyHkwkd@udk
wifarmifOD;u ESpfoufcJhonf? Todk@jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh vltrsm;udk tultnDay;vdkaom ol.pdwfqENudk jznfhqnf;
ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? odk@&mwGif uufovpf bmomw&m;. t,ltqrsm;udk }udKufESpfoufI olu
xdkuJhodk@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhjcif; r[kwfacs? c&pf,mef bkef;}uD;rsm;onf rdbrJh uav;a*[m/ aq;&HkESifh ausmif;
rsm;wGif vdktyfcsuf&Sdaeolrsm;twGuf ulnDaqmif&Guf ESpfodrfhr_rsm; ay;Ekdifonf[laom tcsufuomv#if ol@udk
qJGaqmifaecJhjcif; jzpfonf? trsm;wumuJhodk@ tdrfaxmif&ufom;usum rdom;pk ysKd;axmif&aom b0rsKd;udk olu
rESpfoufcJhacs? b0udk wpfudk,fa& jzwfoef;jcif;jzifhomv#if rdrd. &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf
ydkrdktm&Hkxm;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? TonfESifhpyfvsOf;I wpfae@wGif tazu wifarmifOD;ESifh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;
onf?
‚ighom;? rif;u bkef;}uD;vkyf+yD;awmh vlawGudk tultnDay;csifw,f qdkwmudk =um;&awmh ig 0rf;om
rdw,f? 'gayr,fh wuUodkvfynmudk +yD;atmif oif+yD;awmh bJG@&oGm;wmrsKd;udk t&ifqHk; jrifcsifao;w,f? igu rif;ukd
bmjzpfvkd@ 'Dvdk ajym&ovJqdkawmh igwkd@rdom;pk&J@ ordkif;udk =unfhr,fqdk&if ighaqGrsKd;awG bufrSmaum/ rif;tar
42
aqGrsKd;awG bufrSmyg wuUodkvfbJG@&bl;wJhol wpfa,mufrS r&SdcJhzl;bl;uG? tck rif;u yxrqHk; 'gudk vkyfEkdifawmhrSm
r[kwfvm;? igwkd@ rdom;pkwpfpkvHk;twGuf rif;u pHjywpfa,muf jzpfvmrSmayghuGm?‛ [k tazu ajymonf? wzef
tazu ‚wuUodkvf bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if rif;}udKufwm vkyfawmhaygh?‛[k azsmif;zsjyefonf? TonfESifh ywfoufI
tpydkif;wGif ukdwifarmifOD;u csnfwHkcswHkjzpfaeaomfvnf; zcifjzpfudk av;pm;or_jzifh zcif. vdktifqENtwkdkif;
vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfcJhonf? odk@aomf c&pf,mef bkef;}uD; jzpfvm&eftwGuf bJG@wpfck&Sdxm;&rnf jzpf+yD; usrf;pmoif
ausmif;wGifvnf; (2)ESpf (3)ESpf OD;pGm oGm;ae&onf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; olu ausmif;qufwuf vrf;udkom qufvuf
a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;yif?
udkwifarmifOD;onf arwWmudk ‘&SmazGol’r[kwf? arwWmudk ‘ay;tyfol’wpfOD; jzpfcJhonf? ol vkyfaqmif
cJhaom jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf wpHkwOD;xHrS arwWmudk tvdk&Sdaom pdwfqENtay:Y tajcrcHacs? rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufxHu rnfonfht&mudkr# ar#mfvifhxm;jcif; r&SdbJ ol. ‘pdwfaumif; t&if;cH’oufoufjzifhom
tjcm;olrsm;udk ulnDay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;tay:xm;&Sdaom arwWm
uwqifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;tay: xm;&Sdaom arwWmtjzpfodk@ ysKd;axmifEkdifcJhonf? omref ae@pOfb0wGif
ukdwifarmifOD;tm; awG@}uHKqufqHcJh&bl;olwkdif;onf ol. arwWmudk wenf;r[kwf wenf; cHpm;cJh&onf? olESifh
pum;ajymqdk&jcif;/ olESifhtwl &Sdae&jcif;udk ESpfouf=u&onfcsnf;omjzpf+yD;/ rdrdwdk@. b0tawG@t}uHKrsm;tm;
udkwifarmifOD;udk zvS,fvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfcJh=u&onf?
Ak'<bmomwGif a*g"rR jrwfpGmbk&m;u ‘tusKd;ESifh ta=umif; qufE$,fr_’oabmw&m;udk a[m=um;
cJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh vltrsm;wkd@tay: xm;&SdcJhaom jrwfpGmbk&m;. tEd_if;rJh arwWm
w&m;a=umifh vltrsm;wdk@uvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;tay: arwWmtjynfht0&SdchJjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; Tae&m
wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vltrsm;wdk@xHrS wpHkw&m jyefvnfar#mfvifhawmifhwaoma=umifh xdkuJhodk@ arwWmw&m;
xm;cJhjcif; r[kwfacs? TuJhodk@aom ‘arwWmurBm’ tajcjyKjcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf cufcJyifyef;r_/ &ufpuf
,kwfrmr_ESifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_wkd@udk &ifqdkif&eftwGuf tHhrcef;aom ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk &&Sdydkifqkdifvmum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
udk ajymif;vJ&ef aqmif&GufEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
43
5
‘rw&m;r_rsm;’udk wkdufzsufjcif;ESifh ‘*k%foduQm’udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;
udkwifarmifOD;xHY i,fpOfuwnf;uyif &SdcJhonfh xl;jcm;aom yifudkp&kduf aemufwpfrsKd;rSm 4if;onf rdrd.
&nfrSef;csuf +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifonftxd ZGJrav#mhwrf; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufwwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? tjcm; nDtpfudk
armifESrrsm;ESifhpmv#if rwlnDaom tcsufrSm ukdwifarmifOD;onf vG,fvG,fESifh pdwfa00g; axGjym;jcif; r&Sdol
yifjzpfonf? wpfpHkwpfckudk vkdcsif+yDqdkv#if wHk;wkdufwkduf usm;udkufukduf xkdt&mudk &&Sdonftxd t&H_;ray;aom
pdwfjzifh aqmif&Gufwwfol jzpfonf?
t&G,fa&muf vmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;onf tm;upm;wGif 0goemxHka=umif;udk rdrdudk,fudk
od&SdvmcJhonf? rnfonfh tm;upm;enf;udk rnfuJhodk@ upm;&rnf[laom enf;AsL[mrsm;tm; em;vnfodu|rf;
cJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvJ rsm;aomtm;jzifh oluomv#if tEkdif&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? uav;b0wGif oa&uGif;ypf upm;enf;/
acgif;yef;vSef upm;enf;/ a*:vDypf upm;enf; rsm;Y oluomv#if trsm;tm;jzifh tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;
Ekdifol tukefpm;vkdaom pdwfqENrsKd; olxHY r&SdcJhacs? rdrdwGif&Sdaom t&mtm;vHk;udk qHk;&_H;oGm;ojzifh pdwfqif;&J
ae&onfh uav;wpfa,muf. rsufESmudk wifarmifOD;u r=unfh&ufaoma=umifh rdrdEkdifxm;onfrsm;xJrS
w0ufcJGay;vkdufp+rJjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; t&_H;orm;onf pdwfxm;qdk;olwpfa,mufjzpfygu jyefay;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs?
i,f&G,fpOf uav;b0uwnf;uyif wifarmifOD;udk vlcspfvlcif rsm;cJhaoma=umifh wifarmifOD;.nD
vSa&$onf olESifhtwl wpfausmif;xJY ae&jcif;udk ESpfoufcJhonf? wifarmifOD;u ol@udk t+rJapmifha&Smufonfhtjyif
tjcm; nDi,f/ nDri,frsm; tEkdifusifhcH&jcif; r&Sdap&eftwGufvnf; umuG,fay;cJhonf? xrif;pm;qif;csdefrsm;wGif
wifarmifOD;ESifh vSa&$wdk@onf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl &Sdaeavh &Sdonf? i,f&G,fpOfu wifarmifOD;onf ydefoG,f+yD;
rsufrSefvnf; wyfcJh&onf? xdk@jyif wifarmifOD;onf tjcm;uav;rsm;uJhodk@yif ol. cJwHESifh abmyifrsm;
raysmufr&Sap&eftwGuf tusôtdyfuyfxJwGif xnfhxm;avh&Sdonf?
tEdkifusifh Adkvfusr_udk qwfqwf rcHol
xdktcsdefu 4if;wdk@ausmif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;udk tEkdifusihf Akdvfuswwfaom ausmif;om;wpfOD;
&SdcJhbl;onf? 4if;onf wifarmifOD;xuf vlaumif ydk}uD;onf? wpfae@wGif wifarmifOD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS
vrf;av#mufvmaom tqdkyg ausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk ykcHk;jzifh wrifwum 0ifwkdufum &efpavonf? ‚'D
iydefu av;vHk;bJuG?‛[lI wifarmifOD;udk avSmifajymifum ‚rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;uG‛[k tom;vGwf pdefac:avonf?
xdktcg wifarmifOD;u ‚igrif;eJ@ rcscsifygbl;? rif;u bmjzpfvkd@ wjcm;vlawGudk jy\em&Smcsif&wmvJ? rif;u
tm;vHk;udk &ef&SmaewmbJ? bmjzpfvdk@vJuG‛[k jyefajymonf?
44
TwGif &kwfw&ufqdkovkd xdkausmif;om;u wifarmifOD;udk vufoD;jzifh xdk;avonf? v#yfwysuf
twGif;rSmyif wifarmifOD;u ol. vufoD;ukd b,fbufvufjzifh wm;+yD;onfESifh w+ydKifeuf nmbufvufjzifh
ol@rsufESmudk vufoD;wpfvHk; ypfoGif;vkdufonf? t&m&mtm;vHk; rsufpdwrSwftwGif; jzpfoGm;aoma=umifh
xdkausmif;om;rSm thHtm;oifhI rqHk;rD wifarmifOD;. vufoD;csufa=umifh zifxkdifoGm;onf? ESmacgif;rSvJ aoG;rsm;
usvmonf? olu wifarmifOD;udk qJa&;um jyefxvm+yD; csrnftvkyfwGif teD;tem;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u
4if;wkd@ESpfa,mufudk twif; 0ifqJG=uonf? xdk@aemuf q&m/ q&mrrsm;vnf; tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&modk@ csufcsif;
a&muf&Sdvm+yD; 4if;wdk@ESpfa,muftm; ausmif;tkyf}uD;&Hk;cef;odk@ ydk@vdkufonf?
wifarmifOD;u pxdk;a=umif;udk ausmif;tkyf}uD;&Hk;cef;wGif xdkausmif;om;u ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; pwif
wkdifwef;avonf? wifarmifOD;uvnf; xdkausmif;om;. vufoD;csufudk OD;pGma&Smifum rdrdudk,fudk ckcHumuG,f&ef
twGuf vufoD;wpfcsufxdk;cJha=umif; jyefvnfacsyonf? xdkausmif;om;onf jy\emaumif jzpfa=umif;udk
od&Sdxm;cJh+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh ausmif;tkyf}uD;u ol@tm; ‚'DtwGuf rif;&J@rdbawGudk ac:today;&vdrfhr,f‛ [k
ajymcJhonf? xdkae@rSpI tqdkygausmif;om;onf wifarmifOD;tem; ruyf&Jawmh? wifarmifOD;ESifh rsufvHk;csif;yif
rqkdif&Jawmhay? xdkausmif;om;. tEkdifusifhjcif;udk cHcJh&aom tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; wifarmifOD;tay:
aus;Zl;wif=uonf? xdktcsdefrSpI wifarmifOD;wGif oli,fcsif; ydkwdk;vma=umif; vSa&$u &dyfpm;rdcJhonf?
wifarmifOD;onf touf(13)ESpft&G,fuwnf;uyif ol. cE<mudk,f}uH@ckdifatmif vkyfcJholjzpfonf? ol.
oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl 0dwfoGm;rcJhonf? udk,fcHynm vkdufpm;cJhonf? bJjcHausmif;[k trnfwGifcJhaom r&rf;ukef;
txu(1) eSifhuyfvSsuf&Sdonfh bkef;}uD;ausmif;0if;twGif; OD;Zif;i,frsm;eSifhaygif;um tav;r &Hkwckudk wnfaxmif
cJh}uonf? tcsdefrSefrSef eSifh ZGJ&Sd&Sd upg;olrSm udkwifarmifOD; yifjzpfonf? oli,fcsif;rsm; tm;vHk;teuf pdwf"gwf
a&m/ cE<mudk,fyg }uHhckdifawmifhwif;rSK t&SdqHk;rSm udkwifarmifOD; jzpfonf?
xkdacwfu jrefrmhodkif;ynmudk odkif;q&m}uD;OD;cspfoef;u &efukef wuUodkvf0if;twGif;wGif tcsdefydkif;eSifh
ydk@csay;cJh&m oli,fcsif;awG wcsKd@ wufa&muf oif}um;}uonf? jrefrmhvufa0S hudk ordkif;vrf;qHk rSaeI
um;rSwfwdkifwwdkifpD;oGm;vSsif a&mufaom bkef;}uD;ausmif;wckwGif oGm;a&muf oif}um;olvnf;&Sdonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u odkif;/ vufa0S h rsm;xufydkI cg&maw;udkpdwf0ifpg;onf? vdkufpg;onf? wpHkw&m uGsrf;usifpGm
wwfajrmuf onf? cg&maw;ynmjzifh ol hudk,folckcHumuG,fum owWdjycGifh&cJhaom t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm;
&SdcJhonf?
vrf;o&J *dk%f;om;rsm;udk &ifqdkif}uHKawG@jcif;
1960 pkESpfaESmif;ykdif;ESifh 1970 pkESpfrsm;Y &efukef+rdK@ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vrf;o&J
*dk%f;rsm; acwfpm;aecJhonf? ukdwifarmifOD; rdom;pkaexdkif&m ordkif;+rdK@e,fwGifvnf; vrf;o&J*dk%f;rsm; txl;
aomif;usef;cJhonf? vrf;o&Jrsm;udk tcef@roifhI armfrsm;=unfhrdv#if ae&mYyif &dkufESuf/ vk,uf jcif;cH&Ekdifonf?
45
vrf;o&Jrsm;u wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk =unfhr&I +cdrf;ajcmufv#if +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH&olonf vrf;o&Jrsm;udk
tEl;tnGwfawmif;yef&onf?
Todk@jzifh &yfuGufxJ&Sd vrf;o&Jrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;udk =unfhr& jzpfvmonf? wuUodkvfausmif;
toGm;tjyef vkyfaeaom udkwifarmifOD;udk vrf;o&Jrsm;u ae@pOfawG@jrifaeaomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u
wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpfa=umif;udkrl 4if;wdk@ r&dyfrdcJhacs? ukdwifarmifOD;. udk,fhudkudk,f,Hk=unfr_
pdwf"gwfESifh cyfrdkufrdkuf yHkpHwdk@a=umifh vrf;o&Jrsm;u ol@udk awmf&Hkwef&Hk &efrp&JcJh=uacs? wpfOD;csif; ESpfOD;csif; &ifqdkif
pdefac: xdk;owfcJh=uolrsm;onfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;. ukd,fcHynm u|rf;usifr_a=umifh arSmufoGm;cJh=uonfu
rsm;onf?
1971ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ae@wpfae@ wuUodkvfausmif;u tjyefwGif wifarmifOD;onf ordkif; blwm&Hk
vrf;twdkif; av#mufvmonf? TwGif ‚u,f=uyg/ u,f=uyg‛[k wpmpmatmfaeoHudk wifarmifOD; =um;vkduf
&onf? olu toHvm&mbufudk csufcsif;ajy;oGm;&m touf(15)t&G,fcef@&Sdaom vli,fwpfOD; &kdufESufvk,uf
cHae&onfhjrifuGif;udk awG@vdkuf&onf? ‚a[haumifawG? &yfvkdufprf;?‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u [drf;a[mufvkdufonf?
TwGif vrf;o&J(3)a,mufonf vli,fudk xm;+yD; csufcsif; xGufajy;oGm;=uonf? zkwfv_dufzkwfv_dufjzifh touf&SL
aeaom vli,fu wifarmifOD;a&mufvmonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajymonf? wifarmifOD;u ‚'Db lwm&Hku
vrf;o&J awG usufpm;wJhae&m? rif; 'DudkvmwJh tcgus&if aumif;aumif; owdxm;&r,f? +yD;&if 'Dudk b,fawmhrS
wpfa,mufxJ rvm&bl;?‛ [k owday;onf? udkwifarmifOD;u vrf;o&Jrsm; vk,ufaeonfudk 0ifa&muf
aESmifh,SufcJhr_tay: t+idK;taw;xm;um &yfuGuftwGif;&Sd vrf;o&Jrsm;u ol@udk apmifh=unfhaecJh=uonf?
aemuf&uftenf;i,ft=umwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf blwm&Hkvrf;rSyif tdrfjyefvmcsdefwGif vrf;o&J*dk%f;0if
vli,f av;ig;a,mufcef@ vrf;ab;wpfae&mwGif xdkifae=uonfudk owdjyKrdonf? xdkvli,frsm;xJrS wpfOD;u
‚a[haumif/ iwHk;‛[k atmfajymoHudk=um;aomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u csufcsif;&yf+yD; olwdk@udk =unfhvkdufonf?
‚rif;u bmjzpfcsifvdk@vJuG‛ [k vrf;o&Jrsm;u &efponf? udkwifarmifOD;u olwdk@qD av#mufoGm;+yD; ‚ighudk
tJ'Dvdkac:wm b,folvJ? rif;wdk@txJu b,faumifvJuG‛[k ajym&m vrf;o&Jvli,frsm;tm;vHk; xdkif&mu
xvm=uonf? olwdk@xJrS wpfOD;u ‚igbJuG‛[kqdkum udkwifarmifOD;xH vufoD;wpfvHk; ypfoGif;avonf? TwGif
udk,fcHynmudk aumif;rGefpGm wwfu|rf;xm;ol udkwifarmifOD;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm jrefqefvGef;vSonf? 0ifvmaom
vufoD;udk wm;vdkuf+yD; csufcsif; wefjyefwkdufcdkufonf? vrf;o&JaemufwpfOD; ajy;0ifvm&mwGif olu um&maw;
enf;jzifh ab;apmif;uefvdkufonf? vrf;o&Jrsm;u wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf qufwdkuf0ifa&muf wkdufcdkufvm
ouJhodk@yif ol. wefjyefydwfqdk@ wdkufcdkufr_rsm;rSmvnf; avt[kefuJhodk@ jrefqefvSonf? udk,fcHynmudk TITr#
wwfu|rf;olESifh &ifqkdif&vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhrxm;rdcJhaom vrf;o&Jrsm; thHtm;oifhoGm;onf? udkwifarmifOD;udk
tEkdif,lI r&Ekdifa=umif; tv#iftjref&dyfpm;rdoGm;+yD; 4if;wdk@ qufrwkdufcdkuf=uawmhacs? TwGif ‚rif;wdk@ ighudk
aemufwpfcg vmrprf;eJ@? iguvJ 'D&yfuGufxJrSm }uD;vmwJhaumifbJuG‛[k olu ajymonf?
aemufwpfywfcef@=umoGm;onfhtcgwGif udkwifarmifOD; xyfrHwdkufcdkufcH&jyefonf? oli,fcsif;tdrfrS
jyefvmonfhtcsdefwGif jzpfonf? olu *smuiftusôudk ykcHk;ay:wif+yD; vrf;twkdif;av#mufvmonf? xdktcsdefu
46
ordkif;+rdK@e,fwGif cifarmifwif (odk@r[kwf) "g;cifarmifwif [kac:qdkaom vrf;o&JwpfOD; &SdcJhbl;onf? vlwpfOD;udk
"g;jzifh ypfaygufum t}uD;tus,f '%f&m&oGm;apEkdifaom pGrf;&nf&Sdaoma=umifh ol@udk "g;cifarmifwif[k
ac:=ujcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; vrf;axmifhwpfae&mu opfyif}uD;wpfyifudk jzwfav#mufvmcsdefwGif
"g;cifarmifwifonf opfyifaemufwGif ykef;uG,faecJhonf?
ukdwifarmifOD;u opfyif}uD;em;odk@ ta&mufwGif "g;cifarmifwifonf opfyifaemufrS &kwfw&uf
xGufvmu vSHpGyfwpfacsmif;jzifh ypfaygufonf? udkwifarmifOD;twGuf jyifqifcsdef odyfr&cJh? ol. v#ifjrefaom
trSwfwrJh wkef@jyefr_a=umifhomv#if toufraocJh&jcif; jzpfonf? olu csufcsif;yif ykcHk;ay:u *smuifjzifh
vSHvm&mvrf;a=umif;udk vJ$um+yD; eab;odk@ a&SmifxGufvkdufonf? vSHpGyfu ol.*smuifxJ pkduf0ifoGm;onf?
udkwifarmifOD; aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfum "g;cifarmifwifonf vSHpGyfudk ypf+yD;onfESifhw+ydKifeuf
ae&mrS vSnfhajy;onf? udkwifarmifOD;u vrf;ab;&Sd vufoD;qkyft&G,f ausmufcJwpfvHk;udk ,l+yD; "g;cifarmifwifudk
ypfaygufavonf? ausmufcJu "g;cifarmifwif. OD;acgif;udk oGm;a&mufxdrSefonf? OD;acgif;wGif aoG;xGufvm
aomfvnf; "g;cifarmifwifu aemufvSnfhr=unfhbJ qufajy;avonf? jzpfysufr_ tvHk;pHkudk 4if;wdk@ teD;tem;wGif
&Sdaeaom vSa&$. oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu awG@jrifcJh&onf? xdkoli,fcsif;u vSa&$udk jyefajymif;ajymjy cJhjcif;
jzpfonf?
vSHpGyfa=umifh udkwifarmifOD;. *smuiftusôpkwf+yJoGm;cJhonf? Ttjzpftysufudk =um;&odv#if tarjzpfol
pdwfyloGm;rnfudk od&Sdxm;ojzifh udkwifarmifOD;u tarhudk rajymjycJhacs? &yfuGuftwGif;wGif vlwpfa,mufudk
owf+yD; "g;jzifh tpdwfpdwftydkif;ydkif;jzwfum pGef@ypfxm;cJhonfhowif;udk vlajymrsm;aecsdef jzpfonf? tdrfjyef
a&mufonfhtcgwGif udkwifarmifOD;u 4if;awG@}uHK&onfrsm;udk nDr vS+rdKiftm; ajymjycJhonf? ‚nDrav;/ tpfudku
'Davmu}uD;rSm b,fol@udkrS a=umufwmr[kwfbl;? olrsm;awGu tpfudk@ukd pdefac:vm&if tpfudk olwdk@udk
&ifqdkif&Jw,f?‛[k ajymcJhonf?
Todk@jzifh vrf;&J*dk%f;om;rsm;onf udkwifarmifOD;tay: ydkI t+idK;}uD;vmcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifum
oluvnf; ausmydk;tdyfESifh "g;ajr‡mifwpfacsmif;udk udk,fESifhruGm aqmifvmcJhonf? wpfae@wGif olonf
oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh twl&SdaecJhaoma=umifh ausmif;rS tdrfjyefaemufusonf? olu rD;&xm;vrf;a=umif;twkdif;
vrf;av#mufum tdrfjyefvmcsdefwGif tawmfav;arSmifaecJh+yD? udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;av#muf&mwGif rdrd.
ywf0ef;usifudk owdjyKaeol/ t+rJ owd&Sdaeoljzpfonf? &kwfw&uftarSmifxJwGif 4if;. a&S@Y vlav;ig;a,muf
ay:vmonf? aemufausmwGifvnf; vltcsKd@&Sdae+yDukd owdxm;rdvkdufonf? TwGif vrf;o&J (10)OD;cef@u ol@udk
0kdif;&Hvkduf+yD; jzpfaeonf? 4if;wkd@onf "g;/ wkwfrsm; udk,fpDESifh jzpf=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; ol@"g;udk
tv#iftjrefxkwfvkduf+yD; wkdufcdkuf&ef toifhtaetxm; jyifvdkufonf?
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vrf;o&Jrsm;onf tkyfpkESifh rdkufae=ujcif;omjzpf+yD; wpfOD;csif;qdkv#if owWdr&Sda=umif;udk olu &dyfrdxm;cJhonf
a=umifhyif? vrf;o&Jrsm;uvJ 4if;wkd@txJu rnfol p0ifrnfvJ qdkonfudk apmifhae=uonf? TwGif wifarmifOD;u
olwdk@udk pum;pajymavonf? ‚igu wuUodkvfausmif;om; wpfa,mufbJ? vrf;o&J*dk%f;0if r[kwfbl;? igu
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udk,fhtvkyfudk vkyf+yD;vdk@ tdrfjyefaewm? igu rif;wdk@eJ@ &efjzpfzdk@ bmta=umif;rS r&Sdbl;? rif;wdk@&J@ tajctaeawG
udkvJ igem;vnfw,f? rif;wkd@b0u qif;&Jwma=umifh tckvdkrsKd; tcuftcJrsKd;pHk awG@ae&w,fqdkwm igodw,f?
'ga=umifhvJ rif;wdk@u tckvdk 'kp&kdufr_awG usL;vGefae=uwm r[kwfvm;?‛
‚igu 'D&yfuGufxJrSm ae+yD; 'D&yfuGufxJrSm }uD;vmwJhol? ightaruvJ 'De,fajr&J@ oGm;zGm;q&mr
wpfa,mufavuGm?‛ [k udkwifarmifOD;u qufajymonf? ordkif;+rdK@e,fwGif udkwifarmifOD;. taru
om;zGm;q&mrtjzpf tvkyfvkyfudkifaecJhonfrSm (10)ESpfausmf &SdoGm;+yDjzpfonf? e,fcHrsm;uvnf; tarhudk av;pm;
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vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;aeaom trsm;u av;pm;&onfhtarhudk vrf;o&Jrsm; odu|rf;=urnfyifjzpfonf? odk@aomf
udkwifarmifOD;u tarhom;jzpfa=umif;udkrl 4if;wkd@ od&Sdxm;cJh[ef rwlacs? udkwifarmifOD;u xdkuJhodk@ ajym=um;
&mwGif vrf;o&Jrsm; wjznf;jznf; aemufqkwf+yD; tarSmifxJ0ifa&muf aysmufuG,foGm;=uonf? xdktjzpftysufukd
}uHKawG@cJh&+yD; aemufykdif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf wwfEkdifor# nrarSmifcif tcsdefrSD tdrfjyefvmonf? tarSmifxJwGif
4if;wdk@ESifh aemufwpf}udrf rsufESmcsif;qdkif }uHKawG@&v#if rvdkvm;tyfaom ckduf&efjzpfyGm;r_rsm; jzpfvmEkdifonfudk
&dyfpm;rdaoma=umifhyif jzpfonf?
xdknu vrf;o&Jrsm; jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EkdifcJhaomfvnf; "g;cifarmifwifurl udkwifarmifOD;tay: tcJraus
cJhao;acs? "g;cifarmifwifonf vlodrsm;aom vrf;o&J*dk%f;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfonf? rnfolur# ol@udk
tmcH&Jjcif; r&SdcJh? xdk@a=umifhvnf; olu udkwifarmifOD;tay: a'goxGufum ‚'Daumifu bmaumifrdk@ ighudk
tmcH&JwmvJ? olu igheJ@ wu,fwrf; xdyfwkdufawG@&Jvdk@vm;‛[kawG;um wpfpHkwpfck vkyf&ef t}uH&vmcJhonf?
ocõsKif;ukef;Y csdef;yJG
&uftenf;i,ft=umwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf "g;cifarmifwifxHrS pmwpfapmif&avonf? *lwpf*lxJwGif
jcaoFhESpfaumif ratmif;Ekdifa=umif; pmxJwGif a&;xm;onf? xdk@aemuf ‚igeJ@rif;eJ@ wpfa,mufcsif; cszdk@ pdefac:w,f?
tckuae aemuf(10)&uft=um vjynfhnrSm awG@=ur,f? usKduUvm; ocsõKif;ukef;rSm n(9)em&Dus&if awG@r,f? rif;
}udKufwJhvufeufudk ,lcJh? tJ'Dtcgusawmh b,folu owWd&SdovJqdkwm awG@=uwmaygh?‛[k pdefac:xm;onf?
udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; ‚igrif;udk tJ'DrSm vmawG@r,f‛[k pmjyefvkdufavonf?
udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif *syefuif'dk"g;wpfacsmif; &SdcJhbl;onf? um&maw;ESifh *sL'dk oifwef;rsm;tjyif
uif'dk"g;oifwef;udkyg olu (7)wef;rS (9)txd t&G,frsm;wGif wufa&mufoif=um;cJhonf? wuUodkvfausmif;u
jyefvm+yD; naewkdif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf uif'dk"g; upm;enf;udk avhusifhvmcJholjzpfonf? ,ck ol@udk
"g;cifarmifwifu pdefac:vmav+yD? odk@&mwGif Tcsdef;yJGESifhywfoufI rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk rajymjycJhacs? rdrdbmom
avhusifh&mwGif olonf uif'dk"g;udk roHk;bJ uif'dk"g;t&Snfcef@&Sd+yD; uif'kd"g;wpfacsmif;xuf av;ig;q ydkrdkav;vHaom
oHacsmif;wpfacsmif;udk oHk;+yD; upm;avh&Sdonf?
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csdef;yJG&uf eD;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u *syefuif'dk"g;udk toHk;jyKI avhusifhonf? TuJhodk@
avhusifh&mwGif ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm jrefqefvGef;ojzifh "g;oGm;. v_yf&Sm;aeonfudkyif rjrifEkdifacs? uif'dk"g;rSm
ol.vufxJwGif =uufar$;av; ouJhokd@ ayghyg;vSonf? csdef;yJGwGif wkdufcdkuf&eftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfaecJhonf?
tpfudk}uD; udkwifarmifOD;onf &kyf&Sifum;xJwGif ygaom qmrl&dkif;"g;orm;uJhodk@yif jzpfonf[k vSa&$u
jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?
vjynfhna&mufaomtcg csdef;yJGESifh ywfoufI udkwifarmifOD;u vSa&$udk today;um ‚'g b,fol@udkrS
rajymjyeJ@? txl;ojzifh tar vHk;0rodapeJ@?‛ [k ajymavonf? xdk@jyif ol@twGuf pdwfryl&ef ajym+yD; ‚tJ'Du
jyefvmwJhtcgus&if bmawGjzpfysufcJhw,fqdkwm tpfudk rif;udk ajymjyr,f‛[k qdkcJhonf? xdknwGif udkwifarmifOD;
,Hk=unftm;udk;&aom oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufudkyg ac:oGm;onf? ‚'Dn igwpfa,mufbJ oleJ@ csrSm? rif;wdk@ bmrS
vkyfp&m rvdkvm;? 'gayr,fh wu,fvdk@ wjcm;vrf;o&JawG 0ifygvmw,f qdk&ifawmh rif;wdk@ ighbufu ulay;
ayghuGm?‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u olwkd@udk ajymonf?
Todk@jzifh ukdwifarmifOD;ESifh ol. oli,fcsif;(2)a,muf ocsõKif;ukef;t0if0odk@ owd&Sd&Sdjzifh csOf;uyfvm
=uonf? ywf0ef;usifrSm yuwd wdwfqdwf+idrfoufaeonf? opfudkif;rsm;t=um;u xdk;azguf0ifa&mufvmaom
va&mifrSm acsmufcsm;p&myif? va&mifatmufwGif tkwf*lwdkifrsm;udk txift&Sm;awG@jrifae&onf? wcgw&HwGif
vif;Ekd@rsm; xyHsoGm;onfhtoHudk =um;&onf? 'DvdkESifh ocsõKif;ukef;xJudk olwdk@ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm=uonf?
ocsõKif;ukef;xJta&mufwGif oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufESifhtwl wifarmifOD;u vufydkuf+yD; &yfapmifhaeonf? ol. cg;ywf
xlxlY csdwfqJGxm;aom uif'dk"g;onf "g;tdrfxJuxGuf&ef toifhjzpfaeonf? n (9)em&D (10)rdepfcef@ &Sd+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ouf&SdqdkI wpfaumifwpf+rD;rS 4if;wdk@xH csOf;uyfrvmacs? c%=umaomtcg tkwf*lwkdifrsm;t=um;&Sd
csKHykwfwpfckxJuaeI wpfpHkwpfa,mufu 4if;wkd@udk acsmif;ajrmif;=unfh&_aeouJhokd@ xifrSwfvdkuf&+yD; xdkcsHKykwfxJudk
ukdwifarmifOD;wdk@ tm&Hkpdkuf=unfhaepOf xkdolonf tarSmifxkxJodk@ ajy;0ifaysmufuG,foGm;onf? csdef;yJGodk@
vma&muf&ef owWdr&Sdaom "g;cifarmifwifu 4if;. wynfhwpfa,mufudk v$wfum udkwifarmifOD; vmrvm
=unfhcdkif;onfjzpfa=umif;udk &dyfrdvkdufonf?
vSa&$uvnf; tpfudk}uD; jyeftvmudk &ifwxdwfxdwfjzifh apmifhar#mfaecJhonf? opPm&Sdaom nDi,fonf
csdef;yJGESifh ywfoufI rnfol@udkr# todray;cJhyg? udkwifarmifOD; tdrfjyefa&mufvmaomtcg vSa&$u ol@udk csOf;uyf
ar;jref;avawmhonf?
‚bmjzpfoGm;vJ? tpfudk}uD; oleJ@ cscJhvm;?‛
‚'Daumif csdef;yJGudk rvmygbl;uGm‛[k udkwifarmifOD;u +yHK;+yD; vSa&$udk ajymonf?
aemufwpfae@ "g;cifarmifwifu udkwifarmifOD;xH pmwpfapmif xyfydk@vmjyefonf? pmxJwGif ‚wifarmifOD;?
ig rif;eJ@ pum;ajymcsifw,f? blwm&Hkem;u vrf;ab;t&ufqdkifudk vmcJh?‛[k a&;xm;onf? vSa&$u tpfudk}uD;
twGuf pdk;&drfum ‚tpfudk}uD; roGm;oifhbl;xifw,f? 'DvkdaumifrsKd;awGu tifrwef aumufuspfwmaem?‛[k
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owday;onf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u ‚=unfh&wm olu tpfudk}uD;udk wu,f pum;ajymcsifvdk@eJ@
wlygw,fuGm? bmrS pdwfryleJ@? tpfudk}uD; oleJ@ pum;oGm;ajymr,f?‛[kajymonf?
xdkae@ naewGif udkwifarmifOD;u vrf;ab; t&ufqkdifodk@ oGm;a&mufonf? "g;cifarmifwifu
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rif;eJ@ &efrjzpfcsifawmhygbl;uGm? ig rif;e@J rdwfaqGbJ jzpfcsifw,f? rif;u wu,fudk &JpGrf;owWdeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh
vlwpfa,mufbJ? igu vlawGtawmfrsm;rsm;udk ocsõKif;ukef;rSm cszdk@ pdefac:cJhayr,fhvJ b,folurS tJ'Dvkdvmcszdk@
owWdr&SdcJhbl;? rif;u tJ'Dukd vm&Jwmqdkawmh rif;uwu,f Z&SdwJh vlwpfa,mufbJuG? tck igeJ@rif;eJ@ rdwfaqGawG
tjzpf qufqH=uygpkd@vm;uGm? &yfuGufxJrSm rif; jy\em&Sdvmw,fqdk&ifvJ ighudk ajym? ig rif;udk tultnD
ay;r,f?‛[kqdkavonf? wifarmifOD;u ‚ig rif;&J@ tultnD rvdktyfygbl;? 'gayr,fh igwkd@ rdwfaqGaw Gtjzpf
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rD;ESifh a& awG@jcif;
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0if;udk ausmcdkif;jyD; qifa&wGif;vrf;rSaeI &efukeftif;pdefvrf;r}uD;udk OD;wnf azgufxGuf&ef&yfuGuftwGif;
jzwfoef;avSsmufoGm;ae}ucsdefjzpfonf? nae ajcmufem&Dcef h&Sd aecJhjyD? qifa&wGif; vrf;wavsSmufwGif yk*~vdu
trsdL;orD;taqmifi,fuav;rsm; &Sdaeonf? ausmif;oluav;rsm;rSm a&rdk;csdK;jyD; oeyfcg;yg;uGuf}um;vdrf;/
bavmufpf tuFsDvSvS uav; rsm;0wfum taqmifa&S hjcH0if;xJxGufjyD; rwfwyf&yfpum;ajymol ajymae}u/
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oli,fcsif;wtkyf pum;wajymajym a&S huaeavSSsmufoGm;ae}ujyD; udkwifarmifOD;uaemufqHk; u vdkufygvmvSsuf
&Sdaeonf? &dk;raqmifa&S h ta&mufwGif um;[Gef;oHvdkvdk }um;rdonf?
odk h&mwGif rnfolrSs owdrxm;rd}u? qifa&wGif;vrf;rSm ajrvrf;jzpfjyD; ajcvsifavSsmufolrsm; t"du
oHk;ojzifh um;vmvdrfhrnf[kvnf; rxifcJh}u? aemufqHk;w}udrf um;[Gef;wD;vdkufonfh tcsdefwGif[Gef;oHrSm
tawmfyif us,favmifjyD; &Snfvnf;&SnfvSsm;ojzifh oli,fcsif; tm;vHk; rwfwyf&yfvdkufrdjyD; aemufudkvSnfh}unfh
rd}uonf? rdrdwdk htm;vHk;.aemufwGif ppfa&mif jzpfaom tpdrf;ykyfa&mifeSifh*spfum;wpD;u vrf;awmif;aejcif;
jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;u aemufqHk;uae vdkufvmaoma}umifh tqdkyg*spfum;rSm oleSifhteD;qHk;jzpfaeonf?
us,favmifonfh [Gef;oH&Snf}uD; xGufay:vmaomtcg rdef;cav;aqmifjcH0if;rsm; twGif; [efa&;jy
vSsuf&Sdaom ausmif;oluav;rsm; omru/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm;yg &yfjyD; tqdkyg*spfum;udk 0dkif;}unfhae}uonf?
*spfum;xJrSm rdrdwdk heSifh&G,fwl vli,fwpkygvmonf? um;armif;olvli,fu um;pwD&m&if aemufrSaeI
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‚a[haumifawG um; [Gef;wD;oH r}um;bl;vm;/ rif;wdk hem;yif;ae}uovm;?‛ [k atmfajym vdkufonf?
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udkwifarmifOD;eSifh oli,fcsif; wpkvHk;rSm &kwfw&uf rSifoufrdovdk jzpfoGm;}uonf? trSwfwrJh bmjyefajym
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aumif;aumif;ajymyg‛ [k jyefajymonf?
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wzufu vli,ftkyfonfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yif jzpfyHk&onf? bmrS 0ifrajymbJ tomyif }unfhae }uonf?
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csifovm;?‛
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eSpfOD;ESifh ajcmufvHk;yl;xHodk ha&mufae}uonf? aemufrS od&onfrSm *spfum;ay:u qif;vmaom vli,fonf
ppfAdkvftodkif;t0dkif; tm%mydkif vl}uD;rdom;pkxJrS jzpfjyD; naeydkif;rsm;wGif &dk;raqmif&Sd rdef;cav; wOD;udk yHkrSef
vma&muf ydk;yrf;aeoljzpfonf? tcsif;jzpfcsdefY 4if;ydk;yef;aeaom rdef;cav; udk,fwdkifxGuf}unfhae aoma}umifh
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jzpfonf? ajcmufvHk;yl;awG h&vSsif a}umuf&GH hjyD; udkwifarmifOD; a&SmifxGuf oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufvdkufyHkvnf;&onf?
twGufrSm; oGm;ygjyD?
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awmh? udkwifarmifOD;u a&S@udk wvSrf;jcif; wdk;vmaomtcg olu ajcmufvHk;yl; jcdrf&ufeSifh aemufudk wvSrf;jcif;
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vufudk rdrdb,fvufjzifh usm;ykwf ykwfxkwfvdkufjyD; nmvufjzifh jzwfvufoD; wvHk;oGif;vdkuf&m xdkvli,frSm
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0dkif;csKyf vdkuf}uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. ajcaxmuf uefcsufjyif;onfudk oli,fcsif;tm;vHk; odonf? vJaeol
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52
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6
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ynma&;pepfwGif oif&kd;jyify vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; yg0ifjcif; r&Sdacs? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'frSm ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
vli,frsm;onf qif;&JwGif;eufaeaom rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk &Smau|;Ekdif&eftwGuf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh ausmif;xGuf
tvkyfvkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf? ausmif;xGuf&aoma=umifh 4if;wdk@twGuf vdktyfaom todynm/ twwfynmrsm;udk
55
r&&Sd=uawmhacs/ 4if;wdk@ ynmrwwfaoma=umifh tvkyf&zdk@ qkdonfrSmvnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhacs? ynmrwwfI
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+cdrf;ajcmufI aiGn‡pfjcif;/ cg;ydkufE_dufjcif; paom 'kp&dkufr_rsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufvmcJh=uavawmhonf? tcsdK@aom
olrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;rSm tonf;toef zsm;emae+yD; aq;ukor_ay;Ekdif&eftwGuf aiGa=u;vdktyfaeaoma=umifh
omv#if 4if;wdk@u cg;ydkufE_dufpm;ae&jcif;jzpfonf?
vrf;o&J*dk%f;0ifrsm;. ae@pOfb0tajctaersm;udk =um;odavhvmcJh&+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;u
T jy\emrsm;tm;vHk;wkd@. tajccH&if;jrpfESifh pyfvsOf;I 4if;wdk@udk &Sif;vif;ajymjyay;onf? wkdif;jynf. vuf&Sd
EkdifiHa&; tajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyonf? Adkvfae0if;ESifh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDwdk@u jrefrmEkdifiH wpfEkdifiHvHk;
tay: pDrHcef@cGJr_ nHhzsif;yHkudk ajymjyonf? jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; iwfjywfaetcsdefwGif vufwpfqkyfpmr# &Sdaom
AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@ aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;u wkdif;jynf. o,HZmwrsm;tay: udk,fusKd;&SmtjrwfxkwfaeyHkudk
&Sif;jyonf?
Todk@jzifh vrf;o&J*dk%f;0ifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf vmEkkdif
cJh+yD; udkwifarmifOD;udk ydkI av;pm;vmcJh=uonf? ‚usaemfwdk@ bmvkyfoifhovJ‛[k ar;vm&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;
u-
‚wkdif;jynfrSm tajymif;tvJawG jzpfzdk@ tcsdefwefvmygvdrfhr,f? tajymif;tvJawG jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f?
tJ'Dtcgus&if usaemfwkd@wawGtm;vHk; w&m;r#wr_twGuf wdkufyJG0ifEkdifw,f?‛[k cyf&Sif;&Sif;bJ jyefajzvdkufonf?
odk@aomfvnf; vufawG@wGifrl 4if;wdk@twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&mvrf; qkdI r&Sdoavmufyif &Sm;yg;aecJha=umifh tqdkyg
vrf;o&J*dk%f;0if trsm;pkonf raumif;r_'kp&dkufvkyfief;rsm;wGifom qufvufusifvnfaecJh=uonf?
wpfae@ wuUodkvfausmif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;udk oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu ol. tzdk;wef abmyifwpfacsmif;
cg;ydkufE_dufcHcJh&a=umif; ajymavonf? ordkif;+rdK@e,f bwfpum;wpfpD;ay:wGif cg;ydkufE_dufcHcJh&jcif; jzpfonf? TwGif
udkwifarmifOD;u ‚ig rif;udk ulnDEkdifr,fxifw,f? iguordkif;+rdK@e,frSmaewmqdkawmh tJ'Dudk rif; igeJ@vkdufcJhaygh?‛[k
ajymonf?
Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol@oli,fcsif;udk &yfuGufxJ&Sd vrf;o&J*dk%f;acgif;aqmifxH ac:oGm;avonf?
p&dkuf=urf;aom e,fxJudk vkdufvm&aoma=umifh oli,fcsif;jzpfolrSm tenf;i,f aemufwGef@aecJhonf? vrf;o&J
*dk%f;acgif;aqmifudk awG@onfESifh w+ydKifeuf udkwifarmifOD;u-
‚'gu wuUodkvfausmif;u igh oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufbJ? 'Dae@ ol bwfpum;ay:rSm cg;ydkufE_duf cHvdkuf&wJh
abmyifudk jyefvdkcsifw,f?‛ [k ajymonf?
aemuf(1)em&Dcef@ =umoGm;aomtcg *dk%f;acgif;aqmif abmyifudk jyefvmay;onf? udkwifarmifOD;u
vrf;o&J*dk%f;acgif;aqmiftay: =oZm&SdyHk/ *dk%f;acgif;aqmifu udkwifarmifOD; pum;udk em;axmif+yD; udkwifarmifOD;
tay: av;pm;r_&SdyHk wdk@a=umifh 4if;. oli,fcsif;onf udkwifarmifOD;tay: ajymrjyEkdifavmufatmif txif}uD;
56
av;pm;oGm;onf? rdrdabmyifudk jyef&onfhtwGuf udkwifarmifOD;tay: aus;Zl;wifrqHk; jzpfum ‚udkwifarmifOD;u
b,fvdkvkyf+yD;awmh olwdk@udk 'Dwkdif;av; ajymvdkuf&Hk abmyifudk jyef&wmvJ? vHk;0 r,HkEkdifp&mbJ‛[k awG;ae
avonf?
a&&Snfudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tm%m&Sifpepf oufqdk;&Snfaeor# umvywfvHk; vrf;o&J
*dk%f;rsm; uJhokd@aom Tvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd ‘om;aumifrsm;’. jy\emudk ajz&Sif;I &Ekdifrnf r[kwfa=umif;udk
udkwifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk pkaygif;wGef;vSefwdkufzsufEkdifa&;twGuf wuUodkvf
wcGifwGif ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ydkrdkwdk;csJ@vmcJhonf? TwdkufyJGwGif yg0ifrnfh rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef
vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
wuUodkvfausmif; apmapm+yD;I tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;onf
tif;,m;uefxJY a&oGm;ul;avh&Sdonf? &efukef+rdK@. jcpfjcpfawmufyljyif;aeaom &moDOwkwGif tif;,m;uef&Sd
at;jraeaom a&xJY 0ifpdrfvkduf&jcif;onf 4if;wdk@udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg vef;qef;vmaponf?
xkd@jyif trsm;tm;jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf wpfa,mufxJ a&ul;avh&Sdonf? olu a&xJ t=um}uD;
pdrfae&jcif;udk ESpfoufonf? Ttjcif;t&ma=umifhvnf; ol. tm&Hkpl;pdkufEkdifaom pdwfpGrf;tifudk &&SdvmcJhjcif;
jzpfEkdifonf? olonf *Dw 0goemxHkol wpfOD; jzpf+yD; wa,mudk u|rf;usifydkifEkdifpGm wD;wwfonf? tm;vyfcsdef
rsm;wGif r=umc% qdkovdk olu wa,moHrsm;xJwGif pdwfESpfxm;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh tyef;ajz tem;,lavh&Sdonf?
vlom;qefqef tjypfay;qHk;r&ef awmif;qkdjcif;
udkwifarmifOD;. nDr rvS+rdKif (6)wef; wufa&mufaepOfu jzpfonf? wpfae@wGif ocsFmtdrfpmrsm;
r+yD;ao;aoma=umifh rvS+rdKifu ausmif;roGm;vdkcJhacs? ocsFmq&mru tdrfpmr+yD;oludk em;ov,f &kdufavh&Sda=umif;
od&Sdxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? q&mr. vufoHrSm jyif;vGef;ojzifh t&dkufcH&olonf ,drf;,dkifvJusoGm;onftxd
jzpf&onf? twef;ol twef;om;rsm;. a&S@wGif yg;cscH&rnfhta&;udk rvS+rdKifu &Suf&GH@aeonf? jrefrmh "avhxHk;wrf;
t&qkdv#if wyg;oludk yg;&dkufjcif;onf &kdif;pdkif;aom/ rxDrJhjrifjyKaom vkyf&yfwpfckjzpfonf? rdrd *k%foduQmudk
vGefusL;pGm xdyg;jcif; cH&olonf tapmfum; cH&olyif jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwcGifY =unfhrnfqdkv#if q&mu
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk vuf0g; (odk@r[kwf) wifyg;ay:wGif &dkufjcif;rSm txl;tqef; udpP&yfwpfck r[kwf
aomfvnf; em;ov,fwGif &dkufI qHk;raomvkyf&yfrSm tawmfyif jzpfcJvSaom/ xl;jcm;aom vkyf&yf[k qdk&ayrnf?
rvS+rdKifu ausmif;roGm;csif&onfh ta=umif;&if;udk od&SdoGm;aom wifarmifOD;u ‚'g rjzpfoifhbl;?
ocsFmbmomtwGufeJ@wif wjcm;bmomawGyg waeukef oif&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;? tJawmh eif ausmif;udk
oGm;oifhw,f? wu,fvdk@ q&mru qHk;rcsifw,fqdk&if&J@ em;ov,frSm &dkufr,fhtpm; vufrSmbJ &dkufygvdk@
q&mrudkajym?‛ [k qdkavonf? Todk@jzifh xdkae@wGif rvS+rdKifu ausmif;odk@oGm;vdkufonf?
57
ocsFmcsdef a&mufaomtcgwGif tdrfpmr+yD;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk q&mru twef;a&S@
ac:xkwfavonf? +yD;aemuf q&mru olvkyfaeustwkdif; xdkausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk wpfa,mufcsif;
em;ov,fwGif ydwf&kdufonf? rvS+rdKiftvSnfhodk@a&mufaomtcg olru tpfudk}uD; rSmxm;ouJhodk@yif vufz0g;
ay:wGif &dkuf&ef q&mrudk ajymavonf? TwGif q&mru ceJ@aom avoHjzifh-
‚eifu AdkvfrSL;orD; rdk@vdk@ igu eifhudk vufrSm &dkuf&rSmvm;?‛ [k ajymonf?
q&mrudk,fwkdifuwnf; AdkvfrSL;uawmfwpfa,muf jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif TuJhodk@ oHk;E_ef;vdkufjcif;
jzpfonf?
‚usru AdkvfrSL;orD;awmh r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh usr rdbuawmif usrudk em;ov,frSm wcgrS
r&dkufcJhzl;bl;? tJ'ga=umifh usrudk vufrSmbJ &dkufyg?‛
TwGif q&mru ‚eifhudkig em;ov,frSm r&kduf&bl;qdk&if eif twef;xJu xGufoGm;‛[k qdkavonf?
rvS+rdKifuvnf; olronf pmoif&eftwGuf ausmif;vmwuf&jcif; jzpfa=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh twef;xJu xGufroGm;
Ekdifa=umif; jyefajymaomtcg q&mru ‚eif xGufroGm;&if ig xGufoGm;r,f‛[k a'gow}uD; ajymqdkum twef;
xJu csufcsif;xxGufoGm;onf? q&mru ausmif;tkyf}uD;&Hk;cef;wGif rvS+rdKif tr_udpPudk oGm;a&mufwkdif=um;jcif;
jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh rvS+rdKifonf ausmif;tkyf}uD;&Hk;cef;odk@ tac:cH&+yD; ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;u ‚eifhudkig ausmif;
xkwfw,f‛[k qkdavonf?
ausmif;tkyf}uD;. pum;udk =um;aomtcg thHtm;w}uD; jzpfoGm;+yD; olrudk ausmif;xkwf&jcif;
ta=umif;&if;ESifh ywfoufI rvS+rdKifu ar;onf?
q&m}uD;u ‚eifh tdrfudkjyef? +yD;awmh eifhrdbwpfa,mufudk 'Dudk ac:vmcJh? 'grSr[kwf&if eif ausmif;udk
jyefrvmeJ@‛[k qdkonf?
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ajymaomtcg ausmif;tkyf}uD;u ‚tpfudkbJjzpfjzpf bmbJjzpfjzpf }udKufwJhaumifudk ac:cJh‛[k &ifh&ifhoD;oD;qdkum
rvS+rdKifudk tdrfjyefv$wfvdkufonf?
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rsm;udk jyefajymif;ajymjyavonf? udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; olrESifhtwl ausmif;odk@vkdufcJhrnf[k ajymonf? xdkae@wGif
rdk;&GmoGef;aeaoma=umifh udkwifarmifOD;onf rdk;umtusôt&Snfwpfxnfudk 0wfqifum ausmif;odk@vkdufvmonf?
ol ESpfoufvSaom *syef"g;&Snfudk rdk;umtusôatmufwGif xnfhvmonfudkvnf; rvS+rdKifu owdjyKrdonf?
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xdkukvm;xkdifay:Y 0ifxdkifaponf? olrSmrl &yfv#ufom;jzifhyif q&m}uD;ukd pl;pkduf=unfhaeonf? ausmif;tkyf
q&m}uD;rSm tvGefthHtm;oifhoGm;+yD; ajcrudkifrd/ vufrudkifrd jzpfoGm;onf? udkwifarmifOD; rdk;umtusôxJ&Sd
58
"g;&SnfudkvJ awG@oGm;+yD; ‚xkdifyg/ xkdifyg‛[k jymjymovJ ajymavonf? q&m}uD;ay;aom xkdifcHkwGif udkwifarmifOD;
vHk;00ifxkdifjcif; rjyKbJ-
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&ifawmif rdbudk ta=umif;=um;&if rdbu qHk;rEkdifw,f? q&mr&J@ vlrqefwJh &dkufESufqHk;rr_udk rcHcsifwma=umifh
eJ@wif usaemfhnDrudk ausmif;xkwfw,f qdkwmu v Hk;0 rjzpfoifhbl;?‛[k qdkonf?
ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;uvnf; tajctaea=umif;pHkudk aumif;rGefpGm od&Sdxm;jcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh rdrd.
vkyf&yftwGuf wpHkw&m ta=umif;jycsuf ray;EkdifcJhacs? aemufqHk;wGif q&m}uD;u ocsFmq&mrudk &Sif;jyvdkufrnf
jzpfa=umif;/ rvS+rdKifonfvnf; yHkrSefvdk ausmif;qufwufEkdifa=umif; ajymcJh&onf? xdk@a=umifh rvS+rdKif ausmif;
jyefwufEkdifcJh+yD; xdktcsdefupwifum olr. ocsFmq&mronfvnf; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk EkdifxufpD;eif;
jyKjcif;/ yg;&dkufjcif;rsm; rjyKawmhacs?
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tepfemcHr_rsm;jzifh ay;qyf& ay;qyf& udkwifarmifOD;onf w&m;r#waom enf;vrf;jzifh jyKrlaqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdol
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wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; vlrqefpGm qufqH aqmif&Gufaejcif;rsm; qufvuf rjzpfyGm;Ekdifapa&;udk olu vdkvm;onf?
udkwifarmifOD;. pdwf0d mOfxJwGif ‘arwWmw&m;’udef;atmif;aeonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif
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olu &Sif;vif;odjrifvmapcJhonf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. ‘arG;&myg owWd’udk pepfwus
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wum usifh}uHtm;xkwf&mu udkwifarmifOD;onf thHcsD;zG,f&maumif;aom vli,fwpfOD;jzpfvm+yD; vlom;rsm;
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cJhayonf?
59
7
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vlrsKd;a&; trkef;w&m;/ EkdifiHa&; bufvdkufr_/ twWrme/ &kd;&m,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m rormr_/ rdrdb0 tajctae odk@r[kwf
rdrd usifvnf&m vl@t0ef;t0kdif;tay: rauseyfr_/ odrfi,fpdwf/ rjynfh0aom pdwf eSifh tqdk;jrifwwfaom
pdwfxm;wdk@u wpfpHkwpfOD;tay: v$rf;rdk;aeygu xdkolonf vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:Ekdifjcif; &Sdrnf r[kwfacs?
rdrd. bmomw&m;onfomv#if tppftrSefjzpfonf[k pJG+rJ,Hk=unf&HkomrubJ tjcm;bmomw&m;
rsm;tay: txifao;tjrifao;/ vGJrSm;pGm tuJjzwf/ &efvdkpGm jyKwwfjcif;onf ‘bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufr_’.
ueOD;ykdif; tjyKtrl vuQ%m jzpfonf? tjcm;vlrsKd; (odk@r[kwf) vlrsKd;rsm;udk paw;um rdrd vlrsKd; aumif;pm;a&;
twGuf jyKrl aqmif&Gufjcif; onfaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wGif raumif;aom trlp&kdufrsm; &Sda}umif;
jzifh rcdkifvHkonfh ,kwWdaA'rsm;udk xkwfum xdkvlrsKd;tay:Y trkef;w&m; jzpfwnfvmapa&;twGuf jyKrlaqmif&Guf
jcif;onfaomfvnf;aumif; ‘vlrsKd;a&; rkef;wD;r_’ udk trSwfwrJh cH,lusifhoHk; vdkufouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf? tjcm;
vlyk*~dKvfrsm; awG@}uHKcHpm; &onfh twd'kuQ (okd@r[kwf) a0'emudk OyuQmjyKum rdrd. udk,fusKd;udkom &nfarSsmfvSsuf
zGJ hpnf; wnfaqmufr_ wckck/ tpdk;&wpf&yf&yf (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD wpfckck bufrS&yfwnf
axmufcHtm;jcif;onf ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’jzpfonf? acgif;aqmif. twdwfujyKvkyfcJhaom aumif;usKd;udk axmuf
&_aomfvnf; 4if;. edkifiHa&;tm%m (odk hr[kwf) edkifiHa&; zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_a}umif vlxk xdcdkufcHpm;vmcJh&aom/
xdk htjyif tem*gwfwGif qufvufI xdcdkufcHpm;edkifaom taetxm;rsm;udk xnhfoGif;rpOf;pm;bJ tqdkyg
acgif;aqmifudk rsufpdrSdwfaxmufcHvSsif ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’ jzpfonf?
60
&efbufjyKvkdaom t,ltqw&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;ESifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udkjzpfap wdkufzsuf&ef}udK;yrf;
&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_wpfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf
jzpfEkdifonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykdif (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&; zGJ h
pnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’
jzpfonf? wlnDaom t,ltq w&yf&yfudk jzpfap/ 4if;eSifh qufpyfaeaom rl0g'udk jzpfap taumiftxnfaz:
usifhoHk;edkifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;&mwGif tm%mydkif (odk hr[kwf) EkdifiHa&;ygwD(odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&;zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_
wpfckckonf teD;uyf r[mrdwf jzpfEkdifonf [laom ta=umif; jycsufjzifh tqdkyg tm%mykdif (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&;
ygwD (odk@r[kwf) edkifiHa&; zGJ hpnf;wnfaqmufr_. raumif;aom vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;I vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;onf
vnf; ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’ jzpfonf?
olwyg;. touftEW&m,f/ usef;rma&;ESifh *k%foduQmudk xdyg;apaom ,Ofaus;r_xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;
usifhoHk;jcif;udk vufcHvSsif xdkol. pdwftpOfwGif ‘&dk;&m,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m rormr_’ v$rf;rdk;aernf jzpfonf?
tjcm;olrsm;. pdk;&drfr_rsm;udk *&krxm;bJ rdrd. udk,fusKd;twGufudkom vdkufpm;vSsif xdkol. pdwftpOfwGif
‘twWpdwf’}uD;pkd;aernf jzpfonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrifudk obm0uspGm cH,lusifhoHk;edkifjcif;r&SdvSsif xdkol.
pdwftpOfwGif ‘rdrdb0 tajctaeodk@r[kwf rdrd usifvnf&m vl@t0ef;t0kdif;tay: auseyfr_r&Sdonfhpdwf’ vGefuJae
rnfjzpfonf? rdrd.aiGa=u;tcuftcJ jy\emudk wpHkw&m vdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;r&SdvSsif
xkdol. pdwftpOfwGif ‘odrfi,fpdwf’ &dkufcwfaernfjzpfonf? vlr_a&; t0ef;t0kdif;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif
tajymif;tvJwdk@ESifhtnD tvdkuftxdkufjzpfatmif rdrd. pdwfxm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifjcif; r&Sdaomol.
pdwftpOfonf vHkavmufpGm}uHhckdifrnf r[kwf/ b0wGif awG@}uHKvm&aom jy\emudpP&yfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm
oHk;oyfEkdifrnf r[kwf/ jy\emajz&Sif;&ef rSefuefoifhawmfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfEkdifrnf r[kwfacs?
vlonf rdrd. tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhjzpfap/ qifjcifwHkw&m;jzifh jzpfap awG;awmaeonfhwkdif pdwftm&kHtwGif;Y
awG;csif&m awG;ae&HkrSs/ wenf;tm;jzifh awG;jcif&mawG;cGifh&ae&HkrSsudk vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:jcif;[k rqdkedkifacs?
txufwGif om"utaejzifh az:jycJhonfh pdwftaetxm;rsm;uJ hodk h pdwftpOfrsm;atmufwGif&Sdaeygu awG;jcif&m
awG; aeaomf vnf; tqdkygyk*~dKvf. awG;awmr_onf vGwfvyfr_ uif;rJhvSsuf&Sdaeaonf? awG;awmoludk,fwdkif
rodvdkufbJ v$rf;rdk; jcif;/ zHk;tkyfjcif;/ }uD;pdk;jcif; cHae&onf? xdktcg xd kolwGif ‘vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:edkifpGrf;’r&Sdawmh?
‘vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:edkifpGrf;’ r&Sdv#if vufawG@b0wGif ‘vGwfvyfaom awG;ac:r_’ jzpfwnfvmEkdif&ef ta=umif;
vHk;0 r&Sdacs? ‘vGwfvyfaom awG;ac:r_’ r&Sdv#if ‘trSefw&m;’udk &SmazGEkdifrnf r[kwfouJhokd@ ‘w&m;r#wr_’
rSmvnf; arS;rSdefaysmufuG,foGm;ayrnf? TuJhodk@aom tajctaersKd;Y vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjyKjzpfwnfr_rsm;
oufa&mufawmhrnf r[kwfbJ tysuf &vm'frsm;om }uD;pdk;aernf jzpfonf?
bmoma&; tpGefa&mufr_ r&Sdjcif;
udkwifarmifOD;onf c&pf,mefbmomudk ouf0if,Hk=unfol wpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wpfyg;
jzpfvm&ef txd pdwful;&SdcJhol jzpfonf? ‚bk&m;ocifu urBm}uD;udk TITr# arwWmxm;&Sdjcif;a=umifhomv#if
twkr&Sd om;awmfudk ay;tyfcJh&jcif;omwnf;? om;awmfudk ,Hk=unfouf0ifolwkdif;onf aoa=uysufpD;rnf
61
r[kwfbJ xm0& &SifoefEdkifayrnf?‛ (&Sifa,m[ef; 3;16) ponfwdk@ uJhokd@aom c&pf,efbmomw&m;.
t,ltqrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD; i,fpOfuwnf;uyif ol@zcifxHrS oif,lod&SdcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u
c&pf,mefbmomESihf ywfoufaom todynmrsm;udk ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; today;ajymqdkcJhonfrSm
t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmyif jzpfonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;odk@ vdkufcJh&ef zdwfac:um
bk&m;ocif. oem;=uifemr_atmufwGif aexdkif&onfrSm +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sda=umif;/ vlom;wdk@u bk&m;ociftay:
,Hk=unfudkif;&_dif;r_ &Sdjcif;rSm aumif;jrwfaom t&mjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;jyonf? odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;onf
tcgtcGifhoifhwkdif;wGif tjcm;bmomw&m; wkd@. qdkqHk;rr_rsm;udk avhvm&ef t+rJ tqifoifh jzpfaecJhonf?
Todk@jzpfaoma=umifhvnf; olonf bm&mw&m; rsm;udk E_dif;,SOfavhvm&ef pdwfxufoefcJhonf? Oyrmqdk&v#if
c&pf,mefbmom. ‘xm0& &Sifoefr_’ qdkaom t,ltqESifh Ak'<bmom. ‘r+rJjcif; w&m;’qdkaom t,ltqwkd@udk
E_dif;qcsifhcsdefcJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufrSm pmzwf0goem}uD;ol jzpfonf? oabmw&m;ESifh tawG;tjrif
pmayrsm;udk txl; cHkrifonf? odk@aomf ol. aysmhuGufrSm rdrdu pmayrsm;udk tawmftwef zwf&_avhvm
xm;onfhtay:wGif tajccHum udk,fhudkudk,f awmfonf/ wwfonf[k pdwf}uD;0ifaejcif;yif jzpfonf? &if;ESD;aom
oli,fcsif;rsm;ukdomru odyfr&if;ESD;olrsm;udkyg olu rdrd zwf&_avhvmxm;onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
4if;wdk@ rnfIrnfr# A[kokwºuG,f0a=umif;udk ar;jref;ajymqdkjcif;jzifh wyg;ol pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfatmif
jyKvkyfwwfoljzpfonf? odk@aomf trsm;tm;jzifh ol. jiif;cHkajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm t}udK;ta=umif;cdkifvHkr_ r&Sdacs?
wpfae@ olu raxhwaxh+yHK;um udkwifarmifOD;udk Todk@ar;onf?
‚a[haumif wifarmifOD;? a,&_c&pfawmfu Ak'<a*g"rR&J@ wynfhom0u jzpfcJhbl;w,fqdkwm rif;odvm;uG?‛
‚rif;u 'gudk b,fvdkvkyfodvJ?‛
‚umvwckrSm a,&_c&pfawmf[m tdENd,EkdifiHudk oGm;+yD;awmh Ak'<bmom0if bkef;}uD;wpfyg;tjzpf usifh}uH
aexdkif cJhw,fav?‛
tjcm; oli,fcsif;rsm;u 4if;wdk@ESpfa,muf. tajcwifajymqkdr_tay: pdwf0ifwpm;&Sdvm=uonf?
c&pf,mefbmomukd ouf0if,Hk=unfol udkwifarmifOD;tm; xdyg;vkdufjcif;jzpfonfudk 4if;wkd@tm;vHk;u &dyfpm;rd
=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;u pmzwfaumif;olawmh r[kwfojzifh oli,fcsif;jzpfol ajymvmaompum;rSm
ordkif;0iftcsuftvuf tppftrSef [kwfr[kwfudk rdrdudk,fYuvnf; raocsm? odk hjzpfaoma=umifh ol@oli,fcsif;.
pum;udk cGef;wHk@jyef&ef tcufawG@aeonf? odk@aomfvnf; oli,fcsif;. pum;udk usKd;a=umif;cdkifvHkpGm
jyefvnfacsyEkdifjcif;r&Sdv#if xdkoli,fcsif;. pum;EkdifjyKwwfaom tusifhqdk;udk azsmufzsufI &Ekdifrnf
r[kwfa=umif;udk &dyfpm;rdonfhESifhtnD udkwifarmifOD;u Todk@ jyefajymavonf?
‚yef;yifwpfyif ajr}uD;xJrSm &SifoefEkdifzdk@twGuf r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJht&mu bmvJ? rif;odvm;?‛
‚'gu vlwdkif;odygw,fuGm? vG,fvG,fav;bJ? a&vdkwmaygh?‛
62
‚'gayr,fh tJ'Dyef;yifu a&udk pkyf,l+yD;wJhtcgus&if a&udk jyefrxkwfvkyfbl;? yefyGifhudkbJ xkwfvkyfw,f?
tJ'gudk rif; owdxm;=unfhayghuGm?‛
TwGif ol.oli,fcsif;u bmrS rajymawmhacs?
udkwifarmifOD;onf bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufolwpfa,muf r[kwfcJhacs? bmoma&;uJGjym;r_ESifh ywfoufI
onf;cH cGifhv$wfpdwf xm;&SdEdkif&efukdyif usifh}uHcJholjzpfonf? ol. oli,fcsif;rsm;wGif c&pfbmom0ifrsm;om
r[kwfbJ Ak'<bmomESifh rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm;vnf; yg0ifayonf? udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif Ak'<bmom bkef;}uD;
todtu|rf; rsm;pGm&SdcJhbl;onf? olESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifaom rGwfqvif rdwfaqGwpfOD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;ol
armifarmifvGif (ac:) tmZmrf jzpfonf? wkdif;jynf vHk+cHKa&;twGuf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh 4if;wdk@
axmifcscHcJh&csdefwGif axmifxJY odu|rf;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u rw&m;
qufqHcJhonf? zdESdyfcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tpPvmrf bmomw&m;udk tpPvmrfbmom. qdkqHk;rr_rsm;ESifhtnD
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aeaom armifarmifvGif. vkyf&yfrsm;udk pdwfESvHk; t&if;cHjzifh
udkwifarmifOD;u tm;ay;axmufcHcJhonf? &J&ifhowWdESifh jynfhpHkaom udkwifarmifOD;udk armifarmifvGifuvnf;
nD&if;tpfudkozG,f av;pm;cspfcifcJhonf? 4if;wdk@. cdkif+rJaom &if;ESD;r_udk t&if;cHum aemufydkif;wGif
armifarmifvGifonf tEW&m,frsm;pGmt=um;uyif udkwifarmifOD;udk ulnDaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf tjcm; bmomw&m;wdk@udk rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif;/ em;vnfr_ vJGrSmjcif;ESifh apmfum;
armfum;jyKjcif;rsKd; vHk;0rvkyfcJhacs? bmomw&m; tm;vHk;udk av;pm;or_&SdcJhol jzpfonf? ‘bmoma&;
tpGef;a&mufr_’rSm 4if;. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif rnfaomtcgur# r&SdcJhacs? bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufaom jy\emrsm;udk
awG@}uHKvm&onfh tcgwdkif;wGif ol. pdwfxm;rSm yuwd oef@pifae+yD; olonf ‘vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_’udk
usifhoHk;EkdifcJholjzpfonf?
vlrsKd;a&; cJGjcm;qufqHr_udk qef@usifjcif;
udkwifarmifOD;onf csif;vlrsKd;u qif;oufvmoljzpfonf? vlOD;a&t&=unfhv#if csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlenf;pk jzpfonf? olonf csif;vlrsKd;udk cspfjrwfEkd;ol/ csif;vlrsKd;jzpf&onfudk *k%f,lol jzpfonf?
&efukefwuUodkvf csif;pmay eSifh ,Ofaus;r_toif;wGifyif taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;tjzpf wm0efxrfaqmifcJhbl;ol
jzpfonf? wpfae@wGif olonf jrefrmESifh csif;vlrsKd;t=um; cJGjcm;qufqHr_ jzpf&yfwpfckudk }uHKawG@cJhavonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u wuUodkvf yxrESpf/ ol@nD vSa&$u (7)wef;wGif ynmoif=um;aecJh=ucsdefuonf?
wpfae@wGif vSa&$. ordkif;q&mru jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta=umif; oifjy&if;u csif;vlrsKd;rsm;ukd
ESdrfcsaom toHk;tE_H;rsm;udk pwifajymqdkvmonf? twef;xJY vSa&$onf wpfOD;xJaom csif;vlrsKd;jzpfonfudk
q&mru od&Sdxm;aoma=umifhyif? ‚csif;vlrsKd;awGu acG;om; awmfawmf pm;=uw,f‛[k q&mru twef;xJwGif
&kwfw&uf ajymavonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ocifhtay: opPm&Sdaom acG;rsm;udk vltrsm;wdk@u cspfcif=uaomfvnf;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqifhtwef;t&=unfhrnfqdkv#if acG;qdkaom owW0gudk tedrfhusqHk;aom owW0gtjzpf
&_jrifavh&Sd=uonf? q&mru vSa&$buf vSnfh+yD; ‚[kwfw,f r[kwfvm; vSa&$? rif;u bmcsif;vJ? awmifay:csif;
63
vm;/ ajrjyef@csif;vm;?‛[k ar;onf? vSa&$u ‚usaemfu to#dKcsif;qdkawmh ajrjyef@csif;vlrsKd; yg? usaemfwdk@
acG;om;rpm;ygbl;? q&mrajymwmawGu rrSefuefwJhtjyif usaemfwdk@vlrsKd;udk apmfum;vdkufovdkbJAs?‛ [k
jyefajymonf? q&mru oa&mf+yHK;+yHK;um ‚rif;u csif;vlrsKd;awGta=umif; bmrS odyfrodygbl;? rif;u 'Dvdk
+rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rSm }uD;jyif;vmwJhol r[kwfvm;? rif;u +rdK@om;av;wpfa,mufbJ?‛[k qkdonf? TwGif vSa&$u
‚usaemf csif;vlrsKd;ta=umif; odw,fAs? q&mrajymwmawGu vHk;0 rrSefbl;?‛[k ta=umuftuef jyefajymonf?
aemufydkif;wGif q&mru bmrS qufrajymawmhaomfvnf; wpfwef;vHk;.a&S@Y olrudk jyefyufaom vSa&$udk
pdwfxJwGif aw;xm;vdkufonf?
vSa&$ tdrfjyefa&mufonfhtcg ordkif;oifcsdefwGif jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;tm; ajymjyavonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u ‚rif;ajymvdkufwmu t&rf;aumif;w,f? rif;u rSefwJhbufu &yfwnf+yD;awmh csif;vlrsKd;tay:
cJGjcm;qufqHwmukd vufrcHbl; qdkwm jyvdkufwmbJ? +yD;awmh q&mr ajymwmawGvJ vHk;0 rrSefbl;av? q&mru
twef;xJrSm tJ'DvdkrsKd; rajymoifhbl;?‛[k rSwfcsufay;onf?
tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD; wpf&uf ESpf&uftwGif;wGif ordkif;tcsdefY bmjy\emrS xyfjzpfrvmcJh? odk@aomf
wpfae@wGif vSa&$onf ordkif; zwfpmtkyfudk ausmif;odk@,lvm&ef arhcJhonf? Tonfudk q&mru &dyfrdoGm;+yD;
‚csif;uav;u bmjzpfvdk@ zwfpmtkyf ygrvm&wmvJ?‛[k ar;onf?
‚usaemf arhcJhvdkyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfhudk ‘csif;uav;’vkd@ rac:ygeJ@?‛
‚tdk;/ rif;u zwfpmtkyf arhcJh&Hkwif rubl; rif;&J@ tcsdK;uvJ rajycsifygvm;? rif; ighudk pum;ajymwJhtcg
rwfwwf&yf+yD; ajymprf;?‛
TwGif vSa&$u pdwfqdk;rmefqdk; jzpfum twef;xJwGif q&mrESifh tajctwif pum;rsm;=uawmhonf?
aemufqHk;wGif q&mru ‚igh twef;xJu xGufoGm;prf;? rif; rdbawG 'Dudk ac:rvmbl;qdk&if twef;xJudk
b,fawmhrS jyefrvmeJ@?‛[k trdef@ay;vkdufonf?
vSa&$u tvGeftrif; pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;+yD; twef;xJu tifwifwifjzifh xGufum tdrfodk@ vrf;av#muf
jyefvmonf? olu vrf;av#muftdrfjyefvmaepOfwGif *syefuif'dk"g;udk jyifqkdif ydk@&ef oGm;aeaom udkwifarmifOD;udk
vrf;wGif awG@&onf? nDi,fudk trSwfrxif awG@vdkuf&aom udkwifarmifOD;u ‚a[haumif vSa&$? rif; 'DrSm
bmvkyfaewmvJ? tcku ausmif;csdef r[kwfvm;?‛[k ar;onf? vSa&$u ordkif;tcsdefwGif jzpfysufcJh onfrsm;udk
udkwifarmifOD;tm; jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ‚'gqdk&if 'DudpPudk &Sif;zdk@twGuf ig rif;eJ@
ausmif;udk vdkufcJhr,f? tar tvkyfu jyefrvmao;bl;? tazuvJ ppfawGrSm r[kwfvm;?‛[k ajymum
vSa&$ESifhtwl ausmif;odk@oGm;=uonf?
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ausmif;wHcg;em;wGif &Sdaeonf? ausmif;apmifhu ausmif;tkyf}uD;xHrS cGifhjyKcsufr&v#if ausmif;wHcg;udk rzGifh
Ekdifa=umif; ajymaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u ‚usaemhfnDukd ausmif;xkwfvdkufwJh q&mreJ@ &Sif;p&m&Sdvdk@yg? 'ga=umifh
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rSm;w,f? +yD;awmh ausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk ausmif;xkwfzdk@qdkwm usrubJ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdw,f?‛[k qdkonf?
xdk@aemuf ausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD;u pma&;udkv$wfum ordkif;q&mrudk ausmif;tkyf}uD;&Hk;cef;odk@ csufcsif;vma&muf
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0ifxkdifvdkufonf? udkwifarmifOD;u ordkif;q&mrudk aphaph=unfhum ‚csif;vlrsKd;awG acG;om;pm;w,fqdkwm ordkif;
zwfpmtkyfxJrSm a&;xm;wm &Sdvdk@vm;? tJ'Dvkd r[kwfbl;qdk&if q&mr twef;xJrSm ajymvdkufwm[m vSa&$udk
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vHk;0 r&nf&G,fygbl;? vlrsKd;a&;t&cGJjcm; qufqHwmawG bmawGrsKd; jzpfoGm;w,fqkd&if usr awmif;yefygw,f?‛ [k
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csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk ESdrfhcsajymqdkonfh q&mronf jrefrmvlrsKd;wpfOD;jzpfonf? olr ajymqdkvdkufaom
pum;a=umifh csif;vlrsKd;wdk@. pdwfxJwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;tay: ‘vlrsKd;a&; rkef;wD;r_’ wpHkw&m jzpfoGm;Ekdifayonf?
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ordkif;q&mr. ravsmfuefonfh tajymtqdkudk tvGeftrif;csJ hum; az:xkwfum tm;enf;aom ,kwWdaA' wckudk
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ESifh ol. rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;onf csif;vlrsKd;tygt0if tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;ay: av;pm;or_&S donfh omref
jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awG@}uHKqufqHcJh&onfh tajccHa=umifh omrubJ 4if;wdk@onf ‘vufpm;acsjcif;’qdkonfxuf
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‘taumif;’udkvnf;aumif; ydkIESpfoufjrwfEkd;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif ‘vlrsKd;a&;
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wpfckxJwGif xnfhxm;vkdufonf? xdktusOf;om;rsm;xJwGif ZavSxef;ESifh upfcdkvsef [ktrnf&aom csif;jynfe,frS
csif;vli,frsm;vnf; yg0ifcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif z,f'&,f 'Drdkua&pD pepfukd usifhoHk;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkaom
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ajymqdkaqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? ppftpdk;&u csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk rw&m;ojzifh qufqHaqmif&GufyHk/ csif;vlrsKd;rsm;
wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&; r&&Sd=uyHkwdk@udk ZavSxef;u udkwifatmifOD;tm; ajymjyonf? csif;jynfe,f awmifay:
a'orsm;wGif aexdkifaom csif;vlrsKd;rsm; vpfv#L&_cHcJh&+yD; csif;&Gmrsm;rSmvJ tvGef acwfaemufus usefaecJhonf?
4if;wdk@ a'orsm;wGif ausmif;/ aq;&HkESifh tjcm;aom r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh t&mrsm; csKd@iJhcJh&onf? xdkuJhodk@
ajymqdkaqG;aEG;onfhtcgrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;. wufºuGaom pdwfxm;/ &JpGrf;owWdESifh [mo^m%f &$ifyHk wdk@tay:
ZavSxef;u tvGef av;pm;tm;uscJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;. ajymqdkqufqHyHkESifh awG;awmwwfyHkwdk@udk txif}uD;
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rdrdudk,fwkdifuvnf; csif;vlrsKd;wpfOD; jzpfaeonfESifhtnD csif;vlrsKd;rsm; awG@}uHKae&onfh rw&m;r_rsm;tay:
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‚usaemfu csif;vlrsKd;awG&J@ ta&;udk tav;xm;w,fqdkwm jiif;p&m r&Sdygbl;? 'gayr,fh usaemfu udk,fhvlrsKd;
twGufudkbJ rvkyfcsifbl;av? udk,fhvlrsKd;a&;udk pdwf0ifpm;w,f qdkayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;
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udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHktwGuf &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifaom csif;trsKd;om;wpfOD;
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tm&Hkxm;aecJh&aoma=umifh olonf ‘z,f'&,f pepf’wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vHkavmufaomtcsdef ray;EkdifcJhacs?
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tpdk;&u tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufqdk;&Snfapa&; r[mAsL[majrmuf usifhoHk;aeor# umvywfvHk;
vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;rsm; &Sdaernfjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk olu &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;xHwGif
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jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ‘z,f'&,fpepf’tm; wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;u jynfaxmifpk}uD;rS
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; +yD;v#if olu 'kwd,acgif;aqmifjzpfonf[k a=unmcJhonf? TtajctaewGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;.
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qdk&S,fvpf EkdifiHrsm;udk wnfaxmif&ef jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppf aemufydkif;wGif qdk&S,fvpf0g' t&Sdeft[kef
aumif;vmcJhonf? TaemufcHwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&DvY vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonf? 1962ckESpf
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ppfwyf tm%modrf;&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufrSm qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf[k
ta}umif;jycJhonf? a&S;,cif uwnf;uyif jrefrmEkdifiHudk pwifwnfaxmifcJholrsm;u qdk&S,fvpf edkifiHtjzpf
wnfaqmufvdkcJh=uaomfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&tqufqufu vpfvsL&_cJh=ua}umif; toHaumif;[pfcJhonf?
tqdkyg &nfrSef;csufudk taumiftxnf az:&eftwGuf 1962ckESpf Zlvdkifv (4)&ufae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf ‘jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv)’udk wnfaxmif+yD; ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf’[k qkdum ‘vlESifh vl@
ywf0ef;usifwkd@. tjyeftvSef qufE$,fr_ oabmw&m;’qdkonfh rl0g'wpfckudk xkwfjyefa=unmjcif;jzifh
qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmif rnf[k jynfolwdk@tm; ouf0if,Hk=unfvmapcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSm 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_atmufY txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd 'Drdkua&pDpepf Eke,faeao;aom 1948ckESpfrS 1962ckESpf
umvrsm;twGif;Y EkdifiHa&;ygwD tuGJt+yJrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; t=um;z&dkz&J ,SOf+ydKifaecJhr_rsm;tay: jynfolvlxk
tawmfrsm;rsm;u wpHkw&m pdwfysufaecJh=ucsdefjzpfonf? tqdkyg tajctaersm;a=umifhvnf; 1962ckESpfwGif ppfwyf
u tm%modrf;edkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ppfwyf tm%modrf;csdefwGif wifarmifOD;. touf (11)ESpfom &Sdao;onf?
ppftpdk;&u xdkodk@aom EkdifiHa&; y&d,m,fudk zefwD;vkduf&mwGif TuJhodk@ ppfwyf tm%modrf;jcif;onf
qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'ESifh qufpyfaeonf[k tcsdK@u xifa=u;ay;=uum ‘EkdifiHa&;bufvdkufr_’onf 4if;wdk@.
odpdwfxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpdwfxJwGifaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwnfvmcJhayonf? qdk&S,fvpf t,l0g'udk
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vdkufpm;ol EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESifh tkyfpk rsm;pGmwdk@u ppftpdk;&udk axmufcHcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif ppfwyfESifh eD;uyfr_&Sdol
trsm;tjym;onf ppftpdk;&. a&mif;&if;rsm;taejzifh wenf;r[kwf wenf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? rdrd
udk,fusKd;&Smol AsL&dku&uf t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ynmwwfrsm;u ppftpdk;&udk tvkyftau|;jyKcJh=uonf? ppftm%m
odrf;jcif; udkta=umif;jyKIom ppftpdk;&u wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqv#if rSm;oGm;rnfjzpfa=umif;/
rqvu &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfvmcJhaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf urBm. acwfa&pD;a=umif;ESifhtnD
wkd;wufysH@yGm;r_rsm; &&Sdaeonf[k xifjrif&a=umif; wdk@udk jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlodrsm;aom EkdifiHa&;orm; 0d"l& ocif
cspfarmifu a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH ol&Jaumif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tpfudk OD;atmifoef;uyif
‚jrefrmEkdifiHrSm qdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpk wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifwJhae&mrSm jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfu tvkyfjzpf
vdrfhr,fvdk@ usaemf ,Hk=unfw,fAs?‛ [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?
edkifiHa&;bufvdkufr_udk y,f&Sm;jcif;
ppftm%modrf; csdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;rSm touf (11)om &SdcJhao;onf? udkwifarmifOD; vli,fb0
1966ckESpfrS 1976ckESpf umvrsm;wGif ppftm%m&Sifrsm;/ 4if;wdk@. taygif;taz:rsm;ESifh rqvygwD todkif;t0kdif;u
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. txufwef;v$mudk }uD;pdk;aecJh=uonf? jrefrmh qdk&S,fvp fvrf;pOf. ppfrSefr_tay: ‘Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)’u jyif;jyif;xefxef apm'uwufcJhaomfvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tc&musaom tcef;u¾
rsm;wGifrl qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwdk hu t"du v$rf;rdk;aecJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'. tudkif;t&Guf rsm;=um;wGif
udk,fa&mifazsmufum 4if;. tm%m &nf&SnfwnfwHhEkdifa&;twGuf tcGifhaumif;,lcJhonf? vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_udk
jzpf&SdvmEkdifapaom vlod&Sif=um; aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkyGJrsm;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhonf? jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf qkdaom
t,ltqudk rD;armif;xdk;um 0g'jzef@r_rsm; t}uD;tus,f pOfqufrjywf vkyfcJhonf? jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfonf
qdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m;ESifh Ak'<bmom vrf;pOfwkd@udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf[k EkdifiHa&; awG;ac:&Sifrsm;u
oHk;oyfcJh=uonf? odk@aomf vufawG@wGifrl 4if;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'DESifh Ak'<bmomwdk@. tESpfom&rsm; r&Sdacs?
tD*spfESifh vpfbsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl tajctaersm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? 1961ckESpf tD*spfEkdifiHwGif ‘tm&yf
qdk&S,fvpf0g'’[lI [pfaºuG;um jynfolvlxkudk ESpfodrfh&eftwGuf ‘emqm’onf tpPvmrf bmomESifh
qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dwdk@udk aygif;pyfum 'kwd,t}udrf awmfvSefa&;udk tpjyKcJhonf? vpfbsm;EkdifiHwGif AdkvfrSL;}uD; *'gzDu
‚Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya awmfvSefa&;}uD;. OD;aqmifvrf;jy‛tjzpf rdrdudk,fudk
t!$ef;wyfcJhonf? ppftpdk;&u usifhoHk;aeaom ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf’ppfrSefjcif; &Sdr&Sd qef;ppf&eftwGuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk oHk;oyf&mY uGefjrLepf (odk@r[kwf) qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dudk vufcHaom jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd
wuUodkvfausmif;om;ESifh vli,f tcsdK@wdk@onf qdk&S,fvpf t,ltqudk rDSjirf;udk;um;cJh=uonf?
xdk@aemuf um;(vf)rwfu wnfaxmifcJh+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk@. t"du tpdwftydkif;
wpfckjzpfaom ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’qdkaom t,ltq. usKd;a=umif;nD!Gwfr_tay: pdefac:tHwk cJhjyD;aemuf
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tawmf=umatmif vufeufudkif wdkufyJG0ifvmcJhaom ygwDwpfckjzpfonf? ocifpkd;onf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;
twGufwkdufyJG0if&mwGif acgif;aqmifydkif;u¾rS yg0ifcJh+yD; tvGef emrnfausmf=um;cJhaom uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;
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jzpfayonf? ocifpkd; tnHhcHcJhcsdefwGif oHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 4if;rSm- ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’ESifhtnD
qdk&v#if t&if;&Sifpepf. txGw ftxdyfokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom EkdifiHonf ‘qdk&S,fvpfpepf’odk@ ul;ajymif; usifhoHk;&rnf
[lonfyif jzpfonf? tar&duef EkdifiHonf ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’ . txGwftxdyfodk@ a&muf&SdaecJhcsdefwGif qdk&S,fvpf
wkdif;jynfwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJapa&;twGuf wpHkw&m t&dyf vuQ%mrsm; r&SdcJhacs? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
tar&duefEkdifiHonf 4if;. ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’udk jyKjyifajymif;v JEkdifcJh+yD; tvkyform;tpnf;t&Hk;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
&SifoefvnfywfcGifh ay;um tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;cJhojzifh ‘ordkif; qdkif&m &kyf0g'’
t,ltqrSm rSefuefr_r&Sdawmh[lI jzpfonf? ppfrSefaom qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwdk@. t,ltqrsm;udk
avhvmvSsuf&Sdolvli,frsm;onf ocifpdk;. oHk;oyfr_udk }um;od&aomtcg awGa0oGm;cJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiH .
vltzGJ@tpnf; tajccHwGif omrefvli,frsm;taejzifh rnfonfhbufu &yfwnf&rnf qkdonfudk
cGJjcm;qHk;jzwfEkdifa&;rSm tawmfyif cufcJ&_yfaxG;aom udpP&yfjzpfonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;ESifh
oli,fcsif;rsm;twGufrl xdkodk@ r[kwfcJhacs?
qdk&S,fvpfpepftawG;tac:wdk hteuf ‘tcGifhta&;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wef;nDr#r_’qdkaom t,ltqudk
udkwifarmifOD;u oabmwlESpf+cKdufcJhonf? xkd@twlyif vpfb&,fpepfw Gifvnf; ‘udk,fydkif vGwfvyfr_ESifh
tuef@towfjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&’qdkaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufcHcJhonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;onf
EkdifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;ukd udk;um;um jrefrmEkdifiH vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif jzpfysuf aeaom tajctaersm;udk
oHk;oyfavh&SdcJholwpfOD; r[kwfacs? tjcm;olrsm;. xdkodk@aom oHk;oyfcsufrsm; tay:Yvnf; a0zefajymqdkjcif; r&SdcJh?
Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_udk xdef;odrf; xm;EkdifcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf;olu
tqkdyguJhodk@aom E_dif;,SOfoHk;oyfr_wpfckudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfcJhbl;avonf? wnaecif;wGif
&efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd *syfqyf taqmufttHka&S@Y oli,fcsif;wpftkyf pkqHkcJh=upOfujzpfonf? tcsdefrSm nae
(6)&Dcef@&Sd+yDjzpf+yD; wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJwGif vlajcjywfp jyKae+yD? TwGif udkwifarmifOD; ajymqdkonfrsm;rSm
rSwfom;zG,f&maumif;ayonf? olajymaom t&mrsm;rSm- *smreDEkdifiHwGif [pfwvm OD;aqmifum qdk&S,fvpf
trnfcH ygwDwpfckudk wnfaxmifcJha=umif;/ ’emZD’qdkonfrSm trsKd;om; qdk&S,fvpf [k t"dyg,f&a=umif;/
qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dudk rsufESmyef; jyxm;aomfvnf; tqdkyg ygwDu vufawG@usifhoHk;aeonfrSm zufqpf0g'Dom
jzpfa=umif;ESifh jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDudkvnf; tqdkyguJhodk@yif owfrSwfI &Ekdifa=umif;wkd@ jzpf=uonf?
udkwifarmifOD;u tqdkyguJhodk@ oHk;oyfajymqdkcJhjcif;onf rqv ygwDudk pwifwnfaxmif+yD;aemuf (10)ESpf
cef@ t=um/ rqvygwD t&Sdefaumif;aeaom tcsdefwGif jzpfonf? xdkacwfumwGif vli,frsm;pGmwdk@onf rqv
ygwDu wnfaxmifxm;aom ’vrf;pOfvli,f’/ ’a&S@aqmifvli,f’ESifh ’awZvli,f’tp&Sdonfh toif;tzGJ@rsm;wGif
0ifygcJh=uonf? rqvygwD ta&mifjyxm;aom ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;udk xdef;csKyf
Ekdif&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. acgif;xJwGif rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'rsm;udk pnf;pepfwusjzifh &dkufoGif;cJhonf? xdkacwf
umvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwpf0Srf;&Sd ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. taygif;taz: rdom;pkrsm;/ tpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;/ jynfol@0
efxrf;rsm;/ rqv todkif;t0dkif;/ tvkyform;ESifh v,form; tpnf;t&Hk;rsm; uJhodk@aom rqv. vufyg;ap
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;wdk@xHrS qif;oufvmonfh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf ppftpdk;&u pOf;0g;vdkuf
ay;onfh oHpOftwkdif; urSef;rod uaecJh=uayonf?
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odk@aomf uHaumif;axmufronf[k qdk&rnfvm; rod? udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if vli,ftcsdK@wkd@onf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tajctaerSefESifh jy\em t&if;cH ta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifcJh=uonf? &_wfaxG;
eufeJvSaom EkdifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;t=um;wGif 4if;wdk@ vrf;aysmufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhacs? ’'Drdkua&pD’/ ’qdk&S,fvpf’/
’ppftpdk;&’ odk@r[kwf rnfonfh pepfudk vufudkifusifhoHk;aeumrl tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifh qdk;usKd;rsm;udk
jzpfapa=umif;/ vlxktcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f epfemqHk;&_H;&a=umif;ESifh omref jynfoljynfom;wkd@ qif;&J
c|wf+cHKus&a=umif; wkd@udk vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:EkdifpGrf;&Sdol udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGm odjrifem;vnfcJhonf? ol.
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;rSm &dk;&Sif;aomfvnf; ajr}uD;vufcwfrvJG rSefuefaecJhonf? ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o tm&yfEkdifiH
(10)EkdifiHwGif vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_udk qef@usifonfh vlxk tHkºuGr_rsm;udk=unfhrnfqdkv#if
udkwifarmifOD;. oHk;oyfcsufrSm ,ae@wkdif rSefuefaea=umif;udk awG@Ekdifayonf? xdk@aemuf ol. rdwfaqGa&mif;&if;
tcsdK@ESifh twlwuG udkwifarmifOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufzsuf&eftwGuf ausmif;om;
vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;udk aqmf=opnf;&Hk;EkdifcJhonf?
orRw rlbm&wfu usifhoHk;cJhaom tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifwdkufzsufcJh=uonfh tD*spfEkdifiH&Sd vli,frsm;udk
ukvor*~ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; befuDrGef;/ tar&duef orRw tdkbm;rm;ESifh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGm&Sd acgif;aqmif
rsm;wdk@u csD;r$rf;*k%fjyKcJh=uonf? 2011ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufrS azaz:0g&Dv (11)&ufae@twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom
qENjyyGJrsm;wGif oef;csDaom vlaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifcJhonfhteuf (60)&mckdifE_ef;rSm vli,frsm; jzpfonf? csD;rGrf;zG,f
&maom vkyf&yfrsm;yif jzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if 1962ckESpf Zlvdkifv ausmif;om;qENjyyJGrsm;rS
pwifum &J&ifhowWdESifh jynfpHkaom vli,frsm;wkd@. paw;cJh&jcif;rsm;udk ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh a&mif;&if;rsm;onf tqdkyguJhokd@aom pdwf"gwf&Sdolrsm; jzpfonf? 4if;wdk@. vGwfvyfaom
awG;ac:r_jzifh wkdif;jynftajctaeudk avhvmoHk;oyfcJhonf? qef@usifv_yf&Sm; wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;
a&;qJGcJhonf? 1974rS 1976ckESpftxd vlxkESifh ausmif;om;qENjyyGJrsm;udk pwif taumiftxnfaz:ay;cJhonf?
EkdifiHa&; udpPrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;I pOf;pm; qifjcif&mwGif udkwifarmifOD;. awG;ac:ar#mfjrifr_onf vGwfvyfr_ tjynfht0
&SdcJh+yD; ’vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_’udk aumif;rGefpGm usifhoHk;EkdifcJhonf?
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8
b0wdk;wuf&ef udk,fusdK;&SmazGr_ ESifh twWpdwfudk cGJjcm;az:aqmifjcif;
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&Sdvmonf? vkyfcsifudkifcsifpdwfrsm; wdk;yGm;vm+yD; rdrd. &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSrf;Ekdif&eftwGuf
wwfEkdifor#aom enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk &SmazGum rdrd. vkyfudkifzefwD;EkdifpGrf;udk tuef@towfr&Sd csJ@xGifav
awmhonf? Todk@jzifh rdrd. &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifudk ta&mufvSrf;Ekdif+yD;onfhaemufwGif vlom;wdk@ 0rf;omyDwd
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udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif; ESifh twWpdwfwkd@udk u¾wpfckxJwGif twlwuG xm;&SdEkdifaomfvnf; 4if;wdk@onf
tajccHtm;jzifh uJGjym;=uonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tygt0if wyg;olwdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um rdrd
ukd,fusKd;twGuf &SmazGvkyfudkifjcif;onf rdrdtwGuf omru wyg;olrsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udkyg tusKd;jzpfxGef;
aponf? TuJhodk@aom udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;onf aumif;aomt&mjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; wyg;olrsm;udk
ab;csdwfxm;+yD; rdrd. vkdtifqEN/ avmbpdwfESifh wG,fwmpdwfrsm;udkom xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;wwfaom twWpdwfonf
yifukd,ftm;jzifh raumif;t&m jzpfonf? twWpdwfonf wzufowfjrifwwfaom pdwfjzpfonf? wyg;olrsm;.
pkd;&drfylyefr_/ 'kuQa0'emESifh tajctaersm; OyuQmjyKaeaom oabm&Sdonf?
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udk,fusKd;twGuf &SmazGaeaom woD;yk*~vrsm;udk wyg;olrsm;u (okd@r[kwf) tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u 0ifa&muf
aESmifh,Sufjcif; rjyKEkdifap&eftwGuf tumtuG,f ay;&rnf? TuJhokd@jyKvkyf&mwGif jzpfay:vmEkdifaom
tpGef;a&mufr_ ESpfck&Sdonf? yxrwpfckrSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vlwOD;csif;wkd@. udk,fusKd;&SmazGr_ESifh ywfoufI
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wOD;csif;vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;. ta&;yg t&ma&mufr_udk tºuGif;rJh ypfy,fxm;jcif; (odk@r[kwf)
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rsm;Y xd kuJhodk@jzpfwwfonf? ‘twWpdwf’ }uD;xGm;vmvSsif ‘avmb’/ ‘b0ifjrifhaompdwf’/ ‘vSnhfzsm;vdkaompdwf’/
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jzpfwnfvmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf 4if;. odpdwfxJYaomfvnf;aumif;/ rodpdwfxJYaomfvnf;aumif; pdwf.
oef@pifr_rSm aysmufysuf oGm;avawmhonf?
72
tcsKyftwnf;r&Sdaom twWpdwf&Sdjcif;. &vm'frsm;
wyg;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vpfvsL&_um ‘twWpdwf’xm;&Sdaom woD;yk*~vrsm;a=umifh vltrsm;wdk@.
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rajymyavmufay?
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tcsdK@EkdifiHrsm;wGifom rubJ Oa&mywkduf ta&S@ydkif;/ tmz&duwdkuf/ vufwiftar&duwkdufESifh vwfwavm
ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o&Sd EkdifiHrsm;wGifyg awG@jrifEkdifayonf?
2011ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv (21)&ufae@wGif vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk (42)ESpf=umatmif tm%m&Siftjzpf
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfvmcJhaom rmrl0g *g'gzDu ol. twWpdwfudk umuG,f&eftwGuf +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyaeaom
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rsm;a=umifh orRw biftvD. (23)ESpf=um tkyfcsKyfr_ tqHk;owfcJh&+yD; 2011ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (14)&ufae@Y biftvD
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ol.aetdrfwGif awG@&SdcJh&onf?
wpfpHkwpfOD;xHwGif twWpdwf }uD;pdk;aev#if pmemaxmufxm;r_ESifh &dk;om;r_rsm; uif;rJhoGm;onf?
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q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;wGif avmb}uD;aom woD;yk*~vrsm;ESifh tm%m&Sifrsm;u twWpdwfudk qxufwdk; usifh}uH
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73
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rsm; csKyf+idrf;cJh&onf?
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tm;vHk;aom woD;yk*~vrsm;onf udk,fusKd;twGuf &SmazGvkyfudkifEkdif=uaomfvnf; 4if;wkd@. twWpdwfudkrl
acszsufoifhayonf? odk@aomf txl;owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrSm udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;ESifh twWpdwf wkd@udk wdwdusus
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t"duusaom tcsufwpfcsufjzpf+yD; wyg;olrsm;ESifh qufqHaqmif&Guf&onfhtcgwkdif;wGif xdktcsufudk vkdufem
usifhoHk;Ekdifonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;ESifh ywfoufaom udpP&yfwpfckudk avhvmoifhayonf?
rdrd. &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnf az:&if;u tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; jyKpkapmifha&Smufol
udkwifarmifOD;. rdbESpfyg;onf tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; jzpfonfESifhtnD vpmaiG rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&=uacs?
&cdkifjynfe,f. yifv,fqdyfurf;+rdK@wpf+rdK@jzpfaom ppfawG+rdK@wGif udkwifarmifOD;.taz oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyf
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atmfya&wmorm;wpfa,muftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (6)vv#ifwpf}udrf olu &efukef+rdK@udkjyefum
ol.rdom;pkudk vma&mufawG@qHkavh&Sdonf? tazvkyfol tdrfwGif &Sdraeonfhtcgrsm;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u
tdrfr_upPrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&onf? zcifwpfOD;uJhodk@yif ol. nDi,f/ nDri,frsm;udk jyKpkapmifha&Smufonf?
taru om;zGm;q&mrwpfOD;om jzpfaoma=umifh uav;(8)a,mufpvHk;ukd au|;arG;apmifha&Smuf xm;Ekdif
a&; qdkonfrSm olrtwGuf rvG,fulcJhacs? TonfrSm jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDu wkdif;jynfudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_
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t"duqdkEkdifayonf? T&vm'fa=umifh EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&; c|wf+cHKuscJh&onf? aps;uGufxJ&Sd pm;oHk;ukef
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&SdaecJhonf?
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pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;udk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmapcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd omrefvlxkonf 4if;wdk@&&Sdaom rpdk@rydk@
vpmrsm;jzifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk au|;arG;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdonfhtjyif taºuG;EHGepf aecJh=u&onf? aps;xJwGif
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yg0ifonf? olr vpmaiG&onfhtcgwdkif;wGif aps;onfrsm;udk taºuG;jyefaeqyf&aoma=umifh tdrftwGuf
bmrSrusefawmh oavmufyif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh aemufvrsm;wGifvnf; taºuG;pepfjzifh aps;0,f&aoma=umifh
74
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aom 0J=oCqdk;}uD;yif jzpfonf?
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aeEkdifatmif vkyf=ur,f?‛[k ajymonf?
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aygufa&mufaeaom tyifuav;rsm;/ tdrfaemufaz;jcHxGuf csOfaygif&Gufrsm;/ [if;oD;[if;&Gufudk cl;um txl;
aumif;rGefaom [if;&Gufar$a=umfrsm;udk udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf csufau|;onf? olonf
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=uao;onf? xdknaeu taronf aps;odk@0ifum 0ufom;twHk;}uD;}uD; wpfwHk; tdrfudk0,fjyefvmaoma=umifhyif?
xdk0ufom;udk taru tau|;jzifh 0,fcJhovm; qkdonfudk aA'ifoGm;ar;&ef rvdkyg? rdom;pk0ifrsm;twGuf
0ufom;[if;csufrau|;wm tawmf=umcJh+yD jzpfaoma=umifh tm;vHk;u 0rf;omoGm;=uvdrfhrnf[k taru
ar#mfvifhxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf udkwifarmifOD;u Tonfudk od&SdoGm;tcgwGif tvGefpdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;onf?
0ufom; 0,fvmonfhtwGuf tarhudkyif pdwfqdk;oGm;cJhonf? tarhvufxJu 0ufom;wHk;}uD;ukd,l/ pm;yJGay:wif+yD;
olu toHcyfrmrmjzifh ‚tar/ usaemfwkd@rSm bmrSr&Sd&if rpm;bl;vdk@ ajymxm;wmudk tar arhoGm;+yD;vm;?
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75
wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk tusKd;ta=umif;&Sif;jy&mwGif wbufom;. tm&Hkudk zrf;pm;Ekdif+yD; rdrd. t}uHjyKcsufudk
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olr}udKuf&m tpm;taomufrsm;udk 0,f,lEkdif&ef vufxJwGif aiGtoifh&SdaecJhonf? Todk@jzifh ol.rdom;pkonf
pm;aomufp&dwfrsm;udk pepfwus pDrHcef@cGJEkdifcJhonf? nDtpfudkarmifES (8)a,mufxJwGif t}uD;qHk;jzpfonfESifhtnD
udkwifarmifOD;u rdom;pkudk apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&SdcJhonf? oludk,fYuwnf; Twm0efudk vdkvdkvm;vm;
vufcHcJhonf? rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk;udk ol. }uD;rm;aom cspfjcif;arwWm ay;tyfEkdifcJh+yD; wyg;olwdk@u vma&muf
xdyg;jcif; tEW&m,frsm;rSvJ umuG,fay;cJhonf?
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rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH. tavhtxwpfck jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD;onf t&G,f
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ajymif;vJwdk;wufr_ wpHkw&m &SdvmcJhonfqdkaomfjim;vnf; Twkdif;jynfwGif txufaz:jyyg tajctaersm;udk
}uHKawG@ae&onf? wzef jrefrmEkdifiHudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u wdkif;jynfudk qufvuf tkyfcsKyfae
ao;aoma=umifh tajctaerSm zdvpfydkifEkdifiHxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm qdk;&Gm;aeonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?
twWpdwf tjrpfwG,faeaom EkdifiHom;wdkif;onf rdrd. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf/ aumif;pm;a&;
twGuf/ om,m tqifajyr_twGufudkom tcsdefjynfh pOf;pm;aeonf? vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;jzifh zGJ hpnf;xm;aom
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wpfckwGif vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif; tusKd;jrwfjzpfxGef;rSomv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk;taejzifh
80
a&S@odk@wufvSrf;Ekdifrnf qdkonfhtcsufudk jiif;Ir&acs/ TonfrSm &_axmifhwpfck jzpfonf? T&_axmifhu =unfhv#if
vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;. udk,fusKd;&Smr_u dk xdef;odrf;umuG,f jr‡ifhwif&ef vdktyfayonf? wcsdefwnf;Yyif
tjcm;&_axmifhwpfck udkvJ xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf? 4if;rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh
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jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;rsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@ t=um;&Sd tjyeftvSef qufE$,fr_. ta&;ygyHkudk
av#mhwGufI r&acs? Todk@qdkv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. t&if;cHusaom jy\emrsm;udk tm&Hk;pl;pdkuf&ef/ 4if;wdk hudk
ajz&Sif;I vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;usdK;jyKedkifaprnfh enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazG&ef / vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tqifhtwef;
jrifhwifvmap&ef&nf&G,fum vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;pDu tm&HkjyKvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf? odk@rSomv#if 4if;wdk@onf
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EkdifiHom;wdk@. pdwfESvHk;xJwGif ‘twWpdwf’tjrpfwG,f aev#ifrl 4if;wdk@onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;
udk vHk;0O\Hk OyuQmjyKxm;+yD; rdrdwdk@ aumif;pm;a&; twGufudkom vdktyfonfxufydkItm&Hkxm;ae=urnf
jzpfonf?
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tyifwpfyif aumif;rGefpGm }uD;xGm;&SifoefEkdifrSomv#if tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_udk taxmuftyhHjyKEkdifrnf
[kqdkum rdrdwdk@. twW}uD;aom vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojy&ef }udK;yrf;=uonf? em;0ifuawmh
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vmEkdifap&eftwGufudkom tcsdefjynfh vkyfaqmifaeavh&Sdonf? rdrdwdk@. &nfrSef;csufrsm; jynfhrSDoGm;cJh+yD;onfhwkdif
4if;wdk@onf tjcm;tyifrsm;. &Sifoefr_twGuf wpHkw&m tav;rxm;=uacs? rdrdwdk@. twWyifrsm; tawm
rowfEkdifatmif &Sifoefa&;twGufukdom ae@a&mnyg tm&Hkxm;aeaoma=umihf tiftm;jynfh+zdK;aom tyif.
t&dyfatmufwGif tm;EGJ@aom tyifrsm;rSm aea&mifjcnfr&awmhbJ aoa=uysufokOf; =u&onf? 4if;.
tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh vlr_a&;o[Zwjzpfr_ESifh obm0a*[pepfwdk@ +ydKvJysufpD;=u&um 0J=oCqdk;}uD; wzefjyefvnf
jzpfxGef;vmayonf?
t&m&mwkdif;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm =unfhjrifwwfjcif;
vlom;wpfa,mufyif jzpfaom udkwifarmifOD;onf tenf;qHk;taejzifh ol. cspfvSpGmaom
rdom;pk0ifrsm;ukd yhHydk;ay;Ekdif&eftwGuf ukd,fusKd;&SmvdkcJhaomfvnf; ‘udk,fusKd;=unfhjcif;’ESifh ‘twWpdwf’wdk@.
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rdrdudk,fudk tapmydkif;uwnf;uyif xm;&SdEkdifcJhonf?
wpfae@ wuUodkvfyifre,fajr. tm;upm;&HkY oli,fcsif;rsm; pkqHkae=ucsdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif;
wwd,ESpfausmif;om; armifarmifu Todk@ar;cGef;xkwfavonf?
‚oli,fcsif;wkd@? rif;wdk@ tem*wfrSm bmvkyfzdk@ pdwful;ovJ? bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if bmtvkyf vkyf=urSmvJ?‛
81
xdkpOfu udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUokdvfyxrESpfwGif pwifynmoif=um;aecJhonf? trsm;ESifhpmv#if olonf
wuUodkvfausmif; wufa&muf&ef (1)ESpf aemufuscJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; (9)wef;ausmif;om;b0wGif tav;rjcif;/
a&ul;+ydKifyGJ0ifjcif; ponfh tm;upm;vdkufpm;r_rsm;wGif tvGeftrif;tcsdefukefcJhojzifh (9)wef;udk (1)ESpf
xyfxdkifcJh&onf? xdk@jyif um&maw;/ *sL'dkpaom udk,fcHynm&yfrsm;udkvnf; olu tawmfvdkufpm;cJhonf?
xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol. oli,fcsif;tcsdK@rSm wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpf/ wwd,ESpf rsm;wGif ynmoif=um;ae=u+yD?
tm;upm;&HkxJwGif oli,fcsif; (15)a,mufcef h pka0;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf? ‘armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJG’u &&Sdaom
rkef@yJom;a&pmrsm;udk pm;aomufum aysmf&$if&,farm ae=ucsdefwGif armifarmifu TuJhodk@ ar;cGef;xkwfvm
jcif;jzpfonf? Tt}uHtpnfudk udkwifarmifOD;u pcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk
rdbrsm;u rkef@zdk; ray;Ekdifaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@onf wuUodkvf0if;twGif;&Sd pm;aomufqkdifrsm;wGif oGm;xkdifzdk@
rwwfEkdifcJh=uacs? udkwifarmifOD;udk 0kdif;&Hae=uaom oli,fcsif;rsm;onf pm;aomuf&if;u twlwuG tvmy
ovmy ajymqdk &,farmIom aevdkjcifcJh}uonf? ukd,fhar*sm [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk tyxm; wuUodkvf
twGif;&Sd ar*sm toD;oD;udk oGm;a&mufum armifr,fopfvGif }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf&eftwGuf t}uHjyKcJh
onfrSm udkwifarmifOD;yifjzpfonf? Tonfu t}uHaumif;wpfckyif? ar*smtoD;oD;&Sd }udKqdkyJGrsm;udk wufa&muf
jcif;jzifh {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGuf wnfcif;ay; xm;aom tpm;taomufrsm;udk ydkufqH wpfjym;rS ay;p&mrvdkbJ
oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vHk; aysmfaysmf&$if&$if pm;aomufEkdif=uonf? ,ckuJhodk@ aysmf&$ifpGm tm;&yg;& pkaygif;pm;aomuf
ae}uaom tcsdefwGif bJG@&+yD;v#if bmvkyfrnfvJ[lI acgif;pm; &rnfh tem*wfta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfolur#
ajymqdkvdkpdwfr&Sd?
odk@aomfvnf; udkwifarmifOD;u armifarmifh ar;cGef;udk ajzvkdufonf?
‚b,fvrf;a=umif;udk a&G;+yD;awmh bmtvkyfvkyf&rvJ qdkwm igawmh rodao;bl;uG? rif;uaum
b,fvdkvJ?‛
armifarmifonf udkwifarmifOD;. oli,fcsif; &if;csmwpfa,muf r[kwfacs? olESifh &if;ESD;aom
oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf. oli,fcsif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu udkwifarmifOD;wkd@ tkyfpkudk r=umr=umrS wpfcg
vmaygif;jcif;jzpfonf? armifarmifu ‚igvJ rodao;bl;? 'gayr,fh ausmif;+yD;oGm;wJhtcgus&if rif;wdk@}udKufwJh
tvkyfaumif;wpfckudk &Ekdifzdk@twGuf jyifqifzdk@udk ig t}uHwpfck ay;csifw,fuG?‛ [k qdkonf?
armifarmif. tqdkrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&myif? TwGif oli,fcsif;rsm;u pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh
ar;=uavonf?
‚tJ'gu bmvJ?‛
‚igwkd@udk ajymjyuGm?‛
‚ajymav?‛
‚b,fvdkrsKd; jyifqif&rSmvJ?‛
armifarmif. rsufESmxm;onf ppfEkdifvmaom ppfonfawmfOD;wpfOD;ES,f 0ifhºuGm;oGm;+yD; Todk@qdkonf?
82
‚'Dtpdk;&&J@ qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepfatmufrSm aeae&wmqdkawmh rif;wkd@ bJG@&+yD;wJhtcgus&if
udk,hfbmomudk,f vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &Smpm;Ekdifzdk@/ b0 wnfaqmufEkdifzkd@qdkwmu vHk;0 raocsmwJh udpP&yfbJuG?
tpdk;&XmewckckrSm 0efxrf; jzpfatmif vkyfawmhrSbJ vpmaumif;aumif; &Ekdifr,f?‛
armifarmifajymonfh pum;udk rnfodk@jyefajz&rnf rodaoma=umifh tm;vHk;u wdwfwqdwf xkdifem;axmif
ae=uonf? TwGif armifarmifu qufajymonf?
‚igajymcsifwJh &Sif;&Sif;av;yguGm? ppfwyfu t&m&Sd}uD;awG&J@ om;orD;awG/ tpdk;&0ef}uD;awG&J@ om;orD;awG
'DwuUodkvfrSm vmwufae=uwmudk rif;wkd@vJ todbJ r[kwfvm;? rif;wdk@u olwdk@eJ@ cifatmifaygif;xm;? rif;wdk@
bGJ@&+yD;vkd@ 450 usyfpm; tpdk;&t&m&Sd tvkyfwpfckckudk oGm;av#mufr,fqdk&if a&;ajz pmar;yJGwpfck ajz&w,f?
+yD;awmh tifwmAsL;vJ xkdif&w,fav? 'gayr,fh rif;wkd@u tJ'gawGudk atmifw,f qdk&ifawmifrSbJ b,fawmhrS
ta&G;cH&rSm r[kwfbl;? at; 'gayr,fh tvkyfcef@wJh bkwftzGJ@udk ppfwyfxJu tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;wpfa,muf
a,mufu w,fvDzkef;wpfcsuf aumufquf+yD; rif;&J@emrnf ajymvkdufwmeJ@ t&nftcsif; &Sd&Sdr&Sd&Sd rif; tJ'Dtvkyfudk
wef;&o Gm;r,f? igajymwmudk rif;wdk@ em;vnfvm;?‛
armifarmif. t}uHtpnfudk =um;vkduf+yD;aomtcg tcsdK@u bmrSrajymbJ +idrfxkdifae=uonf? armifarmif
ajymwmudk vufcHonfh oabmyif? odk@aomf tjcm;olrsm;u wpfa,mufwpfaygufjzifh uef@uGuf=uavonf?
‚tpdk;&0efxrf; tvkyfudk ig pdwfr0ifpm;bl;?‛
‚iguawmh &Gmjyef+yD; v,fxGefpm;rSmuG?‛
‚igu ightazudk ulvkyfay;+yD;awmh &Smpm;vdk@&w,f? "gwfyHkq&mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif tazhudk
oifckdif;r,f?‛
‚igu udk,fhbmomukd,f oD;oef@ pmtkyfqdkifwpfqkdif axmifrSm?‛
‚iguawmh pma&;q&mwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif vkyfr,f? 'Dtvkyfu rcsrf;ombl; qdkayr,fhvJ
pm;vdk@aomufvkd@ &avmuftxdawmh ydkufqH&SmEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmbJ?‛
TuJhodk@ ajymqdkae=ucsdefwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu toHus,fus,fjzifh xajymonf? wuUodkvf
'kwd,ESpf ordkif;ar*smu xGef;0if;yg?
‚igu rif;ajymwmudk vHk;0 vufrcHbl;uG?‛
TwGif tm;vHk;. toHwdwfoGm;+yD; xGef;0if;udk 0kdif;=unfh=uonf? xGef;0if;u ol. oabmxm;udk
xyfajymjyefonf?
‚rif;ajymwJh t}uHu udk,fusihfw&m;eJ@ rnDwma=umifh ig vHk;0 vufrcHEkdifbl;?‛
TwGif armifarmifu jyefyufonf?
83
‚bmjzpfvkd@ udk,fusifhw&m;eJ@ rnD&rSmvJ? 'gu olrsm;om;r,m;eJ@ azgufjyefaewmrSr[kwfbJ? rk'drf;r_
usL;vGefwmrS r[kwfbJ?‛
‚[kwfw,fuG? udk,fu t&nftcsif; rjynfhrSDbJeJ@ jynfol@0efxrf;/ 'grSr[kwf tpdk;&0efxrf; &mxl;
wpfae&mudk &,lzdk@ }udK;pm;w,f qkdwmu udk,fusifhw&m; ysufuGufwmbJ? iguawmh ighb0 aumif;pm;a&;twGuf
ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh ppfAdkvfwpfa,muf&J@ om;udk oGm;aygif;rSm r[kwfbl;? 'gu ukd,fusifhw&m;eJ@ rnDbl;vdk@
igxifw,f?‛
udkwifarmifOD;ESifh tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vHk;onf xGef;0if;u ajymvdkufaom pum;ESifhywfoufI
tawG;e,fcsJ@ae=uonf?
armifarmifu ajymjyefonf?
‚'Dpepf}uD; wpfckvHk;u vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ jynfhaewmqdkawmh rif;rSm t&nftcsif;&Sdayr,fhvJ b,fawmhrS
ta&G;cH&rSm r[kwfbl;? ppfwyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wpfa,mufu axmufcHay;awmhrSbJ vpmaumif;aumif;&wJh
tpdk;&0efxrf;&mxl;udk rif; &Ekdifvdrfhr,f? 'DvkdrS r[kwf&if rif;u tJ'D ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGeJ@ trsKd;awmfrS &r,f? 'gu
wu,fhvufawG@b0rSm jzpfysufaewmudk ajymwmuG?‛
TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u toHcyfrmrmjzifh =um;jzwfajymonf?
‚armifarmif? 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm &SdwJh pepf}uD;wpfckvHk;u vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ jynfhaew,fqdkwmudk rif;
odxm;wmaumif;w,f? 'gayr,fh rif;ajymwJh t}uHudk igvJ vufrcHEkdifbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh rif;ajymwJh
vkyf&yf[mw&m;r#wr_r&SdwJhvlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;udkpepf taxmuftuljyKaevdk@bJ? ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG&J@ om;orD;awGeJ@
rdwfzGJ@zdk@qdkwJh t}uHjyKcsuf[m rif;&J@ ‘twWpdwf’tajccH+yD;awmh ajymaewmjzpfw,f? 'DvdkbJ rif;&J@ oli,fcsif;udkvJ
olwkd@&J@ ‘twWpdwf’udk jr‡ifhwifay;zdk@twGuf tm;ay;&ma&mufw,f? *k%foduQm&SdwJh vli,fwdkif;[m 'Dvrf;udk
ra&G;cs,foifhbl;? igwdk@ tem*wf[m igwdk@vli,fawG&J@vufxJrSm &Sdw,f? igwdk@&J@ ‘twWpdwf’awGtay:rSm
tm&Hkxm;aer,fhtpm; igwdk@[m 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdifpGrf;&Sd&r,f qdkwJh pdwf"gwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@
vdkw,f? w&m;r#wr_&SdwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh ighwkd@wawG tm;vHk;[m igwdk@&J@EkdifiHudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ
zdk@twGuf tpGrf;ukef }udK;pm;=u&r,f?‛
aemufqHk;wGif armifarmif toHwdwfoGm;onf? *k%foa&&Sdaom vli,frsm; rnfuJhokd@ &yfwnfoifha=umif;
udkwifarmifOD;. a0zefcsufudk =um;+yD;aomtcgwGif oli,fcsif;trsm;pku &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfoabmayguf
oGm;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; armifarmifrSmrl xdkuJhodk@ r[kwfcJhacs? wuUodkvfbJG@&+yD;aemufwGif armifarmifonf
vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&; t&m&SdwpfOD;tjzpf tvkyfav#mufxm;cJhonf? ol@oli,fcsif;. taz ppft&m&Sd}uD;wpfOD;.
axmufcHay;r_a=umifh xdktvkyfudk &oGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? tm%m&Sif ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif tpdk;&
0ef}uD;Xmersm;twGif; vmbfpm;r_rsm; t}uD;tus,f jzpfyGm;aecJhonfESifhtnD vl0ifr_ }uD;=uyfa&;t&m&Sd
armifarmifonf 0ifaiGrsm;pGm &&SdcJhonf? armifarmifonf ol. twW}uD;aom &nfrSef;csufudk wrifwum&nf&G,fI
usifh}uHaqmif&GufcJhayonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif armifarmifuJhodk@aom vli,fvl&G,f trsm;tjym;&SdrnfrSm
taotcsmyifjzpfonf?
84
udkwifarmifOD;uJhodk@aom udk,fusKd;&Smjcif;rsKd;onf &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;av;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ckdifrm&J&ifhpGm
jyKrlwwfaom pdwfxm;&Sd&ef vdktyfofn? vli,f tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk@u ol.vrf;pOftwkdif; vdkufrvkyfEkdifcJh=uacs?
TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ynma&;pepf. tm;enf;csufa=umifhvnf; jzpfayonf?
ynma&;pepfudk jyefvSefoHk;oyfjcif;
jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;pepfwGif q&mq&mrrsm;udka&m ausmif;rsm;udkyg ynma&; toHk;taqmifypPnf;rsm;jzifh
tvHktavmuf axmufyhHay;jcif; r&Sdacs? ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;xJwGif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tqrwef
rsm;jym;aeavh&Sdonf? ausmif;q&mwpfa,mufu udkifwG,fEkdifaom ta&twGufxuf tqrwef rsm;jym;ae
avh&Sdonf? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf vpfvsL&_xm;jcif; cH=u&um 4if;wdk@.
ausmif;pmrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ulnD&Sif;jyay;r_rsm; tvHktavmuf r&SdcJhacs? rlvwef;ESifh txufwef;rsm;wGif
ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf ocsmF/ ody`HESifh t*Fvdyf bmom&yfrsm;wGif tcuftcJawG@cJh&onf? txl;ojzifh
wuUodkvf 0ifcGifh (10)wef; pmar;yJGudk atmifEkdif&eftwGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;cJh=u&onf?
xdkjy\emudk ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGuf rdbrsm;u 4if;wdk@. om;orD;rsm;udk yk*~vdu usL&Sifrsm; ,lapcJhonf?
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85
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86
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wdk@onf vlwef;pm; cGJjcm;r_ (okd@r[kwf) ypPnf;OpPm ydkifqkdifr_ r&SdbJv#uf aysmf&$ifr_twdjzifh aexkdifcJh=uaomfvnf;
89
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vlwef;pm;cJGjcm;r_ r&Sdaom/ r#a0jcif; pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHaom vl@tokdif;t0kdif; udk avhvmcGifh&cJhonfh udkwifarmifOD;
onf ‘',feD&,f abmfpwif’ uJ h odk hyif vlom;wkd@. aysmf&$ifr_rsm;udk wpfpHkw&mtwkdif;twmtxd cHpm;od&Sd EkdifcJh
onf? ‚vlr_b0wdk;wufvmjcif; (odk hr[kwf) acwfrSDwdk;wufvmjcif; onf qif;&Jr_/ cdk;0Sufr_/ vlowfr_/ r[kwf rrSef
ajymqdkr_ ponfh ,kwfnhHaom vkyf&yfrsm;udk jzpfaponf (odk@r[kwf) rsm;jym;vmaponf‛ [lIvnf; ',feD&,fu
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udkwifarmifOD;. &yfwnfcsufrSm ',feD&,f abmfpwif ESifh uJGjym;cJhonf? tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrif&Sdol
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jzpfonf? tjcm;&_axmifhu=unfhv#if olonf ‘r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;’udk vnf;aumif;/ vlom;wdk@ t&dkif;b0u
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‘ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaomwefzdk;rsm;’ qdkonfrSm vl.tm&Hkig;yg;jzifhrl cHpm;od&SdjcifrS od&Sdedkifygrnf? pdwfjzifh tuJjzwfod&Sd
edkifaom t&mrsdL;udk qdkvdkonf?
vlr_b0wdk;wufr_ &Sdjcif;ESifh r&Sdjcif;
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odk@aomfvnf; vlr_b0wkd;wufr_ &Sdvmapa&; twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;usKd;jzpfaprnfh oGifjyifvuQ%m
rsm;udk jr‡ifhwifay;aepOf wcsdefwnf;wGif qdk;usKd;jzpfap rnfh t&mrsm;udk rnfuJhodk@ avsmhyg;oGm;atmifvkyf&rnf
(odk@r[kwf) rnfuJhodk@ acsr_ef;okwfoif&rnfqdkonfrSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfvmayonf? ‘aomrwf a[mh(bf)’.
xifay:ausmf=um;aom ‘e*dkrlvobm0tajctae’ qdkonfh t,ltqY qdkxm;ouJhokd@yif ordkif;OD;acwf vl htzGJ h
tpnf;Y vlwOD;onf tjcm;vlwOD; odk hr[kwf tjcm;vltrsm;wdk heSifh pOfqufrjywf ppfcif;aeouJhodk h&yfwnf
&SifoefcJh&jyD; c%wdkif; c%wdkif;Y vlom;onf rvHkjcHKr_udk cHpm;cJh&onf?
xdka=umifh ,ae@acwfumvwGif vlom;onf e*dkrlv obm0tajctaeY qufvufwnf&Sdaea&; qdkonf
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tay:,Htm;jzifh =unfhv#if vlr_b0wkd;wufoa,mif acwfrSDvl htzGJ htpnf;jzpfaeoa,mif xif&aomfvnf;
‘avmbESifha'go’pdwfwdk@rSaygufzGm;vmaom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfhtjyKtrlponfwdk@uJhodk@ vlom;wkd@. raumif;
aom oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; avsmhenf; oGm;atmif rjyKvkyfEkdifv#ifrl vlom;wkd@onf e*kdrlv obm0tajctaeYom
&Sdaernfjzpfonf?
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90
a'o rsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? rnfonfh EkdifiHa&; t,l0g' (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHa&; pepf
atmufY &Sdaeygap tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_udk usifhoHk; aeor# umvywfvHk; ‘vlxkudk A[dkjyKaom’ vlr_b0wkd;wufr_
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udkwifarmifOD;u &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufcJhonf? TonfrSm xm0& trSefw&m;yif jzpfonf?
twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_ eSifh tjyifydkif;jidrf;csrf;r_
vl htzGJ htpnf;Y qdk;0g;r_rsm;udk y,f&Sm;Ekdifapa&;twGuf ‘trSefw&m;’udk &SmazG&mwGif ‘twGif;ydkif;udk
aZmif;ay;aom csOf;uyfenf;’ onf wefbdk;rjzwfedkifajc? qdkvdkonfrSm pdwf. oef@&Sif;pif=u,fr_ jzpfwnfEkdif&ef
usifh}uH&rnf? odk@r[kwf tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh pdwfudk ,Ofaus;atmifvkyf&rnf jzpfonf? Todk@rSomv#if rpPwm
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vnf;aumif;/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_rS pmempdwf xm;&Sdr_odk@vnf;aumif; ajymif;vJjzpfwnfvmEkdifayrnf? ‚vlom;
wdk@. pdwfESvHk;xJY trsufa'goESifh trkef;w&m;rsm; &Sdaev#if urBmay:Y +idrf;csrf;a&; rjzpfxGef;Ekdif? vlom;wkd@.
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olu qufvufoHk;oyfcJhjyefonf? urBmay:Y +idrf;csrf;a&; jzpfwnfvmatmif jyKvkyf&mwGif woD;yk*~vwkdif;onf
rdrd. pdwfESvHk;udkoef@pifEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&SdvmEkdifonfhtajctae a&mufonftxd ‘twGif;ydkif;odk@ aZmif;
ay;aom csOf;uyfenf;’udk vufcHusifh}uH&rnf? wdk;csJ@&rnf? tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK&ygrnf? odk@aomfvnf; pkpnf;r_
&Sdonfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap/ *dk%f;*%pGJ &Sdonfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap bmom0ifrsm;onf urRÏmef;xkdifjcif;
(okd@r[kwf) bmoma&;t& tjcm;aom usif hpOfrsm;udkusifhjcif; wdk hjzifh ‘twGif;ydkif;odk@ aZmif;ay;aom csOf;uyf
enf;’udk usifhoHk;&HkrSseSifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd &&ef }udK;yrf;rnfqdkvSsif vHkavmufr_ &Sdr&Sdqdkonfudk qef;ppf&ef vdktyf
ae ayao;onf?
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wpfa,muf. pdwfESvHk;twGif;Y jzpfwnfEkdifonf qkdaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? ,if;udk twGif;ydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_[k
qdk}uygpdk h? 'kwd,wpfrsKd; rSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf; (odk@r[kwf) EkdifiH (okd@r[kwf) wurBmvHk;wGif jzpfwnfaeaom
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wnf&Sdae ayonf? yxr awG;qcsuf rSm twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_&Sd v#if tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_ jzpfwnfvmEkdifonf
[lIyifjzpfonf? TawG;qcsufudk tajccH olrsm;u vlom;wkd@onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk tav;xm;
&SmazG&rnf[k t}uHjyK avh&Sd=uonf? 'kwd, awG;qcsufrSm tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_ &SdrSomv#if twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk
&SmazGedkifonfh taetxm;&edkifrnf[lI jzpfonf? tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk zsufqD;jcif; cH&aom tajctaewGif
woD;yk*~vrsm;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&,lEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf; jynfh0pGm &Sdrnf r[kwf[k ,lq=uonf?
T,lqcsufudk tajccHolrsm;u vlom;wdk@onf tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGum +idrf;csrf;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk
zefwD;jcif;jzifh vlwkdif;vlwkdif;onf twGif;pdwf+idrf;csrf;r_ &SmazGEkdif&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sd}urnf[k qdk=u
onf? TwGif tqdkyg jzpfpOf wpfckpD. xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifydkif;
+idrf;csrf;r_wkd@ t=um;&Sd qufE$,fr_udk vnf;aumif; avhvmoHk;oyfoifhayonf?
91
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eSpfckvHk;twGuf OD;wnfcsufxm;cJhonf? olonf ueOD;ydkif;uwnf;uyif twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_tay: tm&Hkxm;um
‘pdwf. oef@pifjcif;’udk &SmazGcJhonf? pdwf. oef hpifr_onf twGif;ydkif;jidrf;csrf;r_twGuf ta}umif; taxmuftyHh
jzpfonfudk olem;vnfcJhonf? ‘pdwfaxGjym;r_’ESifh ‘rodem;rvnfr_’ wdk hudk y,f&Sif;um rdrd. pdwfoef hpifr_udk
t&if;jyKI ‘b0 &nfrSef;csuf’udk wpdkufrw frwf pif}u,fpGm &SmazGedkifcJhonf? rdrd. rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk omru tjcm;
olrsm; tay:wGifyg ‘arwWm’xm;&SdcJhjcif;a=umifh ‘rESpf+rdK@jcif;’ [laom pdwfxm;udk wqifhcsif; z,f&Sm;EkdifcJhonf? ol.
pdwfESvHk;twGif;wGif ‘trkef;w&m;’ESifh ‘&efjidSK;odkr_’wdk@ uif;cJhon f? vrf;o&J *kd%f;0ifrsm;udk olu rkef;wD;ojzifh
wdkufcdkufcJhjcif; r[kwf? 4if;wdk@udk qHk;rvdk cJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpfonf? &kyf&nf ajyjypfaom vli,fwpfOD; jzpfaomf
jim;vnf; olonf b0wpfav#muf vHk;wGif rdef;uav;&nf;pm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkr# xm;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs? jrifhjrwf
aomt&mtwGuf wpdkufrwfrwf }udK;yrf;vkyfudkif aecsdefwGif ‘taESmiftzGJ@’ udk vufrcHcJhacs? xdk@jyif
vlom;rsKd;EG,fwdk@tay:Y v$rf;+cHKxm;&Sd aom ‘arwWmw&m;’ESifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf tay:Y xm;&Sdaom
‘ork',taESmifhtzGJ@’wkd@udk cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifcJhonf? arwWm w&m;tay: tm&Hkxm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; aESmifzGJ@jcif;
uif;atmif aecJhonf? xkd@a=umifh ol. pdwfESvHk;rSm t+rJwap +idrf;csrf;ae cJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;uyif r#a0vkdaom pdwfxm;udk usifh}uHvmcJhaoma=umifh rdrd.
‘avmb’ESifh ‘wyfrufr_’pdwfwdk@udk twdkif;twm tawmfrsm;rsm;txd av#mhcsEkdifcJhonf? rdrd. atmifjrifr_twGuf
auseyftm;&r_ &Sd&Hkomru tjcm;olrsm;. atmifjrifr_&vm'frsm;tay:Yvnf; 0rf;omyDwd jzpfcJhonfudk =unfhrnf
qdkv#if trsm; tm;jzifh ol. pdwfxm;onf ‘remvdkr_’ uif;&Sif;aeonf? ykdI ta&;ygonfrSmum; udkwifarmifOD;xHY
tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrif &Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? b0wGif awG@}uHKvm&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk nnf;nLjcif; tv#Of;r&SdbJ
v#uf tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrifjzifh &ifqdkifausmfjzwfcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; jy\emrsm;udk taumif;bufu =unfhjrif
oHk;oyfcJhonf? wdbufa'o. oef@&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf 'vdkifvm;rm; uJhokd@yif aumif;jrwfaom pdwf0dnmOf
(odk@r[kwf) [mo^m%fjzifh udkwifarmifOD;u tjcm;olrsm;udk qufqHcJhonf? 4if;wdk@onf ‘pdwf. oef@pifjcif;’udk
xif[yfjyoaeaom p&dkufvuQ%mrsm;yifjzpf+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. vufxJY toufpaw;cHcJh& onfhtcsdeftxd
udkwifarmifOD;u tqdkyg p&dkufvuQ%mrsm;udk xdef;odrf;usifh}uHoGm;cJhonf? pdwf. oef@pifjcif;udk xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif
aoma=umifh olonf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk wpHkw&m twkdif;twmtxd &&SdEkdifcJhonf?
twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif;. ta&;ygyHkudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_onf vl@tzGJ h
tpnf;twGufrsm;pGm tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponfudkvnf;aumif; aumif;rGefpGm odxm;aomfvnf; w&m;r#wI vGwfvyf
+yD;+idrf;csrf;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; odk@ toGifajymif;apEkdifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif twGif;pdwfjidrf;csrf;r_
r#ESifhf rvHkavmuf a=umif;udk udkwifarmifOD;u &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? xdk@jyif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckonf ajcmufypfuif;
oJxJpif jzpfaeapumrl twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ r&Sdjyefv#ifvnf; vlom;wdk@onf t"dyg,f jynfh0aom/ touf0if
aom/ aysmf&$ifzG,f&maumif;aom b0rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Ekdif=urnf r[kwfa=umif;vnf; em;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf?
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u puf0ef;rsOf; jzpfv#if vlom;wdk@. twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_u A[dkcsufr jzpfonf? twGif;pdwf
+idrf;csrf;r_udk wdk;csJ hedkif/ t&Snfojzifhwnfwef hapedkifaomtcg vlom;wdk@onf tqHk;pGefaom aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajrhr_udk
&&SdcHpm;Ekdif=uonf?
92
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opfyifonf cHpm;r_uif;rJhpGmjzifh a&eSifh t[m&udk pkyf,laeouJhokd@yif jzpfaeayrnf? w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh
+idrf;csrf;r_wdk@ jzpfxGef;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif aexdkifolrsm;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGEdkif aom
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sd=urnfjzpfonf? rdrdusifh}uHaom enf;vrf;rsm;tay: rlwnfI &&Sdaom tusKd;cHpm;r_rsm;
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; wlnD=urnf r[kwf aomfvnf; vlom;wdk@onf aysmf&$ifaom b0rsm;udk ydkifqdkifEkdif=urnf jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh vlr_aA'qdkif&m jzpfpOfESpfckjzpfaom twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_ESifh tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_wkd@onf
tvGefta&;ygaom tcsufrsm; jzpfonfhtjyif 4if;wdk@onf tcsif;csif; yhHydk;ay;ae=uayonf?
jidrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif; eSifh ppfa&;enf;
twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGjcif;onf wefzdk;rjzwfedkifavmufatmif ta&;}uD;aomfvnf; twGif;pdwf
+idrf;csrf;r_ wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh omv#if urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;udk az:aqmifEkdifrnf r[kwfacs? ordkif;udk jyef=unfhrnfqdkv#if
twGif;pdwf+idrf;csrf;r_ukd udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efjzifh atmifjrifpGm &SmazGawG@&SdcJh=uaom Ak'<a*g"rR/ a,&_ c&pfawmf/
rdk[mruf tp&Sdonfh jrifhjrwf aomyk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@. wynfhaemufvkdufrsm; yGifhxGef;vmcJhayonf?
odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@ ryGifhxGef;rDESifh yGifhxGef;cJh+yD; umvrsm;wGif urBmay:Y ppfESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpf&SdcJh+yD; ,ae@tcsdef
txdvnf; qufvufI &SdaeqJ jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; wnf&Sdaeor# umvywfvHk; ppfESifh yËdyuQrsm;udk
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ppfudk tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh a'oqdkif&mppfudk a&Smifv$JI &edkifrnf r[kwfacs? xdk@a=umifh tºuGif;rJh urBmh+idrf;csrf;r_udk
az:aqmifEkdifa&; qdkonfrSm vufawG@ wGif jzpfrvmEkdifacs? TonfrSm trSefw&m;yif? xdk@jyif ppfudk ppfjzifhom
tqHk;owfEkdifonf qdkonfhtcsufudk vl@ordkif;&Sd jzpf&yfaygif; rsm;pGmwdk@u oufaojyvmcJhonf? yxrurBmppfESifh
'kwd,urBmppf wdk@onf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHESifh wpfEkdifiH ppfjzpfyGm; &mu pwifcJhjcif;+yD;jzpf+yD; xdkrSwqifh wurBmvHk;odk@
ysH@ESH@oGm;um EkdifiHrsm; tkyfpkzGJ@+yD; wkdufcdkufcJh=uonf? urBmppf rsm;udk tqHk;owfapcJhjcif;rSm twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_jzifh
r[kwf? ppfa&;enf;a=umifhom jzpfonf? urBmppfudk tpjyK ay;cJhaom EkdifiHrsm;&Sd tm%miwfrGwfaeol EkdifiHacgif;
aqmifrsm;u twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk usifh}uH&ef vHk;0 pdwfrul; cJhacs?
‘ppf’ESifh pyfvSsOf;I ,ae@acwfumvwGif ‘w&m;r#wr_’ESifh ‘rw&m;r_’wkd@. t"dyg,f zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk
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qifE$Jaom ppfyJGudk ‘w&m;r#waom’ppfyJG [lIvnf;aumif;/ 4if;ESifh qef@usifbufudk ‘rw&m;aom’ ppfyJG[lI
vnf;aumif; qdkEkdifonf? 1979ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif vlaygif; (2)oef;cef@udk owfjzwfcJhonfh crmeDtpdk;& tm;
ppfjyKjcif;udk ‘w&m;r#waom’ppfyJG[k qdkEkdifonf? xdku Jhokd@ ppfjyKjcif; r&SdcJhv#if uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHom;wkd@ qufvufI
owfjzwf cHcJh&Ekdifayonf? wlpD vlenf;pk axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@udk owfjzwfaecJhaom &0ef'gEkdifiH&Sd [lwl;
tpdk;&tay: 1994ckESpfwGif ppfjyKjcif;udkvnf; w&m;r#waom ppf[k qdkEkdifonf? xkd@jyif 2011ckESpf Zefe0g&D vwGif
tm%m&Sif rmrl0g *g'gzDudk qef@usifaom vpfbsm;jynfolvlxkwdk@. ppfyJGrSmvnf; w&m;r#wr_ &Sdayonf?
odk@wnf;r[kwfv#if *g'gzDonf rdrd. wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tay:Y vlom;jzpfr_udk qef@usifusL;vGefaom jypfr_rsm;tm;
qufvufI usL;vGefaeEkdifcJhonf? xdk@twlyif jrefrmekdifiHY jynfolrsm;udk umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf wkdif;&if;om;
awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@rsm;u vuf&Sdtpdk;&tm; ckcHwkdufcdkufaom ppfyJGrsm;vnf; w&m;r#wonf[k qdkEkdifayonf?
tkyfcsKyfcH vlxkrsm;u twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk usifhoHk;ygvSsuf ‘avmbESifh a'go’pdwfwdk@ udef;atmif;aeaom
93
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u jynfolrsm;tay: &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGm jyKrlqufqHv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm y&rf;ywm jzpfaeay
vdrhfrnf? TuJhodk@aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk urBmhordkif;wGif txift&Sm; awG@jrifEkdifonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif jyKvkyf
aqmif&Guf &mwGif +idrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf; usifhoHk;jcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyK&ygrnf? OD;pm;ay; az:aqmif&ygrnf?
odk@aomfvnf; txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;udk =unfhrnfqdkv#if ‘rw&m;aomppf’udk [ef@wm;Ekdifap&eftwGuf +idrf;csrf;aom
enf;vrf; wpfrsKd;wnf;jzifhomv#if rvHkavmufa=umif;rSm odomxif&Sm;ayonf? ‘ppf jzpfyGm;jcif;’onf raumif;
om t&mwpfck jzpfonfrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,f r&Sdacs? ppfyJG+yD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif ppfyJG. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh axmif
aomif;ruaom aemufqufwJGjy\emrsm; jzpf&Sdvmonf? odk@jzpfaoma=umifh wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;ukd umuG,f&mY
aomf vnf;aumif;/ tvGef,kwfrmaom jypfr_usL;vGefr_rsm;udk umuG,f[ef@wm;&mY aomfvnf;aumif;
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roifhonfrSm tm%m iwfrGwfaeolrsm; (odk@r[kwf) tpGef;a&muform;rsm; (odk@r[kwf) vlqdk; vl&rf;um;rsm;u
jyKvkyfaom ppfyJGrsm;udk csKyf+idrf;oGm;ap&eftwGuf ppfa&;enf;vrf;udk rv$Jra&Smifom usifhoHk;&onfhtcgrsm;vnf;
&Sdonf? Todk@rSomv#if +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHa&; vkyfief;pOftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfap+yD; +idrf;csrf;r_ az:aqmif
&mwGif yHhydk;Ekdifonf?
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‘w&m;r#waom ppf’twGuf rnfolur# tepfemcH ay;qyfvdkjcif;r&Sdv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjyifydkif; +idrf;csrf;r_udk
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[lI ta=umif;jyum wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaeaom tm%m&Sifrsm;. vufatmufwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vGwfvyfcGifh
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w&m;r#wr_&_axmifhu =unfhrnfqdkv#if ‘vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;’jy\emrSmrlum; qufvufI wnf&SdaeqJ
jzpfonf?
vl htzGJ htpnf;qdkif&m avhvmr_rsm; jyKvkyf&if; trSefw&m;udk vkdufpm;jcif;
aemufydkif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;onf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_rS tjyifykdif; +idrf;csrf;r_qDodk@ tm&Hkajymif;cJh+yD;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; qdkif&m todynmrsm;udk avhvmvkdufpm;cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;
uef@owfcsufrsm;a=umifh rdrd ywf0ef;usif&Sd omrefjynfolwdk@. ‘qif;&J'kuQrsm;’udk udk,fawG@}uHKcJh&jcif;a=umifhaomf
vnf;aumif;/ vl@*k%foduQm qHk;&_H;cJh&olrsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. =unfh&_apmifrjcif; rcH&olrsm;tay: oem;*&k%m
jzpfcJhjcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; udkwifarmifOD;u tjyifydkif;+idrf;csrf;r_udk avhvmvkdufpm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? tem*wftwGuf vrf;aysmufcJh &ol vli,frsm;u [email protected] qufvuf &SifoefaeEkdifa&;twGuf
rv$Jra&Smifom tm%m&Siftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_ &Hk;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&jcif;tay: oem;*&k%m oufcJhonf?
94
TuJhodk@ qdk;oGrf;aom tajctaetrsm;udk awG@}uHKae&or# umvywfvHk; jynfol jynfom;taygif;wkd@onf
twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazG&eftwGuf vrf;a=umif; ajzmifhjzL;rnf r[kwfa=umif;/ EkdifiHhpD;yGm;a&; jy\emrsm;udk
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;+yD;onfhwkdif EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk csKyfcs,fxm;v#if jynfolwdk htwGuf twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk
&SmazG&mYtcuftcJ}uHKawG haernfjzpfa=umif;wkd@udk oluem;vnfoabmaygufcJhonf? xkd@aemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;
onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;Y jzpfysufaeonfrsm;ESifh tusKd;ta=umif;rsm;udk eufeufeJeJ od&SdvdkvmcJhonf? vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; twGuf trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkvmcJhonf?
yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf vrf;o&J*kd%f;0ifrsm; tjzpf owfrSwfjcif; cH&ol vli,frsm;ESifh
&if;ESD;r_ &Sdvm &mrS 4if;wkd@ trsm;pkonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk 'kuQay;aeolrsm; qdkonfxuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;.
om;aumifrsm;om jzpfaea=umif;udk avhvmod&SdcJh&onf? twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_twGuf &SmazGEkdifa&; qdkonfudk
tomxm; ae@pOfb0 &yfwnfa&;twGufudkom v_yf&Sm;&kef;uefae&aoma=umifh 4if;wdk@xHwGif pdk;&drfpdwfrsm;
t+rJwap zHk;v$rf;aecJhonf? xkd@aemuf vd_if/ r&rf;ukef;ESifh urm&Gwf +rdK@e,frsm;&Sd usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;wGif exdkifol
tedrfhqHk; vcpm; tvkyform; vlwef;pm;wkd@xH oGm;a&mufum pum;ajymqdkcJhonf? 4if;wdk@. ae@pOfb0rsm;udk
tcsdef,l avhvmonf ESifhtr# 4if;wdk@ }uHKawG@ae&aom twd'kuQ tajctaersm;rSm udkwifarmifOD; acgif;xJodk@
pl;epf0ifa&mufcJhonf? axmifwGif;Y (1)ESpf=um aecJh&onfh tcsdefumvrsm;wGifvnf; vl@b0tajctaersm;udk
ydkrdkavhvm tuJcwfcGifh& cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&mwGif vltrsm;pk. oabmqENwckwnf;tay:wGifom
tajccH&HkrSsESifh wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrnfqdkv#if wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&mY tm;enf;
aeedkifonfukdvnf;aumif;/ tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh
wef;wlnDr# tcGifhta&;rsm;ESihf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhrsm; qHk;&_H;=u&rnfudk vnf;aumif; od&Sdem;vnfvmcJhonf?
axmifu vGwfvm+yD;onfhaemufwGif udkwifarmifOD;onf wuUodkvf qufwufum oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;
rsm;ESifhtwl vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh ywfouf aom oabmw&m; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmvkdufpm;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pD
pepfatmufwGif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wqifhcsif; wdk;jr‡ifhxm;&Sday;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf;
tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_pepf wnf&Sdaeygu 'Drdkua&pD ESifh vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;rsm; &moufyef jiif;qefaejcif;cH&rnfudk
em;vnfcJhonf? vll@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif; ydkrdkeufeJpGm avhvmvdkufpm;vmonfESifhtr# vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk t"du
qdk;usKd;jzpfaeaponfht&mrSm tm%m&Sif pepfom jzpfa=umif;/ tm%m&Sifpepfudk pJGudkifum tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfaeaom
tpdk;&onf omref jynfoljynfom;wkd@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&rnfhtpm; 4if;. tm%m oufqdk;
&Snfapa&;twGuf wdkif;jynf taqmufttHkrsm; eSifh tkyfcsKyfr_,EW,m;rsm; udk zefwD;jcif;/ }udK;udkifjc,fvS,fjcif;/
tjynfht0 toHk;csjcif;jzifh jynfolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faea=umif;wkd@udk &Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm odjrifcJhonf? Ttcsuf
onf jrefrmEkdifiH wpfEkdifiHwnf;twGufom r[kwfbJ tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk; aeaom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;
rSefuefaeayonf?
1966 ckESpfrS 1976ckESpf udkwifarmifOD;. vli,fb0 tcsdefumvrsm;wGif tmz&duESifh ta&S@ Oa&mywdkuf&Sd
EkdifiH trsm;pkonf tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfatmufwGif usa&mufaecJh=uonf? 1968ckESpfwGif qkdAd,uf
jynfaxmifpku csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m;EkdifiHudk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJh+yD; EkdifiHtwGif;Y vGwfvyfcGifh ydkrdk&&Sda&;
v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ysufpD;ap cJhonf? vufwif tar&duwdkuf&Sd EkdifiHaygif; (20)cef@wGifvnf; ppftm%modrf;r_rsm;
wacwfxcJhonf? xdkEkdifiHwGif ppftm%modrf;tpdk;& rsm;u 4if;wdk@onf pkpnf;r_tm;aumif;jyD; xda&muf xuf
95
jrufaom vufa&G;pif vlpkjzpfojzifh wkdif;jynftwGif; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ESifh wnf+idrfr_wdk@udk az:aqmif ay;edkifrnf[k
a}uG;a}umfcJh=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGifrl jzpfrvmcJhacs? tm&yfwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif bk&ifrsm;uomv#if EkdifiHa&;
tm%mudk qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufqdk;&SnfapcJhonf? tD*spf/ wleD;&Sm;/ ,DrifESifh qD;&D;,m;
tp&Sdonfh orRw EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk pwifusihfoHk;vmcJh=uonf? tm%m&Sif pepfrsm;
xJwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;jzpfaom ‚bk&ifrsm;. bk&ifpepf‛ udk usifhoHk;vmcJhol rmrl0g *g'gzDonf ,ae@tcsdeftxd
tm%mwnf+rJaeay ao;onf?
vpfbsm;EkdifiHudk bk&if tD'&pfu tkyfcsKyfaepOftwGif; 1969 ckESpfwGif *g'gzDESifhwuG &mxl;i,f ppfAdkvf
tcsKd@wdk@u ppfwyftm%modrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'o&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol *g'gzDu tm%m&Sifpepfudk
pwif usifhoHk;vmcsdefwGif tm&Swdkuf&Sd vli,fwpfOD;jzpfol udkwifarmifOD;uvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESifh ywfoufI
pwif avhvmvdkufpm;um tm%m&Sifpepfudk jzKwfcs&eftwGuf jyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfaecJhonf? Tae&mwGif
4if;wdk@ESpfOD; teuf rnfolu &JpGrf;owWdESifh ydkjynfhpHkonfudk rnfolr# rod&SdEkdifacs? odk@aomfvnf; owdjyK&rnfh
tcsufwpfcsufrSm &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSrf;&eftwGuf 4if;wdk@. vkyfyHkudkifyHkrsm; rwlnD=ujcif;
yifjzpfonf? *g'gzDu ppfwyf tiftm;udk rDScdktm;xm;aecsdefwGif udkwifarmifOD;u vlxkpGrf;tm;udk trDSjyKcJhonf?
+idrf;csrf;aom vrf;pOfudk usifh}uH cJhonf? xdktcsdefu vlxkpGrf;tm;qdkonfrSm a&yef;pm;aom a0g[m&wpfck
r[kwfcJhacs?
uGefjrLepfpepfudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef }udK;yrf;&mrS tm%m&Sifpepfudk axmufcHcJh=ujcif;
udkwifarmifOD;onf 1969ckESpfwGif wuUodkvf yxESpfY wufa&muf ynmoif=um;cJhonf? zdvpfydkifEkdifiH
orRw zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)u EkdifiHhordkif;wGif r}uHKpzl; 'kwd,t}udrf orRwtjzpf jyefvnfta&G;cHcJh&onfrSmvnf;
1969 ckESpfuyif jzpfonf? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif emrnfqdk;jzifh ausmf=um;ol ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf ql[mwdkudk
v$wfawmf u orRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJhonfrSm 1968ckESpfu jzpfonf? tqdkyg orRwESpfOD;pvHk;onf
oufqkdif&m EkdifiH toD;oD;wGif uGefjrLepf ykefueftHkºuGr_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf[lI emrnfausmf=um;cJh=uonf?
tm%mr&rDwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH AdkvfcsKyf ql[mwkdonf uGefjrLepfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoif&eftwGuf ppfwyfudk
OD;aqmifcJh+yD; vlaygif; (5)odef;cef@udk owfjzwfcJhonf? zdvpfydkifEkdifiHwGif rm;udk@(pf)u rm&S,favm xkwfcJh+yD;onfh
aemufwGif uGefjrLepfjynfol hwyfrawmfopfudk eSdrfeif;&ef ppfwyfudk txl;tm%mtyfeSif;cJhonf? xdkumvtwGif;
Yyif awmifudk&D;,m; EkdifiHwGifvnf; 'kwd, orRwedkifiHudk jzdKcsjyD; OD;aqmiftm%modrf;cJhol AdkvfcsKyf ywfc|ef[D;onf
orRwtjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cHcJh&onf? 1966 ckESpfrS 1976 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif w&kwfEkdifiH. acgif;aqmif }uD;
armfpDwkef;u ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;}uD;qifE$JcJh+yD; jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfcGifhudk t}uD;tus,f uef@owfcsKyfcs,f
cJhonf? TonfrSm rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yfjzpfa}umif; w&kwfEkdifiH uGefjrLepfygwD udk,fYuyif
aemufydkif;Y oHk;oyf oGm;cJhonf? 1975ckESpf uarBm'D;,m;EkdifiHY crmeDygwD tm%m&&SdvmcsdefwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom
tm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfr_ pepf jzpfwnfvmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; vli,fb0 tcsdefumvrsm;wGif tm&Swkduf&Sd EkdifiH
rsm;pGmwdk@Y tm%m&Sifpepf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd; xGef;um;aecJhonfudk txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;u oufaojyaeayonf?
96
udkwifarmifOD; t&G,fa&mufpjyKcsdef 1969ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if;u wkdif;jynftm%modrf;+yD; tkyfcsKyfvm
cJhonfrSm (7)ESpf=um &SdoGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf? ppfat;umvrsm;wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiH AkdvfcsKyf ql[mwdk/ zdvpfydkifEkdifiH
zm'Deef rm;udk@(pf)ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wkd@u ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGif uGefjrLepfpepf rjyef@yGm;apa&;
twGuf [ef@wm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k tar&duefEkdifiHESifh taemufwkdif; 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrsm;u ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?
wzufuvnf; tm&SEkdifiHtoD;oD;wGif&Sdaom uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifh 4if;wdk@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk qdkAD,uf ESifh
w&kwfEkdifiHwdk@u axmufcHay;cJh=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifwkdufzsuf ae=uaom jrefrmEkdifiH
twGif;&Sd omref ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktwGuf EkdifiHwum. ulnDaxmufyhHr_udk &&Sda&;
qdkonfrSm vHk;0 rjzpfEkdif cJhacs? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u jrefrmEkdifiH. v_yf&Sm;r_onf wkdif;wyg; tultnDrsm;tay:
tm;udktm;xm;jyKaernfh tpm; jynfwGif;Yom tajcjyKoifha=umif;/ 4if;onf +idrf;csrf;aom v_yf&Sm;r_
jzpfoifhaomfvnf; wufºuGr_&Sd&ef/ toufyg&efESifh vlxktiftm;udk tcsuftjcmjyKaom v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpf&ef
vkdtyfa=umif;wkd@udk od&Sdem;vnfcJhonf?
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aom pdwf jzifh ‘trSefw&m;’udkzkH;uG,fum 4if;. &nfrSef;csufonf 4if;.aemufygrsm;. &nfrSef;csufeSifh twlwlyif
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udkwifarmifOD;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif jzpfysufaeaom w&m;r#wr_rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh todynmrsm;/
awG@&Sd csufrsm;a=umifhom rubJ jynfolrsm;tay:xm;&Sdaom arwWma=umifhvJ ‘w&m;r#wr_’udk &SmazG&eftwGuf
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Ekdif&eftwGufomv#if vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif;udk od&Sd&ef vkyfae=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ‘trSefw&m;’udk 4if;wdk@u
awG@&SdEkdifaumif;rnf jzpfaomfvnf; trSefw&m;bufu axmufcH&yfwnfolrsm;/ jywfjywfom;om; v_yf&Sm;wdkufyGJ0if
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101
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wGif &Sdaompmempdwfonf 4if;.,Hk}unfcsufudk tajccHum vltrsm;tay: }uD;rm;aomarwWmtjzpfodk hajymif;vJ
oGm;ojzifh ‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wkdufyJG0ifolwpfOD; jzpfvmc Jh&jcif;yif?
jynfolwdk@. twd'kuQrsm;tay: }uD;pGmaom pmempdwf xm;&Sdol udkwifarmifOD;twGuf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom
EkdifiHa&; ESifh vlr_a&;pepfa=umifh tjypfrJhjynfolwkd@. &ifeifhzG,f&maumif;aom b0tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
tawG@ t}uHKrsm;ukd arhypf&ef rjzpfEkdifcJhacs? xkd@jyif udkwifarmifOD;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_
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twGufom twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGaejcif;onf wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_ &Sdaom vkyf&yfwpfck r[kwfa=umif;udk
olu &dyfpm; rdcJhonf? ppftm%m&Sifrsm;udk qef@usifum vll@tzGJ@tpnf;udk ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vkyfudkif
aqmif&Guf&mwGif tvGef trif; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&a=umif;ESifh tepfemcH ay;qyfr_rsm; jyK&a=umif;wkd@udk
rdwfaqGrsm;u udkwifarmifOD;tm; owday;ajym=um;cJhonf? TwGif 1962ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7)&ufae@wGif tpdk;&u
ausmif;om;or*~ taqmufttHkudk AHk;cGJjcif;jzifh wuUodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; aoa=uapcJhaom vkyf&yfudk
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aomfvnf;aumif; vkyfEkdifpGrf;tjynfht0&Sdonf[k rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfcJhol jzpfonfESifhtnD a&ukefa&cef;
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toufudk pGef@v$wf&Ekdifonftxd tEW&m,frsm;vSonfh tajctae udkvnf; olu &dyfpm;rdcJhonf? odk h&mwGif
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twGufqdkvSsif Tpum;vHk;onf t}uHK;0ifedkifayrnf?
rdrdudk,fusKd;twGuf r[kwfbJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. aumif;&maumif;usKd;twGuf rdrd qENtavsmuf
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udkwifarmifOD;u qdkcJhonf? xdkolwdk honf trsm;aumif;usdL;twGuf rdrdwdk hu ‚pGef hv$wftepfemcH‛ ae&onf[k
awG;jrifae}uorSs umvywfvHk; pdwfqif;&Jae}urnf jzpfaoma=umifh tusdK;r&Sd[k 4if;u,lqonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
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jcif;vHk;0r&SdcJh? rdrd.t&dk;cHpdwfjzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdif&eftwGufom rqkwfrepf v_yf&Sm; aqmif&Guf
cJhonf? Todk haqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jynfoljynfom;taygif;wkd@ twGif;pdwf +idrf;csrf;r_udk &SmazGEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf; rsm;
&&SdvmEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfcJhonf? tm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifv_yf&Sm;I tjyifydkif;jidrf;csrf;r_. tajccHwckjzpfaom
w&m;rSswr_udk &SmazGaeqJrSmyif tjyKjzpfwnfr_tjrifxm;&Sdjcif;a=umifh olonf aysmf&$ifr_udk &&SdcHpm;EkdifcJh onf?
102
xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol.rsufESmay:wGif t+yHK;w0uf tpOft+rJ &SdaecJhjcif;jzpfonf? udkwifarmifOD; onf trSefw&m;
&SmazGolwpfOD;rSsom r[kwfbJ ‘w&m;r#wr_’twGuf wdkufyJG0ifcJholvnf; jzpfayawmhonf?
103
10
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104
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oifhwifhavsmufywfaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersdK; &Sdvmap&ef zefwD;ay;&rnf[k qdk&mwGif tpdk;&onf
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qdk&dk;wpfck&Sdayonf? urBmh EkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@&Sd qdk;,kwfaom tpdk;&rsm;udk Oyrm=unfhyg? Todk@jzpf&jcif;.
105
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106
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107
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+rdK@e,frsm;&Sd tvkyform;ESifh ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;onf pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh v_yf&Sm;r_xJwGif yg0if
ywfoufcJh=uonf? v_dif+rdK@e,f&Sd qENjyyJGrsm;udk OD;aqmifol tvkyform;rsm;xJwGif udkausmfoufESifh udk0if;xdefwdk@udk
vlod rsm;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif qENjyolOD;a& rsm;oxuf rsm;vmcJhonf? xdkumvrsm;wGif
udkwifarmifOD;ESihf ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; r=umr=um awG@jzpfcJh=uonf? rdrdwdk h. oufqdkif&m oli,fcsif;
taygif;toif;rsm; udk pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;aom tcgwGif 4if;wdk@onf tvkyform;rsm;. epfemr_rsm;ta=umif;
ajymqdkonfh a[majymyJG rsm;udk wufa&mufem;qif avhvmrSwfom;+yD; rdrdwkd@ vufvSrf;rSDor#aom
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif xkdtodynmrsm;udk jyefvnfr#a0ay;onf?
109
ZGefv(5)&ufae@Y qENjyyJGrsm; udkwifarmifOD; aexkdif&m &yfuGufqDodk@ ysH@ESH@a&muf&Sdvmaom eHeufcif;wGif
udkwifarmifOD;onf ol.rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifhtwl tdrfwGif &SdaecJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pk aetdrfrSm urm&Gwf
+rdK@e,f tif;pdefvrf;}uD; teD;&Sd okcvrf;wGif wnf&Sdonf? 4if;wdk@ tdrfem;wGif pD;u&uf puf&Hk&Sdonf? xdkpuf&Hk&Sd
tvkyform;rsm;. [pfaºuG;aeaom toHrsm;/ toHcsJ@pufu xGufay:vmaom a[majymoHrsm;udk twdkif;om;
=um;aecJh&onf? ,ckuJhodk@ jzpfysufaeaom tajctaersm;a=umifh tdrfwGif rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifhtwl &Sdaeaom
udkwifarmifOD; tvGefEkd;=um;+yD; pdwftm;xufoefvmonf? ol. ESvHk;cHkoHrsm; twkdif;xuftvGef jrefqefvmum
rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm; ‚at;/ 'g t&rf;aumif;w,f? tckvdkrsKd; ta&;tcif;jzpfaewmudk awG@&wm usaemf
odwf0rf;omw,f? vlawGu cHvmcJh&wmvJ =um+yDav? 'Dtpdk;&u usaemfwdk@udk eJeJav;rS *&kpdkufwm r[kwfbl;?
'ga=umifhvJ vlxkawGu 'DvkdrsKd; vkyfoifhw,f? vlxkawG jzpfcsifwmudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; tus,fw0ifh awmif;qdk=u
&r,f? usaemf olwdk@udk tjynfht0 axmufcHw,fAsm?‛[k wufºuGr_tjynfhjzifh ajymavonf?
qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yg0ifaom tvkyform;rsm;u tdrfrjyefbJ qufvufqENjy=urnf jzpfaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@
tpm;tpmESifh a& vdktyfvmonf? xdk@a=umifh tvkyform; wpfa,mufp/ ESpfa,mufp udk teD;tem;&Sd aetdrf
rsm;xHodk@ apv$wfum tpma&pmrsm; tultnD awmif;cHaponf? udkwifarmifOD;u Towif;udk =um;od&onfESihf
w+ydKifeuf rD;zdkacsmifxJ0ifoGm;um ‚usaemfwkd@ olwdk@twGuf bmvkyf&if aumif;rvJ?‛[k ajymonf? udkwifarmifOD;
rdom;pkwGif rdbrsm;tygt0if ol. nDtpfudkarmifESr (8)a,muf&Sdaoma=umifh tdrfY tpm;taomuf ydkv#Honfu
r&Sdoavmufyif? odk@aomf xdkae@wGif rD;zdkacsmifxJY qef/ =uufO tcsdK@ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Guf tenf;i,f &SdaecJhonf?
TwGif olu tdrfaemufaz;okd@ oGm;um }uD;rm; awmifhwif;aom iSufaysm&Guf tcsKd@udk jzwfvmcJhonf? 4if;wdk@udk
tenf;i,f rD;tylay;vdkufaom tcgwGif aysmhaysmif;oGm;+yD; tpm;taomufrsm;udk xkyfydk;&ef tifrwef aumif;
rGefvmonf? obm0u xGuf&Sdaom aps;E_ef;csKdomonfh iSufaysm&Gufrsm;onf tpm;taomufrsm;udk xkyfydk;odkrSD;
xm;Ekdif&eftwGuf tvGefoifhawmfonfESifhtnD 4if;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlodrsm;aom &dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;wpfck
jzpfvmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;u iSufaysm&Gufrsm;udk aq;a=um rD;zkwf+yD;onfhaemufwGif iSufaysm&Guf}uD; wpfckxJodk@
xrif;a=umfrsm;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m xnfhvkdufonf? xkd@aemuf olu pm&Gufwpf&Gufay:wGif ‚qdwfacgif;jy+yD;
acG;om; a&mif;w,f‛[laom jrefrm pum;yHkwpfckudk csa&;vdkufonf? tom;a&mif;olonf qdkifa&S@wGif qdwfacgif;
udk csdwfxm;jcif;jzifh qdwfom;a&mif; aeonfh ta&mifaqmif+yD; vufawG@wGifrl aps;0,folrsm;udk vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;
um acG;om;rsm; xnfhay;vdkufjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? TuJhodk@aom enf;vrf;jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf olawmfaumif;
a,mifaqmifaeaom jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk pum;yHkwpfckjzifh E_dif;,SOfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? 4if;wkd@.
rormr_rsm; wpfae@wGif qHk;cef;wkdifrSm aocsmrnf jzpfa=umif;udkvnf; pm. atmufqHk;wGif xnfha&;vkdufonf?
,ckuJhodk@aom vlxkqENjyyJGrsm;udk awG@}uHK&onfrSm udkwifarmifOD;ESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;twGuf yxrqHk;
t}udrfjzpfonf? ZGefv (4)&ufESifh (5)&ufae@ &efukef tif;pdef vrf;r}uD; wav#muf&Sd }udK=um;}udK=um; vlpka0;jcif;
rsm;wGif 4if;wdk@ yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? xkd@jyif ZGefv(6)&ufae@Y jyKvkyfrnfh qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yg0ifEkdif&eftwGuf
vli,frsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;+yD; ordkif; csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf&Hka&S@wGif vma&mufpka0;
=u&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? ordkif; abm'gaqmifwGif aexkdifolrsm;ESifh &efukef pufr_ wuUodkvf0if;
twGif;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&eftwGuf udkwifarmifOD;u t"du wm0ef,lcJhonf? udkcifarmifat;
url EkdifiHjcm; bmompum; ody`HESifh vd_if+rdK@e,f tkwf}uif;&yfuGufwGif aexdkifolrsm;udk ac:aqmifvm&ef jzpfonf?
110
xdk@twlyif udkatmif=unfuvnf; ynma&;wuUodkvf/ udkausmfaZ,su &efukef 0dZ…mESifh ESifh ody`H wuUodkvf/
udkjrifhpdk;u pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf ponfjzifh wuUodkvftoD;oD;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;&ef wm0ef,lcJh
=uonf? udkwifarmifOD;. todkif;t0kdif;xJu r[kwfaom tjcm; wuUodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;vnf;
tvkyform; qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? w&m;r#wr_twGuf wkdufyJG0ifv_yf&Sm;&mwGif ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh twlwuG pdwfxm;xufoefr_tjynfhjzifh yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJh=uonf?
odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@xHwGif ausmif;om; tpnf;t&Hk;uJhodk@aom udk,fydkif toif;tzGJ@rsm; r&Sdonfhtjyif woD;yk*~v
v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifhjzpfap/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh jzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufbl;aom tawG@t}uHKr&Sdjcif;a=umifh 4if;wkd@.
pnf;&Hk;a&;enf;emrsm;rSm pepfwus r&SdcJhacs? tvkyform; ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifaom ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf wpfOD;csif;taeESifh 4if;wdk@ eD;pyf&m todrdwfaqGrsm;udk qJGac:cJh=ujcif;om jzpfonf? ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf jywfom;ckdifrmr_ tjynfhjzifh tvkyform;ta&;tcif;Y yl;aygif; yg0ifcJh=uaomfvnf; ausmif;om;or*~
r&Sdaoma=umifh 4if;wdk@u tvkyform; ta&;tcif;udk axmufcHa=umif;ESifh pyfvsOf;I vlod&Sif=um; az:xkwf
today;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs? 4if;. tusKd;&vm'fa=umifh 1974ckESpf tvkyforsm; ta&;tcif;onf xda&muf
oifhoavmuf xda&mufr_ r&SdcJhacs?
udkwifarmifOD;u pepfwusjzifh pkpnf;&Hk;Ekdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;udk &SmazG&mwGif ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;/ vli,frsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm; t=um;&Sd qufoG,fa&;uGef,uf. ta&;ygyHk tvdkvdk od&Sdxm;
cJhonf? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif olu ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhyg tcsdwftquf&Sdonftxd jzpfvmcJhonf?
tvkyform;ta&; tcif; uwnf;u pwifum udkwifarmifOD;onf ol@enf; ol@[eftwkdif; qufoG,fr_
uGef,ufrsm;udk zefwD;cJhonf? ausmif;olausmif;om; todkif;t0dkif;udk =unfhrnfqdkv#if olu ‘tcsuftcsmusaom’
ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdwfzGJ@cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif omref a,bk,s
todynm&Sdolrsm;/ tm;upm; xl;c|efolrsm;/ pmawmfolrsm;/ &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m qHkcsufusolrsm;/ pum;ajym
aumif;olrsm;/ vlr_qufqHa&; aumif;rGefolrsm;/ EkdifiHa&; todynm ºuG,f0olrsm;ESifh avmif;upm;Y
uGsrf;usifolrsm; tp&Sdolwkd@ yg0ifonf? TuJhodk@ ‘tcsuftcsm’ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;. teD;tem;0ef;usifwGif
tjcm; omref ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; pka0;aeavh&Sda=umif;udk olu aumif;aumif;&dyfpm;rdcJhonf?
xdkausmif;olausmif;om; rsm;ESifh yHkrSeftqufoG,fvkyfjcif;/ 4if;wdk@xH oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf?
uHraumif;onfrSm xdkacwfumvwGif rdkbdkif;zkef;/ tifwmeuf/ tD;ar;(vf)/ face book tp&Sdonfh tqifhjrifh
qufoG,fa&; enf;ynm rsm; r&Sdonfhtjyif udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pkxHYvnf; tdrfzkef;yif r&SdcJhacs? &efukef+rdK@twGif;Y
oGm;vm&efc&D;p&dwftwGufudkyif udkwifarmifOD;xHY ydkufqHtydktv#H r&SdcJhacs? odk@aomf olonf rvSrf;rurf;
e,fajrrsm;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; xHodk@ ajcvsifc&D;eSifum t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm oGm;a&mufEkdifcJhonf?
&yfuGuftwGif; aexdkifaom tjcm;oli,frsm;xHokd@ oGm;a&mufonfhtcgwdkif;wGif ajcusifav#mufoGm;cJhonf?
udkwifarmifOD;onf oli,fcsif; tdrfodk@ a&mufa&mufcsif; a&awmif;aomuf+yD; wc% tem;,lavh&Sdonf?
oli,fcsif;jzpfolu ol@udk iSufaysmoD; (odk@r[kwf) rkef@wrsKd;rsKd;jzifh wnfcif;{nfhcH&HkrSseSifh ol@twGuf vHkavmufonf?
+yD;aemufwGif olu xHk;pHtwdkif; ryGifhwyGifh +yHK;um pum;pajymawmhonf? wuUokdvfausmif;0if;xJ&Sd taqmifwGif
aexdkifaom oli,fcsif;rsm;url ol@udk taqmifpm;zdkcef; odk hr[kwf 4if;wdk htcef;xJu &Sd&Sdor# tpm;taomuf
rsm;jzifh au|;arG;avh&Sdonf? udkwifarmifOD;u xkduJhodk@aom pnf;&Hk;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;udk txl;ESpf+cdKufonf? a0;vHaom
ae&m&Sd tjcm;wuUodkvfrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&mwGifrl bwfpum;udk rjzpfrae pD;&onf? okd@aomf ol@rdom;pkuvnf;
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ol@twGuf ausmif;wuf&efESifh tcsKd@aom ta&;ygaom a0&m0pP rsm; vkyfudkif&mY oGm;vm&eftwGufom
bwfpum;c ay;Edkifonf? udkwifarmifOD; uvnf; ol@twGufa=umifh rdom;pk 0efxkwf0efydk; jzpf&rnfudk rvdkvm;cJh?
wbufurl ol. ‘tcsuftcsm’ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh pOfqufrjywf tquftoG,f &Sdaezdk@ vdktyfojzifh 4if;wdk@xH
rjzpfrae oGm;a&muf&onf? okd@rSom ol. qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufudk xdef;xm;Ekdifrnf jzpfaoma=umihfyif?
xdk@a=umifh bwfpum; pD;EkdifrS jzpfvmonf? Tjy\emtm; udkwifarmifOD; rnfuJhodk@ ajz&Sif;onfudk tpydkif;wGif
ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; rod&SdcJh=u? Todk@jzifh aemufydkif;wGif olu bpfpum;c ray;bJ rnfuJhokd@ bwfpum;
pD;a=umif;udk oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; r#a0ajymjycJhonf?
wpfae@ udkwifarmifOD;onf bwfpum;ay:wGif oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk trSwfrxif qHkjzpfonf? xdk
oli,fcsif;rSm wuUodkvf qufrawmhbJ tpdk;& ukef;vrf;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;XmewpfckwGif tvkyf&aeol jzpfonf?
um;vufrSwfa&mif;ol 4if;wdk@xH csOf;uyfvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD; oli,fcsif;u ol@tdwfuyfudk ykwfvkdufum
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Pass (cGifhjyKcsufvufrSwf) &Sdonf[k ajymvdkuf&mwGif vufrSwfa&mif;olu bmrS qufrar;
awmhbJ ol@tem;u xGufoGm;onf? TwGif wtHhw=ojzpfoGm;aom udkwifarmifOD;u ol@oli,fcsif; tb,fa=umifh
bwfpum;c ay;&ef rvdka=umif;udk odcsifrdoGm;onf? 4if;wdk@ ESpfOD; bwfpum;ay:utqif;wGif udkwifarmifOD;u
‚tJ'D ‘cGifhjyKcsuf’ qdkwmu bmvJuG?‛ [kar;avonf? ukef;vrf;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; XmewGif wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ‘bwfpum; pD;&ef cGifhjyKcsuf’uwfjym; tcrJh xkwfay;xm;a=umif;ukd oli,fcsif;vkyfolu
&Sif;jyonf? xdkacwfumvY qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufwGif o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; vkyfief;Xmersm;tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&u
ykdifqkdifonf? Todk@aom tajctaewGif ukef;vrf;o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; 0efxrf;rsm;u um;armif;olESifh vufrSwf
a&mif;olrsm;. vpmrsm;/ yifpifaiGrsm;ESifh cGifh&ufrsm;udk pDrHudkifwG,f&aoma=umifh um;armif;olESifh vufrSwfa&mif;
olrsm;u 4if;wdk@tay: wav;wpm; &Sd=ujcif;jzpfonf? TwGif udkwifarmifOD;u ol@oli,fcsif;. cGifhjyKcsuf
uwfjym;udk awmif;=unfhum uwfjym; xkwfay;onfh ae@pJGESifh uwfjym; eHygwfwdk@ tygt0if xdkuwfjym;twGuf
wm0ef&Sdol t&m&Sd. emrnfrsm;udkyg tvGwfusufrSwfxm;vdkufonf?
xdk@aemuf udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘bwfpum;pD&ef cGifhjyKcsuf uwfjym;’ESifh t&G,ftpm; wlaom uwfxljym;
wpfckudk &Sm+yD; ol@tdyfuyfxJ xnfhxm;um bwfpum; pD;&mwGif ol@oli,fcsif; jyKrlonfhtwkdif; rSifaoaojzifh
wax&mwnf; vkdufvkyfavonf? Tenf;jzifh bwfpum; pD;&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh tqifajya=umif;/ vufrSwf
a&mif;olu cGifhjyKcsuf uwfjym;udk awmif;=unfhavh r&Sda=umif;/ ol@tdwfuyfudk wpfcsuf=unfh+yD; jyefxGufoGm;wwf
a=umif;wdk@udk udkwifarmifOD;u oli,fcsif;rsm;udk jyefvSefajymjyavonf? vufrSwfa&mif;ol uwfjym; awmif;=unfh
csifonfqdkv#if olu ‚tm;? usaemhf uwfjym;udk tdrfrSm arhusefcJhw,f? cifrsm; r,Hk&if usaemfh uwfjym; eHygwfudk
ppf=unfhvkd&w,f‛[laom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;vdkufaomtcg vufrSwfa&mif;olu qufrar;awmhacs?
Tokd@jzifh wpfae@wGif bwfpum;ay:Y udkwifarmifOD;u vkyfaeustwkdif; jyKrl&m um;vwfrSwfa&mif;olu bmrS
jy\em r&SmcJh? odk@aomf rsm;r=umrDwGif bwfpum;ay:odk@ vufrSwfppfwpfa,muf wufvm&m c&D;onfrsm;u
4if;wdk@. um;vwfrSwfrsm;udk jy&avonf? xdktcsdefwGif vufrSwfa&mif;orm;uvnf; udkwifarmifOD; tem;wGif
&SdaecJhonf? vufrSwfppfol rdrdtem; a&mufvmaomtcg udkwifarmifOD;u tdwfuyfxJu wpHkwckudk xkwfvdkuf
onf? TwGif um;vufrSwfa&mif;olu udkwifarmifOD;onf ‘bwfpum;pD;&ef cGifhjyKcsuf vufrSwf’udk jyrnf[k
xifaecJhonf? odk@aomf TuJhodk@ r[kwf? ol@vufxJ ygvmaom t&mrSm bwfpum;ctwGuf ydkufqH jzpfaeonf?
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Ttcsif;t&ma=umifh vufrSwfa&mif;ol &kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;onf? odk@aomf bmrS ajymraebJ udkwifarmifOD;udk
vufrSwfwpfapmif a&mif;ay;vkdufonf? Ttjzpftysufudk udkwifarmifOD;u jyefajymif;ajymjyaomtcg ol@
oli,fcsif;rsm; [m;wdkuf&DarmcJh=u&onf? xdk@jyif w&m;r#wr_ twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaejcif;a=umifh awG@}uHK
vm&onfh aiGa=u;tcuftcJtm; wwfor#enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;ae&aom ol@tay:Yvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm; *&k%m
oufoGm;=uonf? Todk@jzifh udkwifarmifOD;onf ol. ‘tcsuftcsm’ oli,fcsif;rsm;udk qufvuf pnf;&Hk; EkdifcJh+yD;
4if;wdk@onf aemufydkif;wGif tvkyform; ta&;tcif;Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG
rsm;Yaomfvnf;aumif; udkwifarmifOD;. a&mif;&if;rsm;tjzpf yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf?
ZGefv (6)&ufae@ eHeufydkif;wGif vrf;rrsm;ay:Y qENjyolOD;a& ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD; tygt0if
ol. oli,fcsif;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;ESifh teD;tem; wuUodkvfrsm;&Sd tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@xGufvm=uum qENjyyJGrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@onf ordkif;vrf;qkHrSwqifh csnfpuf
&dyfoma&S@odk hvnf;aumif;/ tkwfusif;*kefeD puf&kHvrf;twdkif; av#mufum csnfpuf&dyfom a&S@odk h vnf;aumif;/
udkwifarmifOD;u ordkif; ausmif;aqmifrsm;&dS 4if;. oli,fcsif;rsm;udk pk pnf;um csnfpuf&dyfom a&S@odk@vnf;aumif;
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113
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114
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115
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ayonf? jynfo lrsm;twGuf pD;yGm;a&; ajyvnfvmap&ef vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;&rnfhtpm; ‘qef’awmif;qdk
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olrsm;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckvHk; ysufokOf;oGm;ap&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaeolrsm;. &efrS umuG,fay;&rnfhtpm;
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&ufpuf,kwfrmaomvkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefa=umif; oufaojy&eftwGuf 1974ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh qdk&S,fvpf
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jzpfonf? 1974ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOy'wGif edkifiHom;wkd@. rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyXmef;owfrSwfxm;onfhtay:
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117
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118
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119
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120
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121
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122
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123
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124
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125
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131
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tem;w0dkufY ausmif;olausmif;om;ESifh jynfolwdk@ aemufxyfw}udrf jyefvnfpka0;vm+yD; qENjycJh=uonf?
132
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onf[k az:jycJhonf? vufawG@wGifrl tpdk;&u qdkcJhaom aoqHk;ol OD;a&xuf vGefrif;pGm rsm;jym;cJhayonf?
Todk@jzifh OD;oef@ta&;tcif;ESifh ywfoufI aemufqHk;wGif ausmif;om;ausmif;olESifh &[ef;&Sifvlaygif; (7000)
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csufcsif; jyefoGm;cJh=uonf? tdrfa&mufaomtcg a&csKd; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; tjyifjyefxGufvmcJhonf?
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uefawmfrif; yef;+cHwGif rjr‡KyfbJ wuUodkvfausmif;0if;xJYom tb,fa=umifh xm;&SdcsifcJh=uygoenf;? OD;oef@
rdom;pk0ifrsm; yg0ifaom tokb aumfrwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudkyif tb,fa=umifh 4if;wdk@u qef@usifcJh&oenf;?
133
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tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk usifhoHk;aeaom EkdifiHrsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk=unfhrnfqdkv#if ynm&Sdr_udk r[kwfbJ tiftm;udkom
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134
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&SmazGjcif; r&Sdaom vkyf&yfrsm;onf t"dyg,f &Sdrnf r[kwfacs? OD;oef@ ta&;tcif;&Sd ausmif;om;ESifh vlxk qENjyyGJ
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ta&;ygt&ma&mufcJhonf? udkwifarmifOD;ESifh tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdkqENjyyGJrsm;udk OD;aqmifcJh
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135
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udkwifarmifOD; qufvufI &Sefoefaeao;onf[k qdkEkdifayawmhonf?
136
12
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4if;wdk@onf ol@ "gwfyHkudk awmif;=unfh&ef udkwifarmifOD; rdom;pkaetdrfodk@ oGm;a&mufcJh=uonf?
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137
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138
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149
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150
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158
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159
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160
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162
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164
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165
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166
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167
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168
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169
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vufeufudkifausmif;om;rsm;or*~’udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? TtzGJ@tpnf;opfrSm yD' DyD tzGJ@. taeSmiftzGJ h
uif;aom oD;jcm;tzGJ@jzpfaomfvnf; yD'DyD tzGJ@u TtzGJ@udk axmufyhHxm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf? u&if trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&; tpnf;t&Hk; (autif,l) uvnf; TtzGJ@tpnf;opfudk w&m;0if todtrSwfjyKcJhonf?
‘zufqpfpepf qef@usifa&; vufeufudkif ausmif;om;rsm; or*~’&Hk; (2)&Hk; zGihfvSpfjcif;udk autif,la&m yD'DyD
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170
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171
15
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twGif;Yrl jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;vdkonfh qENrsm jyif;ysvSsuf &Sdayonf? [kef;[kef;
awmufaeaom ol.oEMdÏmefrsm; arS;rSdefoGm;jcif;r&SdbJ ydkrdkIom jyif;jyvmonf?
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172
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jzKwfcs Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k udkwifarmifOD;u ,Hk=unfcJhonf?
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173
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aus;aus;yif jiif;y,fvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; olu rjzpfrae tajctaersKd;wGif toHk;jyKEkdif&eftwGuf (9)
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174
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175
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192
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193
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194
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195
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217
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221
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222
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223
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224
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ta&;ay:tajctae a}ujimxm; onfh 1975 rS 1977 ckeSpfrsm;twGif;wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; rpPpf tif'D&m*ef'D.
tm%m &Sifqefqef jyKrlrSKrsm;udk apgifh}unfh/ }uyfrwf/ xdrf;ausmif; ay;edkifcJhonf?
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