Global Change Impact Studies CentreIslamabad, Pakistan
Nazim AliNazim Ali
Irrigated Landscape of District GujratIrrigated Landscape of District Gujrat
Wheat Production in Districts of Punjab Wheat Production in Districts of Punjab PakistanPakistan
Gujrat
(SDPI, 2004)
Rice Production in Districts of Punjab PakistanRice Production in Districts of Punjab Pakistan
Gujrat
(SDPI, 2004)
Food Production in Districts of Punjab, PakistanFood Production in Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
Gujrat
(SDPI, 2004)
ImportantCommodities
Production Consumption Difference
(000) Ton. (000) Ton. (000) Ton.
Wheat/Flour 223.90 229.6 -28.16
Rice 53.30 17.2 26.93
Potato 1.66 23.9 -22.86
Tomato 0.19 4.5 -4.42
Onion 0.32 22.5 -22.31
Green gram ( (Moong) 0.82 1.7 -1.17
Lentil 1.10 1.7 -1.00
Mash 1.23 1.2 -0.44
Gram 0.37 4.5 -4.32
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS
IN GUJRAT, PAKISTANIN GUJRAT, PAKISTAN
(GoP, 2003 & SDPI, 2004)
Difference in Release and Procurement of Difference in Release and Procurement of Wheat by Food DepartmentWheat by Food Department
Gujrat
(GoP, 2004)
Approaches to understand Agricultural Approaches to understand Agricultural Marketing System Marketing System
The Functional ApproachThe Functional Approach
Institutional ApproachInstitutional Approach
Commodity ApproachCommodity Approach
Behavioral System Approach Behavioral System Approach
Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-I
Selling agent Broker Buying agentProducer
Village Dealer
Government
Processor Retailer consumer
Wheat
Producer Commission agent Retailer ConsumerPhariawala
Vegetable
(Qamar M.D, 1998)
Producer
Village Dealer
PASSCO
CommissionAgent
PrivateExporter
Processor
Whole-seller
Outsidebuyer
Rice Exportcorporation
Retailer Consumer
Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IIDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-II
Rice
Commission agent
Producer Pre-harvest contractor Phriawala Retailer Consumer
Fruits
Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IIDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-II
Producer Milk carrier ProcessorWholesaler/commission agent
Retailer Consumer
wholesalerProducer/Poultry farmers
collectors Retailer Consumer
Milk
Eggs
Farmers’ Share of Consumers’ Expenditure
Less Perishable 65%
Perishable 35%
Typical Problems of Farmers in Marketing in PakistanTypical Problems of Farmers in Marketing in Pakistan
Production-orientationProduction-orientation
Small marketable surplusSmall marketable surplus
Inefficient produce preparationInefficient produce preparation
Ineffective rural assembly marketsIneffective rural assembly markets
Credit availabilityCredit availability
Lack of group actionLack of group action
Lack of vertical co-ordination of marketing channels.Lack of vertical co-ordination of marketing channels.
Import of Agricultural CommoditiesImport of Agricultural Commodities
Commodity Quantity (m. tonnes) Value (b. Rs.)
Edible Oils 1.197 24.03
Tea 0.099 9.61
Pulses 0.460 8.31
Fruits 0.235 3.08
Vegetables 0.123 1.75
Ginger & Garlic 0.070 1.45
Spices 0.021 1.10
Seed 0.013 0.88
Total 2.218 50.21
(GoP, 2003)
Export of Agricultural CommoditiesExport of Agricultural Commodities
CommodityCommodity Quantity (m. tonnes) Quantity (m. tonnes) Value (B. Rs.)Value (B. Rs.)
Rice CoarseRice Coarse 1.1341.134 11.6411.64
Rice BasmatiRice Basmati 0.5500.550 15.8615.86
Raw CottonRaw Cotton 0.0380.038 1.551.55
Cotton WasteCotton Waste 0.0970.097 2.262.26
Cotton YarnCotton Yarn 0.5400.540 57.1457.14
Guar ProductsGuar Products 0.0230.023 0.970.97
FruitsFruits 0.2900.290 5.085.08
VegetablesVegetables 0.1340.134 1.211.21
TotalTotal 2.8062.806 95.7195.71
(GoP, 2003)
Government Interventions in Price StabilityGovernment Interventions in Price Stability
Government of Pakistan annually reviews and announces the support prices of important commodities
Crops Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane, Potato, Gram, Onion, Oilseeds
Objectives• To protect farmers against undue fall in prices• To promote farm investment on sustainable basis• To stabilize prices in off-season
(GOP, 2001)
Price Determinants•Cost of production•Import/export parity prices•Domestic and world demand/supply•Change in nominal and real price•Profitability in the use of inputs•Comparatives economics of competing crops•Production targets•Impact on other sectors of economy
OutcomeCrops covered under price program experience not only positive
growth rates area and production but also in productivity
(GOP, 2001)
Government Interventions in Price StabilityGovernment Interventions in Price Stability
PER CAPITA MONTHLY CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMSPER CAPITA MONTHLY CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS
CommoditiesCommodities UnitsUnitsOverall Overall AverageAverage
Income GroupsIncome Groups
1ST1ST 2ND2ND 3RD3RD 4TH4TH 5TH5TH
Average no of member of HHAverage no of member of HH 6.546.54 8.128.12 7.397.39 6.916.91 6.116.11 5.245.24
Wheat/Flour (kg)Wheat/Flour (kg) KgKg 9.599.59 8.38.3 9.489.48 9.739.73 10.1710.17 10.1310.13
Rice/Flour (kg)Rice/Flour (kg) KgKg 0.720.72 0.430.43 0.570.57 0.650.65 0.880.88 1.021.02
BiscuitBiscuit gmgm 15.8815.88 3.473.47 5.975.97 10.9610.96 15.4215.42 39.4639.46
PulsesPulses (kg)(kg) 0.380.38 0.220.22 0.290.29 0.390.39 0.410.41 0.580.58
MilkMilk ltrltr 6.846.84 2.822.82 4.654.65 5.925.92 7.857.85 11.9811.98
Milk (Packed)Milk (Packed) LtrLtr 2.992.99 1.131.13 1.651.65 2.472.47 3.643.64 5.535.53
GheeGhee KgKg 0.050.05 0.010.01 0.020.02 0.040.04 0.060.06 0.130.13
Vegetable GheeVegetable Ghee KgKg 0.660.66 0.470.47 0.60.6 0.670.67 0.750.75 0.770.77
Cooking OilCooking Oil kgkg 0.060.06 0.010.01 0.010.01 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.180.18
MuttonMutton kgkg 0.120.12 0.020.02 0.040.04 0.060.06 0.120.12 0.330.33
BeefBeef KgKg 0.220.22 0.10.1 0.180.18 0.220.22 0.260.26 0.340.34
Chicken meatChicken meat kgkg 0.130.13 0.020.02 0.050.05 0.090.09 0.130.13 0.350.35
EggsEggs No.No. 1.541.54 0.460.46 0.720.72 11 1.681.68 3.493.49
FruitsFruits KgKg 2.482.48 0.70.7 1.311.31 1.791.79 2.522.52 5.565.56
VegetableVegetable KgKg 3.793.79 2.482.48 3.183.18 3.593.59 4.124.12 5.295.29
Percentage Change in Per Capita Monthly Percentage Change in Per Capita Monthly Consumption of Major Food ItemsConsumption of Major Food Items
ItemsItems UnitsUnitsIncome QuintilesIncome Quintiles
1st1st 2nd2nd 3rd3rd 4th4th 5th5th
Average no of member of HHAverage no of member of HH 00 -9-9 -15-15 -25-25 -35-35
Wheat/Flour (kg)Wheat/Flour (kg) KgKg 00 1414 1717 2323 2222
Rice/Flour (kg)Rice/Flour (kg) KgKg 00 3333 5151 105105 137137
BiscuitBiscuit gmgm 00 7272 216216 344344 10371037
PulsesPulses (kg)(kg) 00 3232 7777 8686 164164
MilkMilk ltrltr 00 6565 110110 178178 325325
Milk (Packed)Milk (Packed) LtrLtr 00 4646 119119 222222 389389
GheeGhee KgKg 00 100100 300300 500500 12001200
CurdCurd KgKg 00 121121 307307 600600 11361136
Vegetable GheeVegetable Ghee KgKg 00 2828 4343 6060 6464
Cooking OilCooking Oil kgkg 00 00 200200 300300 17001700
MuttonMutton kgkg 00 100100 200200 500500 15501550
BeefBeef KgKg 00 8080 120120 160160 240240
Chicken meatChicken meat kgkg 00 150150 350350 550550 16501650
EggsEggs No.No. 00 5757 117117 265265 659659
FruitsFruits KgKg 00 8787 156156 260260 694694
VegetableVegetable KgKg 00 2828 4545 6666 113113
Source of CaloriesSource of Calories
Sources of CaloriesSources of Calories Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan
Average Intake 2673 2257 2189 2424
All Grains (%) 65.2 70 68.5 70.1
Wheat (%) 60 9.5 51.4 67.1
Rice (%) 4.2 60.3 9.1 1.8
Milk (%) 6.3 9.1 5 1
Meat/Fish/Poultry (%) 2 1.8 3.1 1.5
Own Production/Gifts (%) 57.3 50 33.1 13.5
IFPRI, 1993
Factors affecting NutritionFactors affecting Nutrition
•Fluctuation in income do not translate in to fluctuations in Fluctuation in income do not translate in to fluctuations in calories intake in rural household.calories intake in rural household.
•Households cope with seasonal low and higher prices Households cope with seasonal low and higher prices through savings and storage of grainsthrough savings and storage of grains
•Calories-income elasticities in the sample household range Calories-income elasticities in the sample household range from 0.12 to 0.39from 0.12 to 0.39
•Education of Women is foun to be key factor in achieving Education of Women is foun to be key factor in achieving the the better nutritionbetter nutrition
•Education of women is nearly three times effective than Education of women is nearly three times effective than increasing income by 10 percentincreasing income by 10 percent
•Diarrhea and illness strongly determine the nutritional Diarrhea and illness strongly determine the nutritional status status of pre-schoolersof pre-schoolers
IFPRI, 1993
Preferences in FoodPreferences in Food
GenderGenderIn the village, female family members control sphere of food in
their homes. 80% male members always get privilege in food distribution even if they were not at home their portion was kept aside before serving to other members of the family
Change in PreferenceChange in PreferenceThere has been a rapid exogenous decline over time in the
share of gram. The demand for chicken was faster after 1982-83 than before it i.e. there was a structural change in consumer preferences.
Food ProcessingFood Processing
Why ProcessingWhy Processing
Post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are an important
factor of food deficit in the country. In general, post harvest losses of
food crops are approximately 20% of the harvest and in the case of
fruits and vegetables these losses are about 30% to 40%. Most of
these losses take place at storage, transportation and processing.
(Rana, 2000)
Food ProcessingFood Processing
Food industry is the largest industry of Pakistan accounting for 27 Food industry is the largest industry of Pakistan accounting for 27
percent of the total value-added production, and 16 percent of the total percent of the total value-added production, and 16 percent of the total
employment in the manufacturing sector. employment in the manufacturing sector.
Food Toxins
Chemical Toxins Biological Toxins
Extrinsic Chemicals Intrinsic Chemicals
Agro-Chem.
Food additives
Processing plants
Food processing
Packing materials
Env.pollutants
Examples:FungiMicrobesBacteriaViruses etc.
Plant Toxins:Dietary fiberAcidsTannins etc.
Extent of Adulteration in Food ItemsExtent of Adulteration in Food Items
Type of Food Type of Food % of Adulteration % of Adulteration
Milk and milk productsMilk and milk products 6161
Oil and oil productsOil and oil products 6262
BeveragesBeverages 4646
Cereals and cereals productsCereals and cereals products 3636
Spices and condiments Spices and condiments 5858
Bakery and Confectionary ProductsBakery and Confectionary Products 4646
SweatsSweats 5858
SugarSugar 66
Miscellaneous itemsMiscellaneous items 1616
Pesticide Residues in RicePesticide Residues in Rice
PesticidePesticide Paddy Paddy receiving receiving stagestage
Brown rice Brown rice after husking after husking
Rice after Rice after polishing polishing
Rice after Rice after fumigationfumigation
Padan (Cartap)Padan (Cartap) 0.010.01 0.0160.016 0.0010.001 0.0020.002
Furadan Furadan (Carbofuron)(Carbofuron) 0.0150.015 0.0430.043 0.070.07 0.0030.003
Gamma BHC Gamma BHC (Lindane)(Lindane) 0.0010.001 TracesTraces -- --
Food Insecurity in Districts of PunjabFood Insecurity in Districts of Punjab