7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
1/24
SEKOLAH
MENENGAH
SAINS
BANTING
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
2/24
TITLE : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRYNAME: MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN ZULKEFLI
CLASS : 4 AL BIRUNI
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
TEACHERS NAME : PUAN NURHAZWANI BINTI
JAAFAR
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
3/24
INDEX
CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NUMBERMANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID
MANUFACTURED OF AMMONIA
MANUFACTURED OF ALLOY
MANUFACTURED OF POLYMERS
MANUFACTURED OF GLASS AND CERAMICS
MANUFACTURED OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
4/24
MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES AT THE
PRESENT TIME
MANUFACTURED THROUGH THE CONTACT PROCESS
THE CONTACT INVOLVES THREE STAGES :
SULPHUR ----1----> SULPHUR DIOXIDE ----2----> SULPHUR TRIOXIDE ----3---->
SULPHURIC ACID
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
5/24
STAGE 1
- PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS , SO
- THIS CAN BE DONE BY TWO METHODS :
1. Burning of sulphur in dry air in the furnace.
S + O ----> SO
2. Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide or iron (III) sulphide in dry air
2ZnS + 3O ---> 2SO + 2ZnO
STAGE 2
- CONVERSION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE TO SULPHUR TRIOXIDE, SO
1. THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS IS DRIED AND PURIFIED BEFORE BEING
ADDED TO DRY AIR TO PRODUCE SULPHUR TRIOXIDE GAS . THIS IS :
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
6/24
TO REMOVE WATER VAPOUR IN THE AIR ( THE REACTION OF WATER
WITH SOWILL PRODUCE HEAT THAT WILL VAPORISE THE ACID )
TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS arsenic compounds ( found in the
sulphur or sulphide minerals ) that will poison the catalyst and make it
ineffective
2. Pure and dry sulphur dioxide with excess dry oxygen ( from air) are passed
through a converter .
3. A high percentage (98%) of sulphur dioxide is converted into sulphur trioxide
under the following conditions :
The presence of vanadium (V) oxide , VO as a catalyst
A temperature of between 450C - 550C
A pressure of one atmosphere
2SO + O 2SO
STAGE 3
PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID
1. IN THE ABSORBER , SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IS DISSOLVED IN
CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID TO PRODUCE OLEUM , HSO, A
VISCOUS LIQUID
SO + HSO -----> H S O
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
7/24
2. OLEUM IS THEN DILUTED WITH AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER TO
PRODUCE CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID ( 98%)
HSO + HO ----> 2HSO
3. THE TWO REACTION IN STAGE 3 ARE EQUIVALENT TO ADDING SULPHUR
TRIOXIDE TO WATER
SO + HO -------> HSO
HOWEVER , SULPHUR TRIOXIDE IS NOT DISSOLVED DIRECTLY IN WATER
TO PRODUCE SULPHURIC ACID . THIS IS BECAUSE
SO HAS A LOW SOLUBILITY IN WATER
SO REACTS VIOLENTLY IN WATER , PRODUCING A LARGE AMOUNT OF
HEAT WHICH WILL VAPOURISE SULPHURIC ACID TO FORM ACID MIST .
THE MIST IS CORROSIVE , POLLUTES THE AIR AND IS DIFFICULT TO
CONDENSE.
TEMPERATURE : 450C - 550C
PRESSURE : 1 ATMOSPHERE
CATALYST : VO
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
8/24
The uses of sulphuric acid in daily life
Manufacture of detergents ( synthetic cleaning agents )
- Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid . sulphonic acid
is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce the detergent
Manufacture of synthetic fibres ( polymers )
- Rayon is an example of a synthetic fibre that is produced from the actionof
sulphuric acid on cellulose.
In school laboratories
As a strong acid
As a drying or dehydrating agent
As an oxidising agent
As a sulphonating agent
As a catalyst
Manufacture of white pigment in paint barium sulphate, BaSO
- The neutralization between sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces
barium sulphide
Manufacture of fertilizers
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate (superphosphate) is prepared from the
reaction between sulphuric acid and tricalcium phosphate
Ammonium sulphate is prepared from the reaction between sulphuric acid
and aqueous ammonia.
1. Potassium sulphate is prepared from the reaction between sulphuric acid and
potassium hydroxide.
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
9/24
Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide
Sulphur is a poisonous and acidic gas that can cause environmental pollution. Inhaling
sulphur dioxide affects the respiratory system. It can cause lung problems such as
coughing , chest pains, shortness of breath and bronchitis .
Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water to produce shulphurous acid ,
HSO and sulphuric acid , HSO. The presence of this acids in rain water causes acid
rain .
SO + HO --------> HSO
2SO + O + 2HO ----------> 2HSO
The effects of acid rain are as follows :
Corrodes concrete buildings and metal structures
Destroys trees and plants in forest
Decreases the PH of the soil which becomes acidic, unsuitable for growth of
plants and destroys the roots of plants.
Reacts with minerals in the soil to produce salts which are leached of the top
soil ; essential nutrients for plants growth are depleted (plants die of
malnutrition and diseases )
Acid rain flows into lakes and rivers . this increases the acidity of water and
may kill fish and other aquatic living things.
Method to reduce the effect of acid rain
Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases.
Remove sulphur dioxide from waste air by treating it with calcium carbonate
before it is released.
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
10/24
Manufactured of ammonia
Ammonia NH is a very important compound in industry
The Haber processs
- In this process , ammonia is formed from direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen
gas in the volume ratio 1: 3
The gas nitrogen obtained from the fractional distillation of liquefied air . thehydrogen gas is obtained from the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysedreaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst
under controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.I. Temperature: 450-500CII. Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres
III. Catalyst used: Iron fillings
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn into
ammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flowback over the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.
The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that itcondenses into a liquid in the cooling chamber.
The haber process
Temperature : 450 c 550 c
pressure : 200 500 atm
catalyst : iron powder
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
11/24
The uses of ammonia
Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.
It uses:
In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate, ammonia nitric,ammonia phosphate and urea. To manufacture nitric acid and explosive. In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon. As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in the kitchen.
Physical and chemical properties of ammonia
1. The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following: It colourless and has a pungent odour. It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.
It less dense then water. It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.
2. The chemical properties of ammonia gas:a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to become alkaline. Thusaqueous ammonia solution:
Turns red litmus paper blue. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.
NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)
2NH3+ H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.
Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
12/24
Alloy
The meaning of alloy
Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance to corrosion.They rush and tarnish easily.
To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element (usuallymetal) is added to form another an alloy.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific proportion.For example:
- Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
- Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
13/24
The aim of making alloy
To increase the hardness and strength
Alloying improves the hardness and strength of a metal
- The addition of a little carbon to iron metal produces steel which is a very hard
alloy of iron
- The addition of magnesium to aluminium metal produces an alloy called
magnalium . magnalium is harder than aluminium but still retains the low density
of aluminium metal .
- The addition of tin to copper metal produces bronze . bronze is an alloy harder
than both tin and copper .
To prevent corrosion
Pure metals such as tin and iron are easily corroded in damp , polluted or acidic air .
- The addition of carbon , nickel and chromium to iron metal produces stainless
steel . stainless steel is an alloy which can resist rusting . the chromium and
nickel form chromium (III) oxide and nickel (IV) oxide which prevents the iron
from rusting .- The addition of tin to copper produces bronze which is able to resist corrosion
and tarnish .
To improve the appearance
Metals are easily tarnished because of the formation of metal oxides on the metal
surfaces . the process of alloying can maintain the luster on the surface of the metal
.
- Stainless steel is more shiny than pure iron
- Adding a little copper and antimony to tin produces the alloy pewter which is
harder and shinier and not so easily tarnished .
- Alloy wheels made from aluminium and other elements improve the look of
vehicles .
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
14/24
The composition , properties and uses of alloys
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
High carbon steel
99% iron
1% carbon
Strong,hard and
high wear
resistance
I.Making of cutting
tools, hammers
and chisels
Stainless steel
80.6% iron
0.4% carbon
18%chromium
1% nickel
Do not rust and
tarnish, strong and
durable
I.Making of surgical
instrument,
knives forks and
spoons
Brass
70% copper
30% zinc
Hard, do not rust,
bright appearance
I.Making of
ornaments,
electrical wiring
and plug.
Bronze
90% copper
10% tin
Hard, do not
corrode easily and
durable
.For casting bells,
medals, swords
and statues
Pewter
90% tin
2.5% copper
0.5% antimony
Ductile and
malleable, white
silvery appearance
.Making of
ornaments,
souvenirs and
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
15/24
mugs
Duralumin
95% aluminium
4% copper
1%magnesium
Light, strong and
durable
I.Making part of
aircrafts and
racing cars
Cupronickel
75%copper
25%nickel
Attractive, silvery
appearance, hard
and tough
I.Making of silver
coins
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
16/24
Polymers
- The meaning of polymers
Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogether repeatedly are called polymer.
The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are callermonomer.
The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chainpolymer is called polymerisation.
Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer arefound in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,protein and rubber.
Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additionalpolymerisation.
Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation.
Natural polymers and synthetic polymers
Natural polymers
Naturally occurring polymers exist in plants or animals Examples of naturally occurring polymers are Protein : in muscles , skin , silk , hair , wool and fur Carbohydrate : in starch and cellulose Natural rubber : in latex
Protein is formed by the polymerization of monomers known as amino acid . Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose consist of monomers known as
glucose joined together chemically . Natural rubber found in latex consists of monomers known as isoprene ( 2
methylbuta 1 , 3 diene ) joined together chemicaly
Synthetic polymers
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
17/24
Synthetic polymers are polymers made in the industry from chemical substances
. Through scientific research , scientists are able to copy the structures of natural
polymers to produce synthetic polymers .
Many of the raw materials for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum ,after the refining and cracking processes . The types of synthetic polymers include
- Plastics- Fibres- Elastomers
1. Plastics
Thermoplastic is a polymer which , when subjected to heat , becomes soft sothey can moulded into various shapes .
The properties of plastics are light , strong inert to to chemicals such as acidand alkali and are insulators of elelctricity and heat .
Examples of plastics are polythene (polyethylene) polyvinylchloride (PVC) ,polypropene (polypropylene) , polystyrene , Perspex and Bakelite .
2. Synthethic fibres
Synthetic fibres are long chained polymers that withstand stretching . Examples of synthetic fibres are nylon and terylene Nylon is used to make ropes , fishing lines , stocking , clothing and
parachutes . Terylene is used to make clothing , sleeping bags and fishing nets . clothes
made from Terylene do not crease easily .
3. Elastomer An elastomer is a polymer that can regain its original shape after being
stretched or pressed Both natural rubber and synthetic rubber are examples of elastomers . Examples of synthetic rubbers are neoprene and styrene butadiene rubber
(SBR) SBR is used to make car tyres .
There two types of polymerization processes :
Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization
Plastics such as polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization , whereassynthetic fibres such as nylon and terylene are made by condensation polymerization .
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
18/24
The uses of synthetic polymers in every day life
1. Synthetic polymers have been used widely to replace natural materials such asmetals, wood , cotton , animal skin and natural rubber because of the followingadvantages :
Strong and light Cheap Able to resist corrosion Inert to chemical reactions Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured Can be made to have special properties according to specific needs
2. The use of synthetic polymers , however results in environmental pollutionproblems
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
19/24
Glass and ceramics
- The meaning of glass and ceramic
Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Manyproducts are made from glass because of its specials properties.
Glass is:
Transparent, hard but brittle. A heat and electric insulator. Resistant to corrosion. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack. Easy to maintain.
The main component of both glass and ceramics si silica or silicon dioxide .
Ceramics
Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolinto a vary high temperature.
Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful
materials in our everyday life. That:
Are hard, strong but brittle Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature Are heat and electric instrument Are resistant to corrosion and wear Are chemically not reactive Do not readily deform under stress
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
20/24
The types , compositions , properties and uses of glass
Type of glass Composition Properties Uses
Fused glass SiO2: 100%
I.Transparent
.High melting point
.Good heat
insulator
.Lens
.Telescope mirrors
.Laboratory
apparatus
Soda-lime glass SiO2: 75%
Na2O:15%
CaO:9%
Other:1%
.Low melting point,
easily molded
into desired
shape and size
.Low resistant to
chemical attacks
I.Brittle
.Drinking glass,
bottles
.Electric bulbs
.Window glass
Borosilicate glass
SiO2:78%
B2O3: 12%
Na2O: 5%
CaO: 3%
Al2O3:2%
.Resistant chemical
attack and
durable
.High melting point
.Good insulator
.Cooking utensils
.Laboratory
glassware such
as conical flaks
and boiling tube
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
21/24
Lead crystal glass
(flint glass)
SiO2: 70%
Pbo/PbO2:20%
Na2O: 10%
.High refractive
index
.High density
I.Attractive glittering
appearance
.Lenses and prisms
.Decorative
glassware and art
object
.Imation jewellery
The properties and uses of ceramics
Hard and strong
- Building materials : bricks , tiles and cement
Long lasting and non corrosive
- Materials for decorative items : plates, bowls , cooking utensils , porcelain and
vases
Electrical insulators- To make electrical insulating parts : insulators in toasters and irons , spark
plugs in car engines
Inert and hard
- In surgical and dental apparatus : artificial hands , legs and teeth
Semiconductor type of ceramics
- As microchips : to make microchips in computers , radios and television
The differences in properties between glass and ceramics
Glass Ceramics
Transparent Opaque
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
22/24
Softens when heated High melting point , hence retains shape on heating
Impermeable Usually porous except when glazed
Composite materials
- The meaning of composite materials
A composite material is a structural material formed by combining two or morematerials with different physical properties , producing a complex mixture
The composite material produced will have different properties far more superior to
the original materials
In the making of composites , substances (known as components) are combined to
form new types of materials that can overcome the limitations of the original
materials .
Most of the composite materials are comprised of two phases : a continuous phase (
also known as the base) and the dispersed phase (also known as the matrix)
Composite materials are harder , stronger , lighter (low density) , more resistant to
heat and corrosion and also made for specific purposes .
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
23/24
The example of composite materials, their components and uses
Reinforces concrete
Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. Itis more important construction materials.
The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.
Superconductor
Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% ofthe electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at aparticular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.
One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h).
Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internetcommunication.
Fibre optic
Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave. Fibre optic is used in
Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cables. Domestic cable television network Closed circuit television security system.
Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument whichenable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.
7/31/2019 Folio Chem Haziq Zul
24/24
Fibre glass
Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto arefractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and waterbut is brittle.
When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforcesplastic is formed.
Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. Itis
- Extremely strong
- Light weigh- Resistant to fire and water- Can be molded, shaped and twisted
Photochromic glass
When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and asmall amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,photochromic glass is formed.
The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed tostrong sunlight or ultraviolet.
Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.
References
- Oxford fajar success chemistry SPM
- Form 4 chemistry textbook