Flashcard 1Flashcard 1
Three types of RNA and their
function.
mRNA – makes “copy” of DNA/gene and takes to ribosome (transcription)
rRNA – makes up the ribosome
tRNA – brings an amino acid to the ribosome, anticodon pairs with mRNA codon (translation)
Flashcard 2Flashcard 2
If DNA is…. CGAAGCATT
What would be…. Complementary
DNA mRNA
DNA – A, T, C, G
RNA – A, U, C, G
COMPLEMENTARY DNA (orig.) CGA AGC ATT (new) GCT TCG TAA
COMPLEMENTARY mRNA
(DNA) CGA AGC ATT
(mRNA) GCU UCG UAA
Flashcard 3Flashcard 3
Function of … Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis
Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration
Ribosome – site of protein synthesis
** Site means location!**
Flashcard 4Flashcard 4
Organic Molecules are polymers, examples include:
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
Made of Examples C: Monosaccharide Sugar,
starch
P: Amino acids Meat,
enzymes
L: Fatty acids and fats, oil, glycerol phosopholipids
N.A.: Nucleotides DNA and RNA
Flashcard 5Flashcard 5
Function of the Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable (regulates materials coming in/out of the cell)
Gives cytoplasm a boundary / shape
HOMEOSTASIS (maintaining a constant internal environment)
Flashcard 6Flashcard 6
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cells – have cell walls, chloroplasts, large vacuoles
Animal Cells – have Centrioles (used for cell division)
*BOTH ARE EUKARYOTIC! (have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus)
Flashcard 7Flashcard 7
OSMOSIS
The cell will lose water!!!!
Cells lose water in saltier environments
because of osmosis!!
The cell have more water and less solute!
Osmosis – diffusion of water (water moving high to low)
5% NaCl95% water
9% NaCl91% water
Flashcard 8Flashcard 8
FunctionsOf Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins
“Lock and Key”
Acts as a “catalyst” (speed up reactions)
Lowers activation energy
Works best at “Optimum” conditions! (this is different for each enzyme)
Heat, pH can denature an enzyme
Flashcard 9Flashcard 9
PhotosynthesisAnd Cellular
Respiration
*Opposites of each other*
Photosynthesis Converts sunlight into
chemical energy CO2 + H20 + light
glucose + O2Respiration Converts sugars into cell
energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + O2 H2O
+ CO2 + ATP Used by ALL
ORGANISMS!!
Flashcard 10Flashcard 10
What is a gene? Found on a chromosome
Section of DNA
Code to make a protein
Controls traits!
Flashcard 11Flashcard 11
MitosisVs. Meiosis
Mitosis (I-PMAT-C) Makes identical copy of
cell Produces 2 daughter cells Used by somatic body
cellsMeiosis Reduces chromosome
number by half Produces 4 daughter cells Makes haploid gametes Gametes = sex cells Crossing - Over
Flashcard 12Flashcard 12
Recombinant DNA
also called
Genetic Engineering
How we make insulin for diabetics
GMO = genetically modified organism
DNA from two different species!
Plasmid Human gene
cleave
splice together
Gene+plasmid
Recombinant DNA
Flashcard 13Flashcard 13
What happens in Protein Synthesis
Every three letters (codon) codes for 1 amino acid.
Making our bracelets!
DNA
transcription (mRNA)
translation (mRNA to
protein)
protein made
causes trait
Flashcard 14Flashcard 14
Gametes
Sperm and eggs
Made by meiosis
Sex cells Haploid (contains
only one copy of each chromosome/half of diploid)
Fuse together in fertilization
Flashcard 15Flashcard 15
Karyotype
Picture of chromosomes (should have a total of 46 (23 pairs)
Shows chromosomal abnormalities (Ex. Down’s Syndrome = Trisomy 21)
Down syndrome is caused by NONDISJUNCTION
Usually follows an amniocentesis
Flashcard 16Flashcard 16
AsexualVs. Sexual
Reproduction
Sexual is better – more diversity!!!!
Asexual = one parent; makes IDENTICAL COPY!!
(budding, binary fission, regeneration)
Sexual = Two parents; genetic diversity; uses gametes (egg and sperm)
Flashcard 17Flashcard 17
Three Genotypes
Homozygous Dominant (AA)
Heterozygous (Aa)
Homozygous recessive (aa)
* Recessive phenotype
Dom
inant
Phenoty
pe
Flashcard 18Flashcard 18
Paths of Inheritance
(be able to do punnett squares)
Dominant = one allele dominant
Recessive = allele “hidden” by dominant
Codominance= both alleles equal, both show up!
Incomplete or Intermediate Dominance = Neither allele dominant, blending together (red and white make pink)
Sex-linked = on X chromosome, no male carriers
Flashcard 19Flashcard 19
Gel Electrophoresis Separates DNA by size (smallest goes farthest)
Identifies paternity and criminals
Flashcard 20Flashcard 20
Viruses
Made of DNA or RNA surrounded by a
protein coat
CAN NOT be killed by anitbiotics!
Not living because they cannot reproduce outside a living organism (must have a host)
Two reproductive cycles Lytic – fast, destroys cell Lysogenic – slower, viral
genetic material hides in cell
Flashcard 21Flashcard 21 Plants, Flowers
And Seeds
Plants:Nonvascular – no
xylem or phloem – ex. Moss
Vascular – has xylem and phloem
Gymnosperms – cones (conifers)
Angiosperms – flowers and fruits
Vascular plants have vessels, non-vascular(moss) do not
Xylem- water up the plant Phloem- food(sugar) down Flowers – reproductive
organ of angiosperm plants Male part = stamen/pollen Female part = carpel or pistil
(produce egg) Pollination = transfer of pollen
Seed = plant embryo + stored food (endosperm). Surrounded by fruit (forms ovary of plant.)
Flashcard 22Flashcard 22
Food Web D Secondary
consumers E C Primary Consumers O M Producers P *Arrows follow transfer for energy O S *Producers have most energy E R *Energy is lost as it move up S (10%rule)
Flashcard 23Flashcard 23
Parts of the Cell
Nucleus – control centerRibosome – makes proteinLysosome – digestive enzymesVacuole – storageRough ER – modifies proteinSmooth ER – detoxifies alcoholGolgi – packages and shipsCell membrane – controls what enters and leavesMitochondria – makes ATP
cellular respiration
Flashcard 24Flashcard 24
Taxonomic Levels:From most
general/inclusive to most specific/related
Scientific names:
Acer rubrum - red maple (genus – species)
Lynx rufus - bobcat
Domain (general / most number of species
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Scientific
name Species * Most specific/ may
interbreed
Flashcard 25Flashcard 25
Bacteria Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles) unicellular
Important for: decomposers, for Nitrogen cycle, for gene research
(recombinant DNA with plasmids)
First cells to evolve (prokaryotic and anaerobic)
Flashcard 26Flashcard 26
Evidence for Evolution
DNA similarity is the best evidence that organisms have a
COMMON ANCESTOR
Biochemical analysis (DNA, amino acids, proteins)
Fossil record Anatomy (if similar
bone arrangement = homologous
Development / embryology
* More in common = more related*
Flashcard 27Flashcard 27
Natural Selection (Darwin)
ADAPTATION – an inherited trait that helps an organism survive – they are born with it!!!!!
Variation in populations
Overpopulation of offspring
Competition for survival/mates
Survival/reproduction of best adapted / fittest.
Flashcard 28Flashcard 28
Levels of Organization in the BIOSPHERE
Biotic – anything living
Abiotic – non living factors – temp., soil, sun
Biosphere (all of life on earth)
Biome (ex. Desert, grassland)
Ecosystem (all abiotic and biotic factors)
Community (only biotic/living)
Population (members of one species)
Niche (total way of life for organism, its job)
Flashcard 29Flashcard 29
Life Processes
Every living thing does these!
Synthesis – to make (ex. protein synthesis)
Transport – to move (ex. osmosis)
Excretion – getting rid of wastes
Respiration – to make ATP from sugar (aerobic or anaerobic)
Nutrition – food getting (producer or consumer)
Growth and Development Reproduction – to make
more cells or organisms (mitosis/asexual or sexual)
Regulation – to maintain homoestasis
Flashcard 30Flashcard 30
Innate Behaviors
Inborn and genetic
Genetic and Inborn Automatic (reflex and
instinct) Courtship - mating Territoriality Aggression Dominance hierarchy Biological rhythms
(migration, clocks) Some communication
(need to sing in birds)
Flashcard 31Flashcard 31
Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Two species “living together” permanently
Mutualism (+ ,+) both benefit
Commensalism (+, 0) one isn’t helped or harmed
Parasitism (+, -) One is harmed
Flashcard 32Flashcard 32
Biomagnification
DDT in our bald eagles
Mercury in our fish
Pesticides and contaminants “move up the food chain”
Chemical contaminants are stored and magnified in organisms higher up the food chain because predators accumulate pesticides in the bodies of their prey.
Flashcard 33Flashcard 33
Learned Behaviors Change with experience and practice.
Classical conditioning (learning by association)
Operant conditioning (trial and error learning)
Insight / reasoning Language
Flashcard 34Flashcard 34
Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle - Respiration
releases carbon as CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Photosynthesis removes carbon and makes sugar (C6H12O6)
Human Impact Burning Fossil fuels
releases CO2 Deforestation
increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
Flashcard 35Flashcard 35
Environmental Problems
Overpopulation – cause of all environmental problems
Global warming – too much CO2 in atmosphere increases average global temperature ->flooding, climate change
Ozone depletion – CFC’s destroy ozone layer -> increase UV radiation exposure -> increases cancer and crop damage
Flashcard 36Flashcard 36
Behaviors as Adaptations
Instinctive behaviors improve survival rates.
Protective behaviors (spray, teeth bared) turn predators away and defends resources
Parental behaviors (advanced in birds and mammals) increase survival of young.
Communication and courtship allow mate recognition