1Final Presentation
Stephanie Moran, Ryan Rosario, Zachary Stauber, Bethany Tomerlin, Juan Carlos Ybarra
2Goals Achieved
1. Inexpensive
2. High Elongation (>10%)
3. Precision (Error <6%)
3There is a minimum concentration of carbon black required for conductivity.
4Conduction in the composite cannot be explained by tunneling, but can be modeled by Mean Field Theory.
e-e-
4nm
5As the sample elongates, the distance between nearby carbon black particles changes.
6Particle movement affected by the viscoelastic properties of the polymer.
Viscoelastic Model
7Carbon black fillers significantly affect the microstructure of the polymer
Sticky Hard Layer
Glassy Hard Layer
Carbon Black
8Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
15-25 % Carbon Black
9Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
15-25 % Carbon Black
10Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
15-25 % Carbon Black
11Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
Calender
15-25 % Carbon Black
12Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
Calender
20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black
13Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
Calendar
20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black
14Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
Calender
20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black
15Steps to our Final Fabrication Process
Calender
-1hr Monomer-20 Minutes with Monomer and Cross Linking Agent
20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black
16High Shear Seen With Dispersion Blade
17Large Agglomerates Still Seen in Samples with Dispersion Blade
18Characterization of voids using confocal microscopy
Mixed, calendered, and vacuumed Only mixed
19Four-point resistance measurements eliminate errors due to changing contact resistance.
VoltageCurrent
20An automatic data acquisition setup allows for a faster sample rate.
Multimeter
Multimeter
Elongation Voltage Output
Resistance Output
21Cycling of 20% KetJen Sample
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500.00E+00
5.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
2.00E+05
2.50E+05
3.00E+05
3.50E+05
4.00E+05
4.50E+05
5.00E+05
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Resistance and Extension vs Time
ResistanceExtension
Time (seconds)
Resis
tanc
e (O
hm)
Exte
nsio
n (in
./in
.)
22Hysteresis of 20% KetJen Sample
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250.00E+00
5.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
2.00E+05
2.50E+05
3.00E+05
3.50E+05
4.00E+05
Resistance vs Extension
Cycle 4Cycle 5Cycle 6Cycle 7Cycle 8Cycle 9Cycle 10Cycle 11Cycle 12
Extension (in./in.)
Resis
tanc
e (O
hm)
23Equation used to program Arduino
1.50E+05 2.00E+05 2.50E+05 3.00E+05 3.50E+05 4.00E+050.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
f(x) = 9.39371295481504E-07 x − 0.159460016463656R² = 0.985043935797212
Resistance vs Extension
Cycle 12Linear (Cycle 12)
Resistance (Ohm)
Exte
nsio
n (in
./in
.)
Minimum Goals for Strain Sensor Prototype
Minimum Requirements:MC
Text Output: Strain vs. Resistance
Sensor
1. Characterize sample
2. Create Equation For Samples
3. Calibrate sensor for final design.
Circuit for Strain Measurement Prototype
Microcontroller
MultiplexerAmplifier
Glove for Final Design
Final Design:
MC
Arduino
Output:Dynamic Graphical Representation of Strain vs. Resistance
Multiplexer Amp
Bread Board
Structure of Carbon Black Filled Rubber Composites
MultiplexerAmplifier
Yoshihide Fukahori. Current Topics In Elastomer Research (2008).
Sticky Hard (SH)
Glassy Hard (GH)
Carbon Black
Matrix Cross-LinkedRubber
Super-Network Under Strain
MultiplexerAmplifier
Yoshihide Fukahori
Carbon Black Affects Curing Time
MultiplexerAmplifier
Microstructure and Time Dependence of Conductivity
MultiplexerAmplifier
Observed a decrease in conductivity over time for some samples.
Crosslinking proceeds over time.
Tests for future work:
• Rheometry• Mechanical Testing• Time-dependent environmental effects• NMR• FTIR
31Our System can Complement Traditional MoCap Systems
32Our System can Provide Joint Motion Feed Back LoopsOccupational Therapy
Sports Therapy
Ergonomic Training and Monitoring
33Cost Analysis of the Sensor
Ketjen Carbon Black $25.07 Per Pound
Polyurethane Rubber $5. 38 pound (retail) Assume a standard markup of 100 % = $2.69
pound
.016 pounds carbon black + .43 pounds rubber=25 Sense-on Sensors
Materials Cost of sensors is 6 to 12 cents
Off the Shelf Electronics ( resistors, leads) << $1
34Cost Propagation using an Analogous Industry
http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic32621cote.html
35We would Like to Thank…
-Mike and Matt-David Bono-Forest Lau -3.042 Staff
36Any Questions?
37Complete Circuit Design
MC
Normalization of Data
39Bubble Removal with Vacuum
Before Vacuuming
40Bubble Removal with Vacuum
Before Vacuuming During Vacuuming
41Bubble Removal with Vacuum
Before Vacuuming During Vacuuming After Vacuuming
42Comparisons of Processing Techniques
43Comparisons of Processing Techniques
ExtraVolume percent and particle size calculations
Using Ketjen Carbon Black
Surface area: 1400 m^2/gr ≈ 2nm assuming randomly oriented
hemi-spherical particles
Density of graphite ≈ 2.15 g/cm^34.5 g CB / 0.85 cups polymer ≈ 1.04 vol.-%
≈ 5 area-%
45Failure vs. Hole Radius Size
46Increase in Bubble Size Under Vacuum
Porosity Characterization of Carbon Filled Elastomers
MCVoids Seen Under Confocal Microscope
10X 200X
MC
Dispersion Kneader