“Wireless AMR system using ZigBee technology”
By
Sarang D. PatilUnder the Guidance of Prof. S. N. Pawar
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Topics to be covered
• Problem statement• AMR system• AMR system structure & types• Brief introduction to ZigBee technology & 802.15.4
standard• ZigBee architecture• ZigBee devices overview• System block diagram & Ckt. Diagrams• Flowcharts for server client & microcontroller• Demo of the system
Problem statement
• Present energy measurement system is
error prone & highly inaccurate.
• Errors gets introduced in every stage of
measurement• Present system is also not environment
friendly• Electromechanical meters can easily get
manipulated
AMR system
• AMR system provides solution to all above problems
• It is a technology which collects consumption, diagnostic & status data from metering devices & transfers that data to central system for billing or analysis
• Two types of AMR system– Wired AMR system
• Based on RS485 BUS
– Wireless AMR system• GSM based• ZigBee based
Requirements of AMR system
• Low Power consumption• Large no of devices in Single network• Ability to add or remove devices• Range of the devices• Free to use technology• All these requirements are fulfilled by
ZigBee
Structure of wireless AMR system
Why ZigBee only ??
• Low Power consumption• Ability of device to stay sleep• Ability to add or remove devices• Ability to mesh network• Large battery life(approximately 2 years &
above)• Device range up to 100 meters• Free to use
What is ZigBee?
•ZigBee is wireless networking technology.
•It is based on IEEE802.15.4 standard.
•ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power
consumption, wireless networking protocol targeted
towards automation and remote control applications.
•Developed by ZigBee Alliance.
IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• Simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless
networks(up to 250Kbps)
• Specifies the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access
Control (MAC) layers for Multiple Radio Frequency (RF)
bands(868MHz, 915MHz, & 2.4GHz).
• It is designed to provide reliable data transmission up to
100 meters or more
• ZigBee technology takes full Advantage of this standard
802.15.4/ZigBee Architecture
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
• Packet generation• Packet reception• Data transparency• Power Management
• Channel acquisition• Contention mgt• NIC address• Error Correction
Application
ZigBee• Application Support Sub Layer• Network Layer
ZigBee Architecture (contd..)
• PHY layer and MAC layer are defined by IEEE 802.15.4
• Physical layer concerns with interface with physical
medium(radio)
• It exchanges data bit with physical medium
• Also with MAC layer
• MAC layer is responsible for addressing of data
• For outgoing data it determines destination address of
data
• For incoming it tracks from where data is coming
ZigBee Architecture (contd..)
• Network layer(NWK) handle network addressing and routing its functions are:• Starting network• Assigning network address• Adding devices to and removing devices from network• Routing messages to their intended destinations• Applying security to outgoing messages
• Application support sub layer(APS) is responsible for communication with relevant application.
ZigBee Channel Allocation
• 868MHz / 915MHz • PHY
• 2405MHz
• 868.3 MHz
• Channel 0 • Channels 1-10
• Channels 11-26
• 928 MHz• 902 MHz
• 5 MHz
• 2 MHz
• 2.4 GHz
• PHY
2475MHz
ZigBee Devices
• ZigBee network has 3 types of devices– ZigBee Coordinator(ZC)
• Backbone of entire network• Act as Bridge between 2 networks
– ZigBee Router(ZR)• Optional network component• Participates in multi hop routing of packets
– ZigBee End Device(ZED)• can communicate only with coordinator• Does not participate in routing
ZigBee topologies
Wireless AMR system block Diagram
ZigBeeReceiver
Zigbeereceive
r
ZigBee to TCP/IP
conversionSERVER
Digital meter 1
Digital meter 2
Microcontroller (reading converter)
ZigBee transmitter
Microcontroller (reading converter)
ZigBee transmitter
• Digital meter counts units consumed in the form of pulses
• these pulses are given to microcontroller.• Microcontroller gives this data to Zigbee module.• Zigbee module transmit it in 2.4 GHz band.• Zigbee receiver receives it.• This data packets are converted into TCP/IP packets
through PC• All these data packets are collected at server and
added user’s account.
Block Diagram explanation
Transmitter section
• Digital meter is connected to microcontroller pin RA0.• Digital meter gives reading in the form of pulses.• These pulses are counted in microcontroller PIC16F77 and
appropriate reading is generated.• Microcontroller sends this data to Zigbee module ZMN2405HPC
serially.• Zigbee module is connected to microcontroller through pin RB1 &
RB2.• External flash ROM ST2404is connected to microcontroller at RD0
& RD1 to store data. • LCD display is connected to display process performed by
microcontroller.• LCD operates on 4bit data mode.• To supply power to this circuit 5V DC power supply is designed
separately.
Explanation of Transmitter Circuit
Receiver section
System’s main components
• LM 7805
• MAX-232
• ZMN2405
• PIC16F77
Features of PIC16F77
Operating Frequency DC - 20 MHzRESETS POR, BOR FLASH Program Memory (14-bit words)
8K
Data Memory (bytes) 368Interrupts 12I/O Ports Ports A,B,C,D,ETimers 3Capture/Compare/PWM Modules 2Serial Communications SSP, USART8-bit Analog-to-Digital Module 8 Input ChannelInstruction Set 35 InstructionsPackaging 40-pin PDIP
Features of ZMN2405Operating Frequency Range 2405 to 2475 MHzOperating Frequency Tolerance -300 to 300 kHzSpread Spectrum Method Direct SequenceModulation Type O-QPSKNumber of RF Channels 15RF Data Transmission Rate 250 kb/sSymbol Rate Tolerance 120 ppmRF Channel Spacing 5 MHzUpper Adjacent Channel Rejection, +5 MHz 41 dBLower Adjacent Channel Rejection, -5 MHz 30 dBMaximum RF Transmit Power 17 dBmOptimum Antenna Impedance 50 Ω
START
CREATE SERVER SOCKET
IS LOG FILE IS CREATED
CREATE LOG. TXT FILE
C
IS COMM PORT IS CONNECTED STOP
GIVE IP ADDRESS OF SERVER
IS CONNECTION IS ESTABLISHED
START
CREATE SERVER SOCKET
IS LOG FILE IS CREATED
CREATE LOG. TXT FILE
SWITCH TO TCP SERVER LISTEN MODE
CREATE NEW SOCKET CONNECTION
IS CONNECTION IS ESTABLISHED
GET DATA FROM CLIENT
AB
C
SEND IP ADDRESS TO SERVER
SEND DATA TO SERVER
IS SWITCH IS PRESSED
UPDATE DATALOG FILE
SEND DATA TO SERVER
IS STOP BUTTON IS PRESSED
CLOSE CONNECTION
STOP
A
IS CLOSE BUTTON IS PRESSED
TERMINATE ALL CONNECTIONS
CLOSE SERVER
STOP
B
Experimental results of the system
Coverage performance
Power consumption of the system
• Power consumption of only coordinator has been measured
• It is always in sleep mode
• It remain active only for 100mS for reception of data
power consumption
In active mode:
33 mA x 100ms / (60 x 60 x 1000)
= 0.0091 µAH
In sleep mode
3µA x 30 minutes/60
= 1.5 µAHstate Voltage current
active 5V 33mA
Sleep 5V 3µA
Publications• IJECET(impact factor 3.5930(calculated
by GISI)) (ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- September (2012), pp. 107-115
• IJERT (ISSN: 2278-0181) (Vol. 1 Issue 4, June – 2012)
• IJ-CA-ETS(ISSN: 0974-3596 ) ( APRIL 2012- SEPTEMBER 2012 | Volume 4 : Issue 2)
Interactive session
Thank you