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Facts about common stockFacts about common stock
Represents ownership Ownership implies control Stockholders elect directors Directors elect management Management’s goal: Maximize the stock
price
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Intrinsic Value and Stock PriceIntrinsic Value and Stock Price Outside investors, corporate insiders, and analysts use a variety of
approaches to estimate a stock’s intrinsic value (P0). In equilibrium we assume that a stock’s price equals its intrinsic
value.- Outsiders estimate intrinsic value to help determine which
stocks are attractive to buy and/or sell.
- Stocks with a price below its intrinsic value are undervalued Buy or Sell?
- Stocks with a price above its intrinsic value are overvaluedBuy or Sell?
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Dividend growth modelDividend growth model Value of a stock is the present value of the future dividends
expected to be generated by the stock. r s is the required rate of return (think the one from CAPM)
)r(1
D ...
)r(1
D
)r(1
D
)r(1
D P
s3
s
32
s
21
s
10
^
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Constant growth stockConstant growth stock A stock whose dividends are expected to grow forever at a
constant rate, g.
D1 = D0 (1+g)1
D2 = D0 (1+g)2
Dt = D0 (1+g)t
If g is constant, the dividend growth formula converges to:
g -r
D
g -r
g)(1D P
s
1
s
00
^
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What happens if g > rWhat happens if g > rss??
If g > rs, the constant growth formula leads to a negative stock price, which does not make sense.
The constant growth model can only be used if:- rs > g
- g is expected to be constant forever
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If rIf rRFRF = 7%, r = 7%, rMM = 12%, and = 12%, and ββ = 1.2, what is = 1.2, what is the required rate of return on the firm’s the required rate of return on the firm’s
stock?stock?
Use the SML to calculate the required rate of return (rs):
rs = rRF + (rM – rRF)β
= 7% + (12% - 7%)1.2
= 13%
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If DIf D00 = $2 and g is a constant 6%, = $2 and g is a constant 6%, What is What is the stock’s market value?the stock’s market value?
Using the constant growth model:
$30.29
0.07
$2.12
0.06 - 0.13
$2.12
g - r
D P
s
10
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What is the expected dividend yield, capital What is the expected dividend yield, capital gains yield, and total return during the first gains yield, and total return during the first
year?year?
Dividend yield= D1 / P0 = $2.12 / $30.29 = 7.0%
Capital gains yield= (P1 – P0) / P0 = ($32.10 - $30.29) / $30.29 = 6.0%
Total return (rs)= Dividend Yield + Capital Gains Yield
= 7.0% + 6.0% = 13.0%
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What would the expected price today What would the expected price today be, if g = 0?be, if g = 0?
The dividend stream would be a perpetuity.
$15.38 0.13
$2.00
r
PMT P
^
0
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Supernormal growth:Supernormal growth:What if g = 30% for 3 years before What if g = 30% for 3 years before achieving long-run growth of 6%?achieving long-run growth of 6%?
Can no longer use just the constant growth model to find stock value.
However, the growth does become constant after 3 years.
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Valuing common stock with Valuing common stock with nonconstant growthnonconstant growth
rs = 13%
g = 30% g = 30% g = 30% g = 6%
P 0.06
$66.543
4.658
0.13
2.6/(1+0.13) = 2.301
2.647
3.045
66.54/(1+0.13)^3 = 46.114
54.107 = P0
^
0 1 2 3 4
D0 = 2.00 2.6 3.380 4.394
...
4.658
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Calculations:
D1 = D0*(1+g1)= 2x(1+0.3)= 2.6D2 = D1*(1+g1)= 2.6x(1+0.3)= 3.38D3 = D2*(1+g1)= 3.38x(1+0.3)= 4.394
D4 = D3*(1+g2)= 4.394x(1+0.06) = 4.658
Present Value of D1= 2.6/(1+0.13) = 2.301Present Value of D2= 3.38/(1+0.13)^2 = 2.647Present Value of D3= 4.394/(1+0.13)^3 = 3.045
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Exam type questionExam type questionThe last dividend paid by Klein Company was $1.00. Klein’s growth rate is expected to be a constant 5 percent for 2 years, after which dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 10 percent forever. Klein’s required rate of return on equity (rs) is 12 percent. What is the current price of Klein’s common stock? a. $21.00b. $33.33c. $42.25d. $50.16 *
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Corporate value modelCorporate value model Also called the free cash flow method. Suggests the value of the entire firm
equals the present value of the firm’s free cash flows. FCF = NOPAT – Net capital investment
1. Find the market value (MV) of the firm.- Find PV of firm’s future FCFs
2. Subtract MV of firm’s debt and preferred stock to get MV of common stock.- MV of = MV of – MV of debt and
common stock firm preferred3. Divide MV of common stock by the number of shares outstanding to get
intrinsic stock price (value).
- P0 = MV of common stock / # of shares
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Issues regarding the corporate Issues regarding the corporate value modelvalue model
Often preferred to the dividend growth model, especially when considering number of firms that don’t pay dividends or when dividends are hard to forecast.
Similar to dividend growth model, assumes at some point free cash flow will grow at a constant rate.
Terminal value (TVn) represents value of firm at the point that growth becomes constant.
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Given the long-run gGiven the long-run gFCFFCF = 6%, and WACC = 6%, and WACC of 10%, use the corporate value model to of 10%, use the corporate value model to
find the firm’s intrinsic value.find the firm’s intrinsic value.
g = 6%
r = 10%
21.20
0 1 2 3 4
-5 10 20
...
416.942
-4.5458.264
15.026398.197
21.20
530 = = TV30.10 0.06-
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Calculations:Present Value of CF1= -5/(1+0.1) = -4.545Present Value of CF2= 10/(1+0.1)^2 = 8.264Present Value of CF3= 20/(1+0.1)^3 = 15.026
CF 4= CF3*(1+g)=20*(1+0.06)= 21.2
Present Value of Terminal Value in 3 years (at time 3)= = 530/(1+0.1)^3 = 388.197
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If the firm has $40 million in debt and has 10 If the firm has $40 million in debt and has 10 million shares of stock, what is the firm’s million shares of stock, what is the firm’s
intrinsic value per share?intrinsic value per share?
MV of equity = MV of firm – MV of debt
= $416.94m - $40m
= $376.94 million Value per share = MV of equity / # of shares
= $376.94m / 10m
= $37.69
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Exam type questionExam type questionAn analyst is trying to estimate the intrinsic value of the stock of Harkleroad Technologies. The analyst estimates that Harkleroad’s free cash flow during the next year will be $25 million. The analyst also estimates that the company’s free cash flow will increase at a constant rate of 7 percent a year and that the company’s cost of capital is 10 percent. Harkleroad has $200 million of long-term debt, and 30 million outstanding shares of common stock. What is the estimated per-share price of Harkleroad Technologies’ common stock?a. $ 1.67b. $ 5.24c. $18.37d. $21.11 *
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Exam type questionExam type question
Which of the following statements is most correct?a. If a company has two classes of common stock, Class A and
Class B, the stocks may pay different dividends, but the two classes must have the same voting rights.
b. An IPO occurs whenever a company buys back its stock on the open market.c. The preemptive right is a provision in the corporate charter that gives
common stockholders the right to purchase (on a pro rata basis) new issues of common stock. *
d. Statements a and b are correct.
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Learning objectivesLearning objectives Read from the text the following topics: control of the firm; types of common
stock; The market for common stock Know how to apply the dividend growth model, constant and non-constant
growth Know how to calculate total return, dividend yield and capital gains Know how to use corporate value model to value common stock Recommended end-of-chapter problems: ST-1, Questions 9-3, 9-4;
Problems 9-1 to 9-5, 9-11,9-1 to 9-17