Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep sea halocline
Steep haloclines drive prokaryote distribution in Mediterranean deeps
Prokaryote stratification along a three meter halocline in an Eastern Mediterranean
deep
Daniele Daffonchio1, Sara Borin1, Tullio Brusa1, Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen2, Henk Bolhuis2,
Giuseppe D’auria3, Michail Yakimov3, Laura Giuliano3, Christian Tamburini4, Danielle Marty4,
Terry McGenity5, Andrea Sass5, Kenneth N. Timmis5, Gert J. de Lange6, Andreas Huebner6,
Francesco Gasparoni7, Hans Gerber8, Elisa Malinverno9, Cesare Corselli9 & Biodeep Scientific
Party
1CoNISMa, Ulr Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSTAM, 20133 Milan, Italy
2Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, CEES, University of Groningen, PO box 14, 9750 AA Haren,
The Netherlands
3Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, CNR, 98122 Messina, Italy
4LMGEM, UMR 6117 CNRS Université de la Mediterranée, Marseille, France
5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
6Faculty of Geosciences, Geochemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
7Tecnomare S.p.A., ENI group, Venice, Italy
8Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
9CoNISMa, Ulr Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, DGSG, 20126 Milan, Italy
Fig. 1. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004
b
aConductivity [mS cm-1]
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
Wa
ter
dept
h (
m)
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
c
08:
27:
06.5
08:
27:
15.8
08:
27:
50.3
08:
28:
08.2
08:
28:
17.6
08:
28:
44.4
08:
29:
19.8
08:
29:
29.5
08:
29:
38.9
08:
30:
17.7
Time of sampling (h:min:sec)
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
Wa
ter
dept
h (
m)
4
5
9
10
Fractions of Niskin bottle n°4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Co
ndu
ctiv
ity (
mS
cm
-1)
100
80
60
40
d
Fig. 2. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
40 70 100 130 160 190
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3 8 13 18 23 28
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
-80 -20 40 100 160 22040 70 100 130 160 190
Conductivity (mS cm-1)
8 13 18 23 28Salinity (% w/v NaCl)
-80 -20 40 100 160 220
Redox (mV)
3342
3320
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3341
Wa
ter
dept
h (
m)
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0,2 0,6 1 1,4 1,8 2,2
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+070.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 2.2
Turbidity (FTU)
103 104 105 106 107
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
DAPI counts (cells ml-1)
16S rRNA gene (pg ml-1)
Prokaryotes Archaea
0 6 12 18 22SRR (mol S2- l-1h-1)
0 1 2 3 4 5
MPR (mol CH4 l-1h-1)
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 200 400 600 800 1000
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 6 12 18 24
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
0 1 2 3 4 50 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
BP (ng C l-1h-1)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ATP (Rlu)
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 6 12 18 22Mn (???????)
????? (????????)
0 30 60 90 120 150
S2- (??????)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
SO42- (????)
3320
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3341
Wa
ter
dept
h (
m)
3342
a b c d
Fig. 3. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004
Fig. 4. Ms.: “Stratified prokaryote network ……” by Daffonchio et al., 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n 5
De
lta-p
rote
ote
ob
act
eri
a
Sp
hin
go
ba
cte
ria
Alfa
-pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
KB
1
Ga
mm
a-p
rote
ob
act
eri
a
Ve
rru
com
icro
bia
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n 6
OP
9
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n 8
Pla
nct
om
yce
tale
s
Fib
rob
act
er/
Aci
do
ba
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r
Act
ino
ba
cte
ria
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n 1
0
Ne
w/u
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n 1
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n3
Ep
silo
n-p
rote
ob
act
eri
a
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n 1
1
OP
11
Clo
stri
dia
Ne
w/u
nkn
ow
n A
Clo
ne
ab
un
da
nce
(%
)dd
Salinity 4.6%
Salinity 15.9%
Salinity 22.2%
Salinity 25.0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
De
sulfo
arc
ula
cea
e
De
sulfo
ba
cte
race
ae
De
sulfo
bu
lba
cea
e
De
sulfo
ha
lob
iace
ae
Ge
ob
act
era
cea
e
SA
R3
24
Clu
ste
r
Syn
tro
ph
ob
act
era
cea
e
Un
kno
wn
Clo
ne
ab
un
da
nce
(%
) dd
a b
Figure 1. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”
2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0
S O 42- (m M /L)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
salin
ity (
%)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
N H 4+
(M /L)
0 2 4 6 8N O 3
- (M /L)
0 2 4 6 8 10M n 2+ (M /L )
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
salin
ity (
%)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
N a (m M /kg )
R 2=0.999
m ost like ly interva lof M n 2+ ox idation
m ost like ly in terva l of M nO 2
reduction
continuing M nO 2
reduction
Figure 2. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”
Figure 3. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”
BA
Figure 4. Daffonchio et al., 2004 “Stratified prokariote network in …..”
B
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
New
/unk
now
n 5
Del
ta-
prot
eote
obac
teria
Sph
ingo
bact
eria
Alfa
-pr
oteo
bact
eria
KB
1
Gam
ma-
prot
eoba
cter
ia
Ver
ruco
mic
robi
a
Pla
ncto
myc
etal
es
Clo
ne a
bund
ance
(%
)dd
Salinity 4.6% Salinity 15.9% Salinity 22.2% Salinity 25.0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Des
ulfo
arcu
lace
ae
Des
ulfo
bact
erac
eae
Des
ulfo
bulb
acea
e
Des
ulfo
halo
biac
eae
Geo
bact
erac
eae
SA
R32
4 C
lust
er
Syn
trop
hoba
cter
acea
e
Unk
now
n
Clo
ne a
bund
ance
(%
) dd
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
De
sulfo
arc
ula
cea
e
De
sulfo
ba
cte
race
ae
De
sulfo
bu
lba
cea
e
De
sulfo
ha
lob
iace
ae
SA
R 3
24
Clu
ste
r
Syn
tro
ph
ob
act
era
cea
e
Ge
ob
act
era
cea
e
Un
kno
wn
Clo
ne
ab
un
da
nc
e (
%)
3.9% 12.8% 14.4% 16.9% 22.4% 24.6% 28%