Kullinggade 31 · DK-5700 Svendborg · Denmark · Ph(1) +45 4059 1012 · Ph(2) +45 6168 1015
FIELD MANUAL 2012
Instructions, Standards and Procedures Covering exclusive licenses 2010/17, 2010/49, MPL 2010/18 and license applications 2012/26, 2012/27 and 2012/40
Prepared by 21st NORTH, Svendborg, 01 June 2012
________________________ ________________________ Anders Lie M.Sc. Geology Claus Østergaard M.Sc. Geology
21st NORTH 21st NORTH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL REGULATIONS
2 EQUIPMENT
2.1 Standard field equipment
2.2 Other recommended personal equipment
2.3 Housing and provision
2.4 Medicine chest
3 THE CAMP
4 COMMUNICATIONS
4.1 Operating instructions for marine VHF radios
4.2 Operation of satellite telephone
4.3 Morse code and phonetic alphabet
5 SAMPLE PROTOCOL
5.1 Sample procedure, assays and maps
5.2 Sample numbering system and labelling
5.3 Sample collection and sample size
5.4 Sample description and location
5.5 Drill Core - Transportation from drill site
5.6 Drill Core - Sampling procedure
5.7 Shipping of Drill Core to Designated Laboratory
5.8 Field measurement convention for structural data
5.9 Field test for nickel
5.10 Quality assurance QA/QC in the field
5.11 Magnetic declination
5.12 Standard colours for field maps
6 USING MOTORIZED VEHICLES
7 SAFETY IN THE FIELD
7.1 Emergency equipment
7.2 Emergency situations
7.3 Helicopter operations
7.4 Boat operations
7.5 Carbon monoxide poisoning
7.6 Hypothermia / wet-cold exposure
7.7 Frostbite
7.8 Wildlife
7.9 Guidelines on POLAR BEARS encounter
7.10 Explosives
7.11 Firearms
8 ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE IN EXPLORATION – E3
8.1 Surveys
8.2 Camp and associated facilities
8.3 Drilling, stripping and trenching
8.4 Archaeological and cultural sites
Continued on next page
Page 2 of30
9 MINERAL EXPLORATION – BEST PRACTICES
9.1 Preamble
9.2 Qualified person
9.3 Geological concept
9.4 Quality assurance/control
9.5 Exploration methods and data collection
9.6 Records & data verification
9.7 Sampling
9.8 Drilling
9.9 Sample security
9.10 Sample preparation
9.11 Analysis and testing
9.12 Interpretation
9.13 Mineral resource and mineral reserve
estimation
9.14 Environment, safety and community relations
9.15 Recommendations
9.16 Technical reporting
10 IMPORTANT CONTACT DETAILS AND INFORMATION
11 OVERVIEW MAP
Page 3 of 30
PROJECT NAME : 21st NORTH Exploration Program 2012
PROJECT MANAGER : Anders Lie & Claus Østergaard
FIELD SEASON : Year 2012
PHONE: (21st NORTH, Claus Østergaard) +45 60 61 10 15
(21st NORTH, Anders Lie) +45 40 59 10 12
(XS Greenland, office) +299 32 99 33
(XS Greenland, Rasmus Christensen) +299 53 94 33
(XS Greenland, Martin Ben Shalmi) +299 55 57 33
SAT. PHONE (I) : (21st NORTH) : The specific number will be acquired prior to the field season
SAT. PHONE (II) : (21st NORTH) : The specific number will be acquired prior to the field season
VHF CALL SIGN : 21st NORTH no. 1 to 21st NORTH no. 8
LOCATIONS : (Sinarsuk) Longitude: 49° 18’ W Latitude: 63° 22’ N
(Ikertoq) Longitude: 52° 02’ W Latitude: 66° 50’ N
(Ammassalik) Longitude: 53° 38’ W Latitude: 67° 38’ N
(Hudson Land) Longitude: 37° 48’ W Latitude: 65° 36’ N
(Eqalussuit) Longitude: 22° 21’ W Latitude: 73° 41’ N
MEDICAL OFFICER: The following have successfully completed training course as Medical Officer (PARAMEDIC) arranged
by the Danish Maritime Authorities. A 5 day intensive course designed for seafarers who are
designated to provide medical first aid on board ship in accordance with STCW 95 A-VI/4, Para. 1 and
STCW Code Section A-VI/4-1. In basic terms this qualification is aimed at those responsible for
providing first aid on vessels venturing up to 150 miles from a safe haven and so out of immediate
range of expert medical assistance.
Anders Lie / Claus Østergaard / Rasmus Christensen
Martin Ben Shalmi / Nungo Pedersen (on call 24-7)
DRONNINGS INGRIDS HOSPITAL: Emergency Treatment Officer: +299 344 949
RADIO MEDICAL: RADIO MEDICAL: +45 7545 6766
E-mail: [email protected]
Page 4 of 30
FIELD MANUAL 2012
Instructions, Standards and Procedures Covering exclusive licenses 2010/17, 2010/49, MPL 2010/18 and license applications 2012/26, 2012/27 and 2012/40
1 GENERAL REGULATIONS
This field manual is offered to all personnel who undertake
fieldwork in Greenland in relation to 21st NORTH´s Exploration
Program 2012. Please read the manual carefully, as it contains
a lot of useful information.
– HUNTING & FISHING - Personnel employed by 21st NORTH
or participating in exploration activities for 21st NORTH
are NOT allowed to hunt or fish within the concessions
during the field season (BMP regulations)
– HISTORICAL AND ARCHAELOGICAL RELICS & SITES - All
21st NORTH personnel or personnel participating in
exploration activities for 21st NORTH must respect all
historical and archaeological relics and sites. During
fieldwork, staff might encounter ancient tent rings,
settlements, graves and stone structures. It is important
not to move or remove any items. Any locality believed to
be a new discovery shall be reported to the Project
Manager. Describe and, if possible, photograph the
discovery and note its position
– 21st NORTH is subject to the “RULES FOR FIELDWORK AND
REPORTING REGARDING MINERAL RESOURCES
(EXCLUDING HYDROCARBONS) IN GREENLAND”
– 21st NORTH aims to comply with NATIONAL INSTRUMENT
43-101 developed by the Canadian Securities
Administration and E3; E3; A framework for
(envrionmental) responsible exploration
– PRIVATE SUPPLIES, e.g. tobacco and cigarettes for the
entire field season, is regarded as the individuals own
responsibility so make sure to bring adequate supplies.
– ALCOHOL POLICY - Consumption and/or possession of
alcohol will not be tolerated under any circumstances.
Anyone found to possess, consume and/or to have
possessed or to have consumed alcohol, will be
immediately expelled.
– CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES POLICY - Controlled
substances are likewise illegal and intolerable. Anyone
found to unlawfully possess or use, or to have unlawfully
possessed or used any controlled substance will be
immediately expelled.
– IF AN ACCIDENT OCCURS - All persons involved are
responsible for taking action if an accident occurs.
Depending on the situation, this may initially involve first
aid, emergency calls, and notification to the police. Later on
a short report shall be written by the Project Manager,
describing what happened, where and when it happened,
who was involved, what kind of damage occurred, and
which actions were taken. The report must also include a
description of which action was taken to prevent the
situation from ocurring again. The report is sent to 21st
NORTH´s office with all relevant appendices and will
folllowing be forwarded to the insurance company,
families, the authorities, and any other relevant parties.
Page 5 of 30
2 EQUIPMENT
2.1 Standard field equipment
21st NORTH endeavours to deliver first class, reusable field and
camp supplies, which shall be looked after and cared for.
Broken or lost equipment should be listed, and a written report
given to the Project Manager after the field season. All
equipment must be returned to the Project Manager upon
termination of field work. Mark damaged equipment clearly to
avoid the possibility of redistribution without repair.
Depending on work function, each employee or sub-contractor
to 21st NORTH is receiving field equipment according to the
following groups:
– H1: Driller, drilling assistant
– H2: Handy man, saw cutter, camp assistant
– H3: Drill/Work foreman
– H4: Project Manager/Project geologist
– H5: VIP (visitors staying in camp on short notice)
– H6: Cook, kitchen aid (personnel who stays in camp)
Basic Flight Camp Equipment 1 pax H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Elastic bandage, 6 cm x 5 m. / rl. X X X X X X
Plaster, loose X X X X X X
Compress bandage (15cm x 15cm) X X X X X X
Temgesic, tabl. 0,2 mg. (morphine tablets) / no. 10 X X X X X
Ibuprofene 200 mg X X X X X X
Emergency blanket X X
Helicopter signal mirror X X X X X
Pea whistle X X X X X X
Satellite phone, Iridium X X
Satellite phone, Iridium, subscription X X
VHF-radio, incl. Charger X X X
GPS, Garmin X X
Compass X X
Matches X X X X X
Batteries 1.5V, AA, GPS X X
Mummy liner X X X X X
Back pack X X
Sleeping bag X X X X X
Sea bag 59L X X X X X X
Mosquito oil X X X X X X
Mosquito net X X X X X X
Lightweight tarp (3x5 m) X X X
Therm-a-rest mattress X X
Field Diary, "Rite in the Rain" X X X X X
Felt-tip pen, drawing pen X X X X X
Felt-tip pen, micron 005 X X X X X
Felt-tip pen, wide marker X X X X X
Fiber pen, 777 penol X X X X X
Continued on next page
Page 6 of 30
2.2 Other recommended personal equipment
The following items are recommended to be worn or carried
for safety reasons during field work. The amount of clothes to
be included depends on the length of the field work and access
to washing machine/drier. If in doubt, ask the Project Manager
2.3 Housing and provision
21st NORTH arranges and pays for your accommodation during
the field season.
Provisions in the field consist of standard rations of canned
and frozen meals, rice, spaghetti, etc. Each ration pack is
intended to provide food for 2 persons for 6 days. Each field
camp will also be provided a “starter box” containing
detergent, soap powder, spices, ketchup, candles, alufoil,
greaseproof paper, etc. fresh supplies will be provided on each
helicopter visit.
A field camp will in some instances be supplied with fresh meat
etc. for 2-3 meals a week, with canned food for other meals.
2.4 Medicine chest
The medicine chest in each camp is based on standard
recommendations from the Greenlandic Health Department
(Danish Maritime Authorities) and comprises a so called
Medicine chest B. In addition to the standard content each
chest is supplied with assorted dressings and instruments
(bandages, scissors, tape, gazes etc.) and medicaments, which
are specifically requested by 21st NORTH. Make sure that you
read the instructions and are aware of how to use the supplied
medication and equipment in the medicine chest. If in doubt
ask your Project Manager or the designed Medical Officer.
A list of content is given below:
Basic Flight Camp Equipment 1 pax continued H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Hobby knife X X
Ball pen X X X X
BRICO safety goggles X X
Thread, roll 2mm X X
Pencil BIC atlantis X X X
Lead for pencil X X X
Geologists vest Minerox canvas X
Fold-a-cup X X
Illuminated 10x hand lens X
Tape-measure protractor 5m X X
Eraser X X
Pencil magnet X
Work gloves, size. 10, 11 (leather & rubber coated) X X
Footwear and Rain Gear
Durable leather boots w. solid sole, extra boot laces and wax
1 pair
Water- and windproof shell pants (preferably Gore Tex or alternative membrane/coating)
1 pair
Water- and windproof shell jacket (preferably Gore Tex or alternative membrane/coating)
1
Miscellaneous
Toiletries including lip balm, sun lotion, sunglasses, camera with extra batteries, passport, 1 pair of camp trousers, field hat, extra glasses, warm gloves, alarm clock and literature.
Clothing
Long underwear (shirts and tights – polyethylene or woollen inner layer)
2-3 pairs
T-shirts 2-3pairs
Underpants – short 5 pair
Warm cap or beanie 1
Durable working shirts 3 pairs
Belt 1
Working pants (durable outer layer) 2-3 pairs
Socks, liner (polyethylene) 3-5 pairs
Socks, thick woollen 3-5 pairs
Fleece or Power stretch (light but warm middle layer)
2-3 pairs
Down or fibre jacket (off-season or high altitude) 1
Page 7 of 30
PAINKILLERS (LISTED BY INCREASING STRENGTH)
ANTIBIOTICS
EYE, EAR AND NOSE TREATMENT
MISCELLANEOUS
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Pamol [or Pinex] Δ 500 mg. tablets. Paracetamol
Ordinary pain killer 1-2 tablets for weak to moderate pain. May be repeated after 2-3 hours.
Ibuprofene Δ 400 mg. tablets. Ordinary pain killer and anti inflammatory drug.
1 tablet 3 times a day for moderate and joint/ligament pains.
May induce stomach pains – if so, change to Paracetamol
Temgesic Δ 0.2 mg. tablets.
Contents: Buprenorphin
For severe (unbearable) pain
1 tablet dissolves under the tongue. May be repeated after 3-4 hours.
May induce nausea and vomiting. Δ Induces drowsiness.
Morphine for injection. 20 mg/ml. Δ ampoules
For severe (unbearable) pain
Intramuscular injection into the lateral thigh. May be repeated after 3-4 hours.
May induce nausea and vomiting. Δ Induces drowsiness.
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Fenoxymetylpenicillin 500 mg. tablets To treat bacterial infections such as lung, ear and throat infection
2-4 tablets for 5-7 days If you are allergic to penicillin, use Erythromycin instead.
Dicloxacillin 250 mg. tablets To treat resistant bacterial infection in skin or wounds (also treats blood poisoning)
2 tablets 3 times pr. Day If you are allergic to penicillin, use Erythromycin instead.
Erythromycine Δ 500 mg. tablets. To treat ordinary infection. 1 tablet 4 times daily for at least 5 days, even if symptoms have subsided.
To be taken if allergic to penicillin.
Ciproxin, 250 mg. tablets. Ciprofloxacin To treat infection after an animal bite, or swollen finger. Also treats stomach-intestine infections
1 tablet twice a day for 5-7 days Must be taken after animal bite.
Sulphamethizole 500mg, tablets
Metronidazol1 gram, supp.
Short acting sulfonamide, In urinary tract infections
500 - 1000mg every 3 - 4 times daily Old age use with caution
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Cincain Δ 0.5 %. Eye ointment. To treat snow blindness. Local anaesthetic.
Apply inside the lower eyelid if you feel pain.
Combine with eye pad to protect from dust.
Pilocarpine HCL 2%, 10ml To treat inflammation of eyes 1-2 drops 4 times a day
Terracortil + polymix B eye oint To treat bacterial eye infection 1-2 drops daily
Fucithalmic Unitdose, 12st To treat bacterial eye infection Squeeze one drop into lower eye lid Do not use for prolonged period
Otrivin®/ Passagen Δ 1 mg/ml Xylometazoline hydrochloride.
To treat colds and blocked nose. Not more than 3 times daily for up to one week.
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Strepsil ®. Suction tablets. For sore throat, coughing. 1 tablet as required.
Eurecin, Lip balm. For dry lips. Daily. To be used as a precaution.
Sepan (R). Tablet. 5 mg. To treat travelling and sea sickness.
1 tablet ½-1 hrs. before travelling.
Δ Pectyl ®, strong. Δ To stop coughing. 5 ml 2-5 times daily. Δ Induces drowsiness. Δ
Page 8 of 30
SKIN OINTMENT, DISINFECTIONS AND ALLERGIES
STOMACH PAINS
DRESSING AND INSTRUMENTS
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Flamazine Δ crème 1 %. Silver sulfadiazine. To treat burns. Apply a thin layer. For more severe burns, apply and cover with a plastic bag.
Permethrin/Loxazol lotion, 59ml To treat scabies (head lice and mites)
Wash hair May cause skin reactions and allergies
Locoid crème 1mg/g, 30 g To treat skin diseases such as allergies and eczema
Apply 1-2 daily
Chlorhexidine/Ethanol, 100ml Chemical antiseptic for disinfection and mouth wash
1-2 uses daily May discolour teeth
Chlorhexidine liquid 0,2%, 250ml Chemical antiseptic for disinfection and mouth wash
1-2 uses daily May discolour teeth
Dextromethorphan/Darolan, 10cap Cough suppressant cold medicine
Hallucination and confusion may occur with high doses
Δ Tavegyl ® 1 mg. tablets. Δ Clemastin. To treat allergic reactions, hay fever etc.
1-2 tablets as required. Δ Induces drowsiness. Δ
Drugs Purpose Dosage Comments
Immodium [or Imolope] Δ / Propiden ® 2 mg. tablets. Lobromid.
To treat diarrhoea. 1 tablet.
Dulcolax Δ 5 mg. Tablets. Bisacodyl. Laxative, purging. 1 tablet in the evening. Works next morning.
Cimetidine 400mg tablet, 30 pcs to treat ulcers; gastroesophageal reflux disease
taken once a day at bedtime or two to four times a day with meals and at bedtime
Do not take for more than two weeks, may cause heart burn and sour stomach
Alumin. Aminoscetat 500mg, 20tab Treats heartburn and sour stomach
One tablet 1-3 hrs after main meals and at bedtime
Avoid acid-rich fruit juices during treatment
Primperan/Metoclopramide, 10 sup Treats nausea and vomiting 20 mg 3 times a day
Cinchocaine/Fram. Hydrocor. 30g For relief of external and haemorrhoids, anal pruritus, anal fissure
Apply 3 times daily
Lactulose Mixture, 300ml Relieves constipation 2-3 times daily Do not use if allergic to lactulose
Loperamide 2mg, 20 tabl. Anti-diarrheal Two tablets initially, one tablet after each loose stool
Do not use if allergic to Loperamide HCL
Emergency packs / Surgical instruments / Assorted gauze bandages / Assorted bandages / Thermometer / Splinter tweezers, etc.
Page 9 of 30
3 THE CAMP
Select your camp site carefully. Flying in with a helicopter and
spotting a good site takes experience, but aerial photo studies
prior to the camp move can be useful.
A good camp site should be dry, more or less flat, near water,
sheltered, and have a nearby supply of moderately sized
boulders. The boulders are useful when positioned carefully,
not thrown, on the tent flaps securing the tent in high winds.
Tent pegs are seldom useful in Greenland. The flattest camp
sites often turn into swamps or even small lakes in wet
weather. Hard snow or ice may be used for camping. Make sure
to prepare you for bad weather, in the morning before you
leave and at night before you go to bed. Arrange stones around
the tent and boxes so that they will not chafe the canvas in
windy conditions. Do not underestimate the forces of Mother
Nature. To keep damage to a minimum, it is recommended that
you lower your kitchen tents on receiving a storm warning.
Near the Inland Ice and in narrow valleys, some shelter from
the force of the föhn wind is highly desirable. Again: boulders
are nearly always necessary to anchor the tents.
Sewn-in groundsheets in some tents are thin and easily
damaged. Use an extra tarpaulin under the tent as protection
against sharp stones and moisture.
Water from streams and lakes can be assumed to be clean,
except near cities, settlements, sheep grazing areas and bird
cliffs.
The risk of fire can be greatly reduced by filling kerosene in the
stoves outside the tent, heating up the burner properly before
the stove is started, and not leaving the stoves unattended.
Ice-dammed lakes are common along the Inland Ice. Many of
them empty catastrophically every summer, or sometimes at
longer intervals. Their presence can usually be detected from a
study of aerial photographs. It is wise to avoid camping in the
bottom of valleys which drain such lakes.
Burn the flammable waste upon moving the field camp or as
often as necessary. Bury the non-flammable waste, in such a
way that foxes etc. cannot get to the waste - or preferably send
it back to the base camp. Spend some time tidying the camp
site before departure; the camp site has to be completely tidied
up upon departure.
Keep the camp as light as possible - return all unnecessary
equipment and food.
All containers with liquids must have a clear label stating the
contents.
Page 10 of 30
4 COMMUNICATION
All field camps are equipped with satellite telephones. All
personnel are also equipped with a handheld Marine VHF
radio. It is important that all field personnel are familiar with
the operation of the radios and the radio procedures in case of
emergency.
Prior to mobilisation or other scheduled helicopter traffic in
the area where you are working, the operational base may call
you for information on weather conditions such as visibility,
sky base, fog etc. The top of each hour is a standard time for
establishing radio contact during waiting periods.
The 21st NORTH office or the operation base will call each field
camp once or twice a day at a prearranged time. In case you
plan not to be at your camp at the scheduled radio time, please
inform the operation base. If a team does not answer a call
from the operation base a second attempt will be tried one
hour later, if this call is not answered, the helicopter will be
sent out to check.
4.1 Operating instructions for marine VHF radios
An ICOM IC-M1Euro V Marine VHF radio telephone is supplied
to some personnel in the Container Camp. This “walkie talkie”
is mainly used for internal field communication and to contact
the helicopter pilot when nearby. NOTE: The marine VHF
system generally requires line of sight between transmitter
and receiver. When you work away from other field members,
be sure that you make proper arrangements for scheduled
calling times, and remember to state where you are located,
when you intend to go, and when you expect to return to camp.
Always use channel 06 for internal communication. For
emergency calls and for establishing initial contact with
another station, use distress channel 16 and the calling
procedure outlined below. All VHF radios (e.g. on boats) listen
for emergency calls twice an hour, from XX.00 to XX.05 and
XX.30 and XX.35.
The calling procedure for external communication in
Greenland is as follows:
1. Turn the power on and enter channel 16. NEVER USE
CHANNEL 16 BETWEEN XX.00 and XX.05 OR BETWEEN
XX.30 and XX.35 hours (these periods are reserved for
emergency calls).
2. Call the nearest ship radio (e.g. Coast radio Aasiaat), and
tell that it is 21st NORTH XX calling. The operator will ask
you to switch to another channel, when the connection is
established.
3. Enter the new channel number, and call the radio station
again. Then ask for the phone number you want.
4. Wait for the operator after the conversation. He or she
will tell you how long you talked and ask how to account
the bill. You must answer 21st NORTH, call sign: 21st
NORTH no. 1 to 21st NORTH no. 5
In case of an accident during the day or if you need help, call
the operation base on channel 06, and if the base does not
answer, switch to emergency channel 16 and follow the
procedure outlined below:
A. MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MADAY (international emergency
signal)
B. This is 21ST NORTH TEAM___, 21ST NORTH TEAM__, 21ST
NORTH TEAM__
C. WE ARE AT ___; ___; ___ SITUATED___;___;___;
D. WE NEED (say what kind of help is needed) AND ASK THE
STATION TO CONTACT THE OPERATION BASE AT________
Steps A-C in this procedure should be repeated until
communication with another station has been established. If
no communication can be made, repeat the entire procedure
slowly several times - you may be heard even if you can’t
receive the answer. In addition try to gain altitude, as the
Marine VHF system requires line-of-sight between transmitter
and receiver.
Operating instructions:
1. CAUTION: Transmitting without an antenna may damage
the transceiver, so make sure you connect the antenna
before switching on the power.
2. Rotate [VOL] clockwise to turn power ON.
3. Turn [SQL] clockwise to mute any audio noise if
necessary.
4. Push [%]/[&] to select the desired channel.
5. Push [H/L] to select the output power if necessary.
Choose low power to conserve battery power, choose
high power for longer distance communication.
6. Push and hold [PTT] to transmit, and then speak into the
microphone. IMPORTANT: To maximise the readability of
your transmitted signal, pause a few seconds after
pushing [PTT], hold the microphone 10 to 15 cm from
your mouth and speak at a normal voice level.
7. Push [H/L•LOCK] for 1 second to turn lock function ON
and OFF. This function electronically locks all keys and
switches to prevent accidental frequency changes and
function access.
8. Push any key except for [PTT] to turn the backlighting ON.
5. Dual watch key - monitors channel 16 while you are
receiving another channel.
Page 11 of 30
4.2 Operation of satellite telephone
The 21st NORTH flight camp will be equipped with a hand-held
Iridium satellite telephone for external communication.
Remember that the satellite phone is NOT intended for
personal communication but work or emergency situations
only.
The satellite telephone is protected with ID and PIN codes! The
satellite telephone will be billed for all outgoing calls, so only
pass on the codes to trusted persons. Make sure to get the
relevant codes from the Project Manager, and to test the use of
the satellite telephone before you go into the field.
NOTE: It is free to send SMS’s from the website
WWW.IRIDIUM.COM to any Iridium satellite telephone.
Morse Phonetic Morse Phonetic
A ·- Alfa P ·--· Papa
B -··· Bravo Q --·- Quebec
C -·-· Charlie R ·-· Romeo
D -·· Delta S ··· Sierra
E · Echo T - Tango
F ··-· Foxtrot U ··- Uniform
G --· Golf V ···- Victor
H ···· Hotel W ·-- Whiskey
I ·· India X -··- X-ray
J ·--- Juliet Y -·-- Yankee
K -·- Kilo Z --·· Zulu
L ·-·· Lima Æ ·-·- Ægir
M -- Mike Ø ---· Ødis
N -· November Å --·- Åse
O --- Oscar
Morse code and phonetic alphabet.5
Power requirements - The satellite telephone batteries may be
drained relatively quickly, especially in cold weather. All field
teams relying on satellite telephones for communications
should therefore consider the various options for recharging
batteries. Depending on the type of fieldwork and the logistic
framework, it may be necessary to bring a solar cell charging
system or a portable petrol-driven generator.
4.3 Morse code and phonetic alphabet
If urgent information is transmitted under particularly poor
conditions it is advisable to spell out the individual words on
the basis of the phonetic alphabet.
Under particularly poor conditions the “tune signal” or
transmitting noise of the radio may be used as a Morse signal
(see Table 1). Sometimes you may hear the Container Camp
reasonably well, whereas they have difficulty in understanding
you clearly. The Container Camp radio operator may then pick
up affirmative or negative answers to his questions by means
of simple and prearranged “tune signals”; i.e. ”M” (--) for YES
and “T” (-) for NO.
4.5 ELT Beacon
Each Field/Base Camp is supplied with an emergency locator
transmitter (FastFind ELT beacon or similar) which alerts
radio stations along the coast via satellite. This emergency
equipment is only to be used when life is in danger. The camp
leader will instruct the field personnel in use of the beacon.
The FastFind, is a powerful waterproof 406 MHz Personal
Location Beacon (PLB) distress beacon with a built-in integral
50-channel GPS for additional pinpoint location, further
speeding up time of location.
The FastFind acts as the last resort communication to the
national and international search and rescue bodies and it
should not be misused. The FastFind is designed as a direct
communication, to the 406 MHz Search and Rescue satellite
system, its signal indicates that you are in need of urgent
response and assistance. The beacon applies where there is
little or no other form of communication or where other forms
of communication are unlikely to work.
The beacon transmits the two signals simultaneously, one to
the subscription free global 406 MHz satellite system, and the
other (121.5 MHz) is to speed up the local recovery response
process. Once activated, FastFind’s signals will continue to
transmit for at least 24 hours, at a powerful 5 watt output, the
406 MHz transmission ensures that a call for help gets through
whatever the conditions.
Each individual beacon is registered with a unique
transmitting code.
The beacon also includes a unique SOS LED flash light facility
which is manually activated to further assist in speeding up the
user’s recovery during night time rescues.
The beacon will operate in temperatures down to -20°c and its
integral battery has a user storage life of 5 years, so there’s no
need for constant battery changes and re-charging.
Page 12 of 30
5 SAMPLE PROTOCOL
Success in developing a profitable mine or advancing an
exploration project depends on many components, some of
which can be accurately measured and controlled while others
require assessment and judgement in the form of qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
The term “Best Practices” implies that a particular process will
deliver an outcome superior to the results from other methods.
The following section describes guidelines and recommended
quality practices intended for handling sample material, drill
core and sampling procedures related to 21st NORTH’s
Maniitsoq Project. Best Practices with regards to future drilling
method, drill core recovery and geological logging is beyond
the scope of this guide and will not be further addressed in this
field manual.
5.1 SAMPLE PROCEDURE, ASSAYS AND MAPS
All field personnel are issued with a “Rite in the Rain” field
diary. Legible notes should contain all geological field
observations that are not given on field map copies, including
field sketches and a record of photographs taken.
21st NORTH is establishing a database for geochemical, drill
hole and field information. As sample numbers and locations
are the key for later extraction and interpretation of the
exploration results, it is essential that you are particularly
thorough on noting this type of information. The field diary will
be kept in 21st NORTH archive.
IMPORTANT: While sampling, it is forbidden to wear gold or
silver jewellery to avoid contamination. Even the touch of a
sample with a gold ring may contaminate the sample with
significantly.
5.2 Sample numbering system and labelling
All samples shall be numbered NNN MMM XXXXXX, where
prefix NNN is the area code, MMM is the sample type, and
XXXXXX is a unique six-digit number.
In 2012 the following area codes will be used:
___ ________________________
___ ________________________
___ ________________________
___ ________________________
___ ________________________
___ ________________________
When working outside licence areas, ask your geologist in
charge.
Eight different sample types are used:
Hard Rock Samples
RCH: hard Rock CHannel
RCP: hard Rock ChiP
RGC: in situ bedRock Grab Composite
RGB: in situ bedRock GraB high-grade
RTR: hard Rock Transported
RDC: hard Rock from Drill Core
Sediment Samples
SSS: Stream Sediment
SSC: Sediment SCree
SOE: SOil sEdiment
MMI: Mobile Metal Ions Soil
The unique six-digit number XXXXXX originates from the tear-
out sample book provided by the project leader. The two-part
tags are numbered and contain printed areas for providing
appropriate sample information. The lower half of the tag is
put in a small Mini-Grip plastic bag and inserted in the sample
bag together with the rock or sediment material.
The unique sample number is ALSO written - WITH LEGIBLE
LETTERS/NUMBERS - on the outside of the individual sample
bags; either on the yellow label (white cloth bags) or with a
permanent marker pen on the front of the transparent plastic
bags.
NOTE: hard rock samples follow one set of numbers and
sediment samples another. You must have 2 sets of tear-out
sample books (for hard rock and sediment) at all times.
5.3 Sample collection and sample size
RCH, RCP: Whenever possible, rock sampling should be
carried out either as continuous profiles that cross-cut
lithological units or alteration systems which are
previously mapped. These profiles should be
perpendicular to strike and the use of a rock saw is
recommended (RCH). As for drill holes, the sampling is
ideally continuous. Samples are taken according to
geological breaks and the section-length must be at least 2
meters long but must not exceed 5 meters. Again, sample
length may be shorter for specific types of exploration (0.5
or 1 m). If a vein is present in the profile, make sure to
include the immediate contact zones in the sample
containing the vein. Make sure that no sub-section or
Page 13 of 30
geological units are over-represented in the individual
sample. A sample should weigh at least 2 kg.
NOTE: Representative reference samples must be collected
from each sample and saved separately in clearly labelled
bags for later inspection. The reference sample is collected
from the flanks of the saw profile.
RGC: If a continuous chip or channel sample is unattainable,
the lithological unit or alteration system is sampled
systematically by a number of representative chips (try to
cover a larger area by composing no less than 5-7 equal
size sub-samples). A complete sample should weigh at
least 2 kg.
NOTE: Representative reference samples must be collected
from each sample and saved separately in clearly labelled
bags for later inspection.
RTR: The sample size of 2 kg should be respected. Make a note
of whether the sample appears to represent material of
local origin.
NOTE: A chip is taken from the original float/boulder as a
reference sample and saved separately in a clearly labelled
bag for later inspection.
Make sure that all samples represent fresh (non-weathered)
rock material.
Reference samples should be the size of a match box (5 cm) as
they may later be used for preparation of polished or thin
sections.
SSS: Stream sediment may vary in composition from place to
place because of grain-size sorting and differences in
content of organic matter or precipitated oxides. In order
to obtain a representative sample at a site, unsorted
material (for gold exploration) is collected and sieved.
If possible, material of about the same fineness and organic
content should be collected at different sample sites so that
values will be comparable. Sub-samples collected in this
way are mixed and analysed as one composite sample.
At all sample points, care must be taken to avoid sampling
collapsed bank material of local origin, particularly when
banks are composed of colluviums derived from the
adjoining slopes.
In flowing streams, waterproof boots are helpful in order
to get into the active stream away from the banks. For
relatively coarse-grained samples from fast-flowing
streams, especially in gold exploration, it is necessary to
collect enough material to obtain a 2 kg sample of the
required fine material (<1 mm) for chemical analysis. Wet
sieving in the field is helpful in reducing the volume of
large samples poor in fines.
SSC: These samples are preferably collected just above the
rock/scree interface to avoid any doubt about the nature of
the sample (local scree reflecting the bedrock above, or a
moraine?). A good scree sample is collected across the
scree cone. The size should be similar to the above
described stream sediment sample.
SOE: Exploration can include soil sampling programmes. This
procedure entails digging holes at specified intervals to
collect soil samples from identified soil horizons. The
samples are analysed for the elements sought or for
related "pathfinder" elements. Accurate location and
identification of soil horizons is necessary for the
preparation and interpretation of a soil geochemical
survey. As soils develop over time they produce distinctive
horizons. In general, in temperate climates with normal
vegetation, just below the leaf mould is a rich black soil
horizon which is termed the 'A' horizon. It is rich in
nutrients and hosts the plant rootlets. At the base of this
rich black soil there is usually a leached zone, grey to white
in colour, termed the 'A2' horizon from which metallic
elements have been leached. Below the 'A' horizon is a tan
to rich brown coloured horizon called the 'B' horizon. This
horizon tends to concentrate metallic ions which have
been brought up by ground water from below and leached
down from the 'A' horizon above by precipitation. This 'B'
horizon is the preferred horizon for soil sampling. Below
the 'B' horizon the soil is generally grey in colour. This is
the 'C' horizon. If the surface is underlain by glacial till, the
'C' horizon will simply grade into the raw glacial till. The
size should be similar to the stream sediment sample
described above.
MMI: Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry is an advanced surface
exploration method used to accurately locate deep ore
deposits at depth through various soils, scree or moraine
covers. The technique measures mobile metal ions
(charged metal atoms and molecules) released from ore
bodies that have migrated into surface soils from
mineralization below.
Sampling can be done on a regular grid (e.g.100m x 50m
spacings) or an irregular grid. In both cases GPS
coordinates should be used. Coverage should extend from
ground suspected to be anomalous off onto background. In
the absence of an orientation survey to define the proper
sampling depth, the recommended sample collection
procedures are:
I. In normal soil environments samples should be
collected 10 to 25 cm below the surface at a
consistent depth.
II. The initial step in taking an MMI soil sample
requires the 10cm surface soil layer to be scraped
away eliminating loose non-decomposed organic
matter, debris, and any possible contamination.
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III. The sample is then taken between 10 and 25 cm
depth. The sample should be a continuous
“composite” taken over this 15 cm interval.
IV. Using a plastic scoop or shovel take a cross section of
the material between the 10 to 25 cm depth and put
into clean, properly labeled plastic bags. Collect
approx. 250 to 350 grams of coarsely sieved sample
material. No other sample preparation is required.
V. Each sample should be labeled with a unique code,
placed in a zip-lock plastic bag, and the position
coordinates recorded.
Do not vary depth beneath the true soil interface, or target
a specific layer/feature of a soil profile when sampling. The
mobile element concentrations are linked to the process of
capillary rise and the depth at which water is removed
from a soil by evaporation and evapo-transpiration. Any
significant variation in sampling depth and technique can
cause severe problems for interpretation. It is imperative
that all samples are collected in a consistent manner.
5.4 Sample description and location
Sample descriptions and easily readable lists of locations shall
be prepared and must be delivered to the project leader before
the survey area is left. Every sample is numbered in
accordance with the numbering system described above.
Hard Rock Sample:
The following parameters should be considered/noted when
describing hard rock samples, as they may later become
important for interpretation of the exploration results:
Sample: Type, Project, Sample number, Sampler, Length,
Start-End, Date
Site: Location, Altitude
Stratigraphy: Reliability
Rock Description: Structures, Colour, Grain size,
Constituent minerals and Rock type
Ore Description: Ore minerals, Ore volume, Ore structures,
Ore grain size and Alterations
Sediment Sample:
Sample: Type, Project, Sample number, Sampler, Date
Site: Location, Altitude
Source Rock Stratigraphy: Main source rock and
subsidiary source rocks, Reliability
Stream Conditions: Stream order, Flow rate, Stream bed,
Bed sediment size, Sorting in bed and Staining
Sample Description: Sample size, Heavy minerals
Note: Indications of contamination
The localisation in Greenland of samples and map information
is a key problem, which should be addressed by using
geographical longitude and latitude coordinates in decimal
degrees or UTM grid references.
Positioning of samples is done using handheld GPS receivers.
Always check that the GPS receiver uses the preferred geodetic
datum WGS84, and regularly calibrate the altimeter. A manual
for using the GPS receiver is located in the office box of each
flight camp.
Notes: If positioning by GPS is not possible due to steep
topography or poor satellite coverage, an alternative location
should be positioned in close proximity and a note made of the
distance and bearing to the actual sample site.
Make sure that even closely spaced samples are given a unique
position. Each sample in a chip profile must be positioned
uniquely – either by GPS measurements or by interpolations
between opening and end positions.
5.5 Drill Core - Transportation from drill site
Transportation of drill core to the logging facility must be in a
manner to minimize or eliminate shifting of material in the
core boxes. In order to secure a safe transport of drill core from
the drill site to the logging facility, specially designed heavy
duty sling cages should be used. The standard sling cages are
manufactured to carry app. 1.5 tonnes; however the maximum
recommended load of drill core should not exceed 700-800 kg
in order to assure safe transport by helicopter. Each sling cage
weights app. 80 kg. Hence, the maximum number of full core
boxes loaded into the sling cage should not exceed 24 boxes.
Prior to transport the cage must be securely locked and
attached to two approved sling straps for the helicopter.
Furthermore, the core boxes should be fixated by a tie-down
strapped across the sides of the cage.
5.6 Drill Core - Sampling procedure
The drill core is first measured and logged (mapped) in order
to describe lithological changes, alteration and mineralisation,
and then divided into sample sections by the Project Geologist
for geochemical analysis or other investigation.
There is always the problem of obtaining a representative split
of the core. Great care must be taken to avoid this problem.
This issue should be discussed with the project leader. Samples
are taken according to the geological breaks. The section-
length defining a sample is 1-2 meters on average. Longer
samples may be collected, but never exceeding 5 meters.
Sometimes, shorter samples are required, e.g. in exploration
for platinum-group metals. A 2-meter core sample weighs
approx. 5 kg whereas a 5-meter sample will weigh 12.5 kg. The
complete drill hole (or parts of the drill hole that are important
Page 15 of 30
and are chosen by the project geologist) must be sampled on a
continuous basis. A sample should be at least 2 kg.
All drill cores selected for sampling are carefully sawed along a
cut line by a diamond rock saw. Alternatively core splitting is
done using an impact core splitter. One half of the core stays in
the core box for reference according to BMP regulations and
the other half is labelled, packed and sent to sample prep and
analysis. NOTE: No reference samples are collected as the
remaining half of the drill core is available for later inspection.
The following sample procedure is recommended:
1) All samples should be packed in heavy-gage plastic sample
bags. In addition, the lower part of a two-part sample tag,
which is numbered and contain printed areas for providing
appropriate sample information, is placed in a small Mini-
Grip plastic bag and inserted in the sample bag together
with the halved core and any loose chips and fragments
from the same half. The sample tag is usually placed in the
core box by the project geologist. All samples shall be
numbered with the following code LM XXXXXX where
XXXXXX is a unique six-digit number corresponding to the
sample tag originating from the tear-out sample book
provided by the project geologist.
2) The code is written with a water proof pen on the front of
the bag. Make sure that the sample tag and the sample
code are matching. In case of two different numbers the
sample tag will always be regarded as the valid sample
number by the designated prep and assay lab
3) If working in different license areas or upon collection of
sample types different from Rock Drill Core ask the 21st
NORTH Project Geologist or Project Manager for guidance
4) After labelling, each sample bag is closed with clear
packaging tape
5) In addition to core samples the Project Geologist will also
prepare so-called “standards”, “blanks” and “duplicate”
samples. These samples are pre-numbered and packed by
the Project Geologist and may be found in the office
building. Before proceeding with the sample procedure
these samples should be combined with the core samples
and lined up in correct order
6) The closed sample bags are placed in rice bags marked
with Project Name and Sample Series. Depending on the
size of the samples (i.e. sample length) a maximum weight
of c. 25-30 kg is loaded into each bag in order to avoid
injuries during lifting
7) The rice bags shall be closed by strips prior to transport to
prep lab
5.7 Shipping of Drill Core to Designated Laboratory
Prior to shipping of drill core samples to the designated prep
lab a prefab sample batch form must be completed and
attached to the relevant samples. The batch form is shall be
secured in a waterproof clear folder and placed within the first
rice sample bag containing the lowest sample numbers of the
relevant batch (bag no. 1 of xx).
Ideally all bags belonging to a single batch should be shipped at
the same time, however, depending on the size of the batch and
the loading capacity of the ship or helicopter only part of the
batch may be shipped at one time. In all cases, the Project
Manager shall record the date and the exact list of samples
being shipped at any given time.
Upon arrival in the nearest town the samples must be collected
by an approved person (carrier) of 21st NORTH. This person is
responsible for further transport of the samples to the
designated laboratory for preparation and assay.
5.8 Field measurement convention for structural data
Planar Data: Strike and Dip
Planar geologic features are measured as “strike and dip”
according to the “right-hand rule”. “Strike” is the directional
bearing of a horizontal like tracing across the planar surface.
The “strike” is measured in such a direction [0°-360°] that the
down-dip direction is on the right side of the compass. This
convention prevents us from drawing the dip direction on the
wrong side of the strike line. The “dip” is the angle [0°-90°] of
the slope of the plane below horizontal. We report strike and
dip data as (245°/32°).
Linear Data: Trend and Plunge
Linear features are measured as “trend and plunge”. First,
approximate the trend and plunge with a non-magnetic linear
object (such as a pencil). Measure the bearing of the pencil in
the down-plunge direction. The plunge can be measured
directly off the pencil using the inclinometer or can be
approximated by standing perpendicular to the plunge
direction and holding the compass up and visually aligning it
along the plunging feature. The convention of reporting the
plunge and trend is (35°/342°) or “plunging 35 degrees toward
342°.”
5.9 Field test for nickel
A simple wet chemical spot test is available for all field teams
to recognise (metallic) nickel enrichment. The spot test
consists of two components, a 10% ammonia solution and a
dimethyl glyoxime solution. Dimethyl glyoxime produces a
bright, reddish-pink insoluble salt with metallic nickel. The
spot test detects free nickel down to a limit of 100 ppm.
Page 16 of 30
As the method is only detecting free metallic nickel, it should
primarily be used on rusty, weathered surfaces and the results
are therefore to some extent uncertain. A positive reaction (red
reaction) is of course a clear sign of the presence of nickel in
the sample but previous experience has found negative
reactions on testing rusty boulders from known nickel-copper
mineralisation.
Map A: Isogonic map showing lines of equal magnetic
declination for the year 2006. IGRF10 epoch 2006.5
5.10 Quality assurance QA/QC in the field
At the end of the day, fill in a sheet listing every sample you
have taken on that day, stating NNN MMM XXXXXX, and give
the position where the individual samples have been piled up
for later pick-up. Give this sheet to the geologist in charge, who
will then communicate it to Container Camp.
5.11 Magnetic declination
It is possible to adjust the Silva/Suunto compasses with
respect to the local magnetic deviation. Map A of Greenland
shows lines of equal magnetic declination for the year 2006.
However, there is a considerable change every year which
makes it necessary to reconstruct the map every 5th year. For
the period 2006–2011, it is possible to adjust the magnetic
declination of any locality using the information in Map B. For
example, the magnetic declination around Saqqaq in 2008 will
be:
Map B: Annual secular changes in the magnetic deviation shall
be used together with the isogonic map of magnetic declination.
IGRF10 epoch 2006.5
39°W + (2002-2006) * 36’E
39°W + 2 * 36’E
39°W - 2 * 36’W
39°W - 72’W = +37°48’W
5.12 Standard colours for field maps
Fair-copy field maps must be supplied by all 21st NORTH
mapping geologists. To ease the map compilation, standard
symbols and colours should be used wherever possible.
Standard colours for various lithological units in crystalline
areas and the matching old (2nd column) and new (2nd
Page 17 of 30
column) Stabilo pencil numbers (supplied in the standard
office box) are listed below.
Siliceous rocks
Yellow 8744 87/205
Pelitic rocks
Medium brown 8735 87/625
Mica schist
Dark brown 8745 87/635
Carbonate rocks
Light blue 8731 87/450
Amphibolites, basic rocks
Green 8736 87/530
Intermediate rocks
Medium green 8743 87/520
Gneiss, migmatite
Orange 8754 87/235
Granite, acid extrusive
Dark red 8750 87/325
Anorthosite
Pale violet 8737 87/340
Ultramafic rocks
Violet 8755 87/385
Gabbroic rocks
Black 8746 87/750
Basalt
Grey 8749 87/728
Green schists
Light green 8733 87/575
6 USING MOTORISED VEHICLES
According to BMP regulations, driving of motorized vehicles as
part of field work and construction of temporary work roads
are subject to BMP's approval. The following is an outline of
regulations and key points of importance with respect to 21st
NORTH´s exploration activities if authorisation for driving of
motorised vehicles is acquired from the BMP. A full description
of rules can be found in BMP´s “Rules for field work and
reporting regarding mineral resources (excluding
hydrocarbons)”.
– Planned areas and routes encompassing the use of
motorized vehicles and driving operations shall be
outlined on maps and aerial photos on the largest available
scale. Unless unavoidable do not drive outside of marked
areas and be sure to follow any outlined driving routes or
road tracks
– Temporary work roads and tracks shall be marked clearly
and to the extent possible avoid water ways, lakes and
catchment areas
– Routes to be used repeatedly shall be marked in such a
way that they can be easily found again during the
prevailing weather conditions in which the driving is
carried out. Any marking shall be removed when
motorized activities terminate
– Safety rules for driving on ice and glaciers shall be obeyed
under all circumstances. This means avoiding critical areas
such as crevasses, cracks, thin ice etc. (see Health & Safety
Procedures manual - HASP)
– All snow mobiles must be equipped with a fire
extinguisher at all times
– Vehicles shall be kept in a state of good repair.
Unnecessary noise and spill of engine and hydraulic oil
shall be avoided
– The use of motorized vehicles shall only be used in relation
to work activities and shall under no circumstances be
used for recreation only
7 SAFETY IN THE FIELD
More or less serious accidents occur every year during field
work in Greenland, and in many cases, these could have been
avoided by conducting a proper field practice. It is therefore
important that all field participants are familiar with the safety
regulations before embarking on the field work, principally to
prevent accidents in the field, subsidiary to know how to act if
accidents occur.
Therefore, read this section carefully. Be aware that the
section is not complete - common sense and proper equipment
are your main safety kit! Further information can be found in
the Health and Safety Procedures manual.
21st NORTH supplies good quality field and emergency
equipment, including field radios and satellite phones at
working areas. Field personnel should ensure that their
personal clothing and footwear are adequate for a full field
season.
It is generally very difficult to locate people in the field, so it is
essential that everyone wears bright clothing (VEST, trousers
and/or coat) in safety colours like ORANGE, YELLOW or RED.
7.1 Emergency Equipment
– 21st NORTH supplies each Field Camp with a medicine
chest. Instructions for medicines etc. are included with the
box. Read these instructions carefully at the beginning of
the season, and when medicines are required. The use of
strong medicine should be reported to the Project Manager
in all cases.
Page 18 of 30
– All field personnel are also supplied with a personal first
aid pack as part of the individual personnel equipment.
This package is part of the field equipment that must be
available at all times. In addition, the first aid pack contains
an aluminium foil blanket which will keep an incapacitated
person lying on the ground warm until help arrives.
– Emergency flares, a signal mirror (heliograph) and a
whistle will be made available to all field personnel. These
items should be part of the daily equipment carried in the
field at all times. They can be used to attract the attention
of other persons and helicopters. The signal pen has
proven not to be very effective in most cases - so try the
other items first. Remember that the RED FLARES ARE
ONLY TO BE USED IN EMERGENCY.
– Each Field Camp is supplied with an emergency locator
transmitter (ELT beacon), which alerts radio stations along
the coast via satellite. This emergency equipment is only to
be used when life is in danger. The camp leader will
instruct the field personnel in use of the beacon.
– Firearms are provided for teams working in areas with
dangerous animals.
– A small fire extinguisher is available in all field camps. This
extinguisher should be placed in the kitchen tent (the only
tent where any kind of fire, e.g. stoves or cigarettes, is
allowed!). Do not smoke or use the stoves or gas lamps in
the sleeping tents!
– Teams lifted out by helicopter or travelling across water by
boat should bring along gear for a lightweight camp (incl.
satellite telephone) to minimise the effort needed in the
event of rescue.
– Emergency operation of the radios is described elsewhere
in this field manual.
7.2 Emergency situations
In case of accident or illness requiring assistance, your satellite
telephone or VHF radio is the usual and best means of
obtaining help. The ELT beacon is only to be used in emergency
situations where no contact can be established otherwise.
Procedures to be followed during emergency situations are
described in the HASP.
Heliographs and fluorescent cloths can be used to attract
attention in the field or in the camp. Fire is also regarded as an
emergency signal, especially when smoking. Do not signal ships
or aircraft if you do not need help, unless they are looking for
you for other reasons. A human figure is best seen from a
distance when moving and on a background of snow or sky.
When the sun is low, large letters or arrows trodden into soft
snow can be seen at great distance.
First aid instructions are included in the medicine chests.
7.3 Helicopter operations
It is important to develop good helicopter habits: The pilots
know far too many stories of those who didn’t. So follow the
instructions from the pilot as well as the instructions below.
The pilot is responsible for you, but you could still cause an
accident. NOTE: when involved in sling operations in camp or
drill site make sure that the sling area is secure and free of any
loose objects. Airborne equipment may pose a serious risk to
both personnel on the ground as well as the helicopter rotor
(see HASP for more information on helicopter sling work):
– Always approach the helicopter from the front (bend
down), or from the side, and make eye contact with the
pilot. This is to avoid the almost invisible and deadly tail
rotor, and to ensure that the pilot can see you.
– Always bend down when approaching or leaving a
helicopter. This is to avoid the main rotor, which often
droops to ‘neck height’ when it slows down during engine
shutdown. When being dropped off with rotors running
stay close to the helicopter within the pilots view until the
helicopter has taken off.
– In uneven terrain, when the helicopter touches the ground
with both floats, always leave the helicopter downhill, and
approach uphill using the downhill door.
– In uneven terrain where the helicopter keeps one float in
the air, approach the helicopter uphill, then go around the
front to the hill side where the float is in contact with the
ground, and use the door on this side.
– Follow the pilot’s instructions when loading the helicopter
(or another aircraft), to ensure an even weight
distribution.
– Seat belts must be kept fastened during flight. Sit still,
especially during take-off and landing.
– Pay attention to closing the doors properly and make sure
that seat belts etc. doesn’t get trapped in the door opening.
– Always carry long objects horizontally with both hands
and a firm grip near the helicopter - beware of the main
rotor! Never throw anything, light or heavy, when near a
helicopter.
– Near an aircraft and especially near a helicopter, all light
items must be weighed down very securely. It may be best
to carry them away from the aircraft and sit on them. This
Page 19 of 30
is to avoid damage to the helicopter or persons around it
by flying objects whirled up into the air by the main rotor.
– Smoking is strictly prohibited.
– In the camp a wind cone should hang free in order to give
the pilot a pre-landing check on the wind direction and
wind force. Place the radio antenna (marked with flagging
tape or strips of fluorescent cloth) and the wind cone in
such a way as to leave a suitable landing site open for the
helicopter.
Correct and safe behaviour for helicopter operations.
– A person on the ground may show the wind direction to
the pilot by turning his or her back to the wind, stretching
out the arms to each side. Usually the pilot will then select
a landing site himself.
– Be sure not to damage the floats, for example by stepping
on them with crampons attached to boots.
– Helicopters make a lot of noise, which increases the stress
level. It is important to remain calm, think straight, and not
to rush when working with helicopters.
– Be aware that a helicopter, during a sling operation, will
move to its right or right of load (facing front) in case of
engine failure or other emergency requiring an immediate
landing.
– Bring an emergency camp (made of your own field
gear) for all persons participating in a reconnaissance.
– Use the standard marshalling signals during sling
operations.
Visual Signal Meaning Visual Signal Meaning
Depart in the Direction Shown
Hover
Engage Rotor
Move Upwards
Move Horizontally Left
Move Horizontally Right
Move Downwards (at the Hover)Release Sling Load
Standard marshalling signals for helicopters as seen by the pilot
7.4 Boat operations
Working from small boats is effective and enjoyable. It is
common knowledge that icebergs should be given a very wide
berth. However, the danger of falling overboard into very cold
water is frequently underestimated. In cold water of 0-5°C, it is
possible to survive for about 2 hours before hypothermia
causes death, but if you are not wearing a life jacket you will
probably lose consciousness and drown in less than 10
minutes. Make a habit of wearing the supplied life jacket at sea.
The following rules are important when using boats and in
case of an accident:
– Never sail out alone
– Always wear a life jacket
– Always use the dead-man button (the feature on the engine
that automatically stops the motor)
– Always bring a VHF and/or satellite phone
– Always have paddles or similar in the boat
– Bring sufficient petrol for the trip
– Bring a first aid kid + helicopter mirror or similar.
MAN OVERBOARD
– Avoid panic
– Move around as little as possible in cold water to minimise
heat loss.
Page 20 of 30
– Turn the boat away from the wind (wind and sea coming in
from the back)
– Disengage the motor (idle). Help the person back on board.
If practical, switch the engine off, and use the propeller as a
staircase.
– Victims with a body temperature below 30°C appear dead,
but may be revived by warming them in a bathtub with
water at 34°C for 5-10 minutes, then raise the water
temperature to 40-45°C. Arms, legs, and ears should not be
immersed. If a bathtub and warm water are not available,
remove the wet clothes and wrap blankets or dry clothes
around the victim’s body and legs, preferably with a layer
of plastic innermost. Afterwards, wrap up the arms and
head.
Conscious victims should drink warm, sugary liquids
NOT ALCOHOL!
7.5 Carbon monoxide poisoning
You must ventilate the tent frequently if the stoves burn for
long periods and the tent is wet, snow covered, and/or sealed.
This is to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.
Carbon monoxide is seldom recognised as such, although the
victim may experience headache, dizziness, confusion or heavy
limbs. The victim must get fresh air right away and preferably
oxygen. In serious cases, artificial respiration is necessary.
7.6 Hypothermia / wet-cold exposure
Clothing soaked by rain and exposed to the wind may lead to
hypothermia, i.e. the body losing heat faster than it can be
generated. Even in physically fit persons, this condition may
result in a fall in body temperature, tiredness, and collapse in a
few hours. In case of hypothermia, remove all wet clothing and
wrap the person in blankets, sleeping bags, etc. This will not
warm the person, but will reduce the heat loss. If the treatment
is successful, the internal heat produced by the body will warm
the body ca. 1°C per hour. A person suffering from
hypothermia should be given something warm and sweet, like
cocoa, to drink - NEVER ALCOHOL. Be aware that a person
suffering badly from hypothermia often undresses themselves,
for unknown reasons.
The danger of hypothermia can be largely avoided by always
carrying waterproofs and a spare sweater, wearing warm
underclothes and warm thick trousers and by not undertaking
ambitious excursions in dubious weather.
7.7 Frostbite
Skin tissue freezes below -1.6°C. Frostbite occurs when ice
crystals growth between the tissue cells and the cells
dehydrate. A dehydrated cell dies after some time. The
seriousness of frostbite depends on how quickly the cells
freeze. Cells do not dehydrate completely during quick
freezing, in which case there is a good chance of saving the
frozen parts.
The ice crystals between the cells are the first to thaw. The
dehydration of the cells therefore continues while thawing, but
stops when all ice crystals have disappeared. It is important to
notice that the thawing process is just as dangerous as the
freezing. Below is an outline of how to detect frostbite and how
to treat it.
– There is a danger of frostbite when you lose feeling in your
hands or feet due to cold. In this case keep moving, e.g. clap
your hands, and feeling will slowly return – but this hurts.
– Frostbite in the face occurs quickly in cold weather, even
without wind, below -20°C. Frostbite in the face is easily
recognised by white spots in the otherwise red skin. The
treatment is simply to avoid further cooling. Frostbite in
the face is seldom deep or dangerous.
– Frostbite is not deep if the skin can be moved over the
frozen part. The immediate treatment of surface frostbite
is to warm the frozen part, e.g. place the frozen foot on the
stomach of another person until the foot warms up - then
seek help but avoid using the foot. Frostbite is deep if the
thawing method described above is not successful after 20
minutes of treatment. In this case, seek help immediately
because the only way to thaw the frost-bitten parts is in a
40-44°C warm water bath
– After successful treatment, the affected skin is treated like
an open wound (like a burn) or covered with dry sterile
bandage. Blisters may form (this is a positive sign), but do
not puncture the blisters as this may cause infection.
– Always contact a doctor or a hospital after frostbite.
7.8 Wildlife
Experience with wildlife is common when working in
Greenland. In general, if you ignore them they will ignore you.
Most animals are very rarely aggressive when unprovoked. In
North and East Greenland, rifles are supplied for individual
self-defence. In West Greenland one high powered is issued per
camp. In the field, weapons should be carried/stored so that
they are easily accessible, and they should be stored in the
tents at night. An attacking animal is best crippled by shooting
in the shoulder, after which it can be finished off in safety.
Page 21 of 30
Shooting against the head of a polar bear or musk ox can be
dangerous for you.
If a musk ox, polar bear, walrus, etc. is killed in self-defence, the
nearest police station and the public authorities shall be
notified as soon as possible.
7.9 Guidelines on POLAR BEARS encounter
– Polar Bears and Humans - Polar bears are potentially
dangerous animals, and you should never move around in
polar bear territory without being well prepared.
Accidents with fatal outcomes are highly unlikely if you
follow a few simple procedures.
– Avoid confrontations - Pay attention to your
surroundings at all times and be prepared to meet polar
bears whenever and wherever travelling or camping. Take
measures to avoid confrontations and dangerous
situations. If you spot a bear at a distance, avoid an en-
counter by staying out of its path, and never move toward
the bear. The call of adventure or the desire to take
photographs does not justify putting yourself, your
companions or the polar bear in danger.
– Camp location - Avoid setting up camps in areas where
encounters are most likely. Polar bears often follow the
shoreline, both in summer and winter, so camps should
always be placed some distance from the shore, preferably
with a good view in all directions. Avoid camping near the
front of glaciers, close to ravines and narrow valleys or
close to possible den sites. Always avoid setting up a camp
in areas where there are polar bear tracks.
– Cooking and food storage - Polar bears can smell food
over very long distances and dangerous situations can
arise when bears are attracted by food at camp sites or
cabins. It is therefore important to store food securely, in a
manner that prevents bears from having access to it –
away from sleeping tents. Pack food in plastic or place it
inside food boxes to reduce the odour, and be particularly
alert when preparing food outdoors. Avoid cooking strong-
smelling food inside tents, because the odour remains in
the tent canvas for prolonged periods, making them
attractive to bears. You must never use food to attract
polar bears and never feed them. Bears that have been fed
become bolder in approaching people and there is an
increased likelihood of encounters where the bear will be
shot or people hurt or killed.
– Waste disposal - Polar bears are attracted by the smell of
garbage and waste. They will come to check if anything
edible can be found. In a camp situation, waste should be
stored some distance away from the main camp ground in
a spot that can be monitored easily.
– Be armed - Always have a sufficiently powerful weapon at
hand when travelling outside settlements. Be prepared to
scare away approaching bears using a scaring device. Polar
bears are large and formidable, and a wounded bear is a
“worst-case scenario”. Human fatalities have occurred
when people have defended themselves against polar
bears with weapons of insufficient calibre. A high powered
MARLIN 1895 GS Lever Action CAL 45/70 rifle is included
in all 21st NORTH/Xploration Services Security & Safety
packing’s. Make sure that you are familiar with the weapon
to the point where you can aim it and operate it under
stress. If you have never shot before, get instructions and
training from an experienced person.
– Be sure that your gun is in good serviceable condition and
that it is clean – oil can jam a gun if it is cold outside. To
avoid accidents, keep the chamber empty; keep shells
ready in a loaded magazine. Other bear deterrent
equipment (flares) and extra shells should be kept so that
they are easily found should a bear enter the camp.
– Encounters with polar bears / Weapon ready - Have
your weapon ready for use, but put a shell into the
chamber only when the bear is so close that you feel the
situation is threatening.
– Assess the situation - Polar bears do not usually look
upon humans as food. But they are naturally curious and
will check out everything in their search for food. A really
hungry bear will eat almost anything. Young animals are
often the most dangerous; they are inexperienced, have
limited hunting skills and may have a hard time catching
prey. But older weak animals that have trouble catching
normal prey can also be dangerous. Bears can be a
problem if they get taken by surprise and feel they have to
defend themselves. Females with young cubs are usually
quite shy, but if you surprise them by suddenly appearing
at a short distance, they are also very dangerous because
they will defend their cubs.
– Be aware that if there is one bear in the area, chances are
good there is another one around too. Maybe the female
walking away from you is being followed by a male. Maybe
the bear you see is an adolescent cub a short distance from
its mother.
– Most bears will run away when confronted by humans, or
at least attempt to avoid an encounter, even if they are
curious. Many situations can be assessed with some com-
mon sense and knowledge of bear behaviour. If there is
Page 22 of 30
time, your first step should be to determine what kind of
polar bear(s) you are dealing with, and whether it is
interested in you or not.
– Make yourself visible - If the bear moves directly toward
you, make yourself visible early and also make noise.
Shouting and clapping of hands or starting an engine, i.e. a
snowmobile or outboard engine will make the bear aware
of you. This may be enough to cause the bear to withdraw.
– Warning shots/flare shots - If the bear’s interest in you
or the camp continues, you should be prepared to use a
signal pistol with crack cartridges, or shoot a warning shot
from a rifle to scare it away. Start preparing to take action
when the bear is still at some distance. Flare shots are the
best equipment for this (i.e. better than using a rifle). Aim
such that the flare lands between you and the bear (i.e. not
behind the bear). If you are using a rifle, be careful not to
shoot into the ground too close to the bear, because
ricochets may hurt the animal. If the bear is already
moving toward you, aim to one side or above its head to
avoid hitting it accidentally. Continue shooting rifle shots
or flares until it retreats. In nearly all cases this will be
sufficient to scare curious or even aggressive bears away
– If you have to shoot the bear - If an aggressive bear
attacks with no sign of being scared away by warning
shots, shoot with the aim to kill. This is a last resort. Aim
for the chest, below the head, either from the front or the
side. Do not attempt a shot in the head because the skull of
polar bears is tough and well protected by heavy muscles,
and the vulnerable area is surprisingly small even on a big
bear. Keep shooting until the bear lies still, and do not
approach it until you are sure it is dead. Even then
approach the bear from behind. Do not move the bear or
remove anything from the scene. Contact the BMP and the
nearest Police Department
If forced to shoot a polar bear, aim at the chest or the shoulder.
Wind Chill Factor
Wind speed Air temperature °C
Beaufort Knots Km/h Mph m/s +10 +5 -1 -7
1 1-3 1-5 1-3 1-2 Light air +10 +4 -2 -8
2 4-6 6-11 4-7 2-3 Light breeze +9 +3 -3 -9
3 7-10 12-19 8-12 4-5 Gentle breeze +5 -2 -9 -16
4 11-16 20-28 13-18 6-7 Moderate breeze +2 -6 -14 -21
5 17-21 29-38 19-24 8-10 Fresh breeze 0 -8 -16 -24
6 22-27 39-49 25-31 11-13 Strong breeze -1 -9 -18 -26
7 28-33 50-61 32-38 14-16 Near gale -2 -11 -19 -28
8 34-40 62-74 39-46 17-20 Gale -3 -12 -20 -29
9 41-47 75-88 47-55 21-24 Strong gale -3 -12 -21 -30
10 48-55 89-102 56-64 25-28 Storm
11 56-63 103-117 65-73 29-32 Violent storm
12 >64 >118 >74 >33 Hurricane
Page 23 of 30
7.10 Explosives
According to the standard conditions for prospecting and
exploration licences for minerals, blasting operations require
specific approval by the mineral authorities before the activity
commences.
For approval of blasting operations, an application shall be
forwarded to the mineral authorities. Blasting shall only be
carried out by a responsible blaster holding a certificate.
Import, transport, storage and use of explosives and
detonators shall be carried out in accordance with the
regulations applicable to the given nation or area. In
Greenland, these regulations have been prepared for use in
towns and settlements, and cannot be used in all respects
directly in the field. The blaster may therefore, at his own
discretion, deviate slightly from these regulations whereas
major deviations are subject to the BMP’s approval.
The regulations (of 16 July 2007), comprise chapters with the
following contents:
– Transport of explosive materials - transport of explosive
materials by plane or helicopter is covered by provisions
in the aviation legislation. Transport of explosive materials
by ships or other vessels is covered by provisions in the
navigation legislation concerning transport of dangerous
goods. During transport, explosives and detonators shall
be separated and transported on separate carriers.
– Establishment and operation of stores in the field -
stores in the field shall be established with lockable,
portable magazines. The magazines, their location and
safety distances shall be approved by BMP. Explosive
materials that are not being transported or used shall be
stored in magazines designed for the purpose. Explosives
and detonators shall be stored in separate magazines. As
far as possible, the materials shall be stored in their
unopened original packaging until first use. The magazines
shall only contain the explosive materials for which they
have been designed. The magazines shall be kept locked,
except when explosive materials are being delivered or
removed. The keys shall be kept in a safe place, so that they
do not fall into the wrong hands. Delivery and removal of
explosive materials shall be carried out by the blaster
himself. The blaster shall keep a log of every magazine, so
that he at any time can account for received, used and
stored quantities of explosive materials. During storage of
explosive materials, the magazines shall be inspected
regularly by the licencee.
– Blasting operations - shall be carried out in accordance
with instructions published by Danish Federation of
Explosives Engineers. Misfires occurring during blasting
operations shall be handled in accordance with the
following guidelines:
1) A misfire shall be destroyed by the blaster as soon as
possible, unless the blaster considers it too risky to
destroy the misfire.
2) A misfire that is not destroyed shall be marked and
identified clearly, so that it can be found again.
3) A misfire that is not destroyed shall immediately be
reported to the mineral authorities with indication of
position, place and size of the charge, and the reason
why it has not been destroyed. Subsequently, the
authorities will decide what steps shall be taken.
4) The mineral authorities may order misfires to be
destroyed at the expense of the licencee.
– Destruction of explosives - unused explosives and
detonators shall be destroyed by the blaster or person
with competent knowledge of this kind of work.
Destruction of large quantities of explosives or detonators
is subject to the mineral authority´s approval.
– Clearing and restoration work - the blast area shall be
cleaned up as soon as possible. After blasting operations,
cables etc. shall be removed from the blast area and the
ground shall be restored to a reasonable condition. Crater
formations shall, as far as possible, be backfilled and the
surface restored. The authorities may request that major
damage to the terrain and vegetation is restored.
– Contingency planning - prior to blasting operations,
written procedures will have been prepared and a
telecommunication system will have been established.
– Reporting – reports on blasting operations shall be
forwarded to the BMP.
7.11 Firearms
If firearms are present in the camp the project leader is
responsible for the instructions given to personnel unfamiliar
with weapons, and that the safety rules are respected.
Treat firearms with respect. Make sure they work at the
beginning of the season. Keep them clean and loaded with a
magazine in place but without a round in the chamber. They
should be easy to handle, or they will be useless in an
emergency.
Hunting and fishing are probited during fieldwork unless
specific permission has been given by the Greenland Home
Rule Administration.
At the end of the season, unused cartridges and the cleaned
firearms must be given back to 21st NORTH or Xploration
Services separately. Make sure that no firearms contain
cartridges in the magazines or chambers.
Page 24 of 30
8 ENVIRONMENTAL EXCELLENCE IN EXPLORATION – E3
21st NORTH expects project leaders and key personnel to act
accordingly to E3; Best Practice Guidelines for Environmental
Excellence in Exploration.
The purpose of the E3 programme is to provide cost-effective,
technically sound and internationally acceptable practices for
enhancing environmental and socio-economic performance in
mineral exploration. E3 seeks to support environmental
stewardship in the exploration stage of global mineral
development by encouraging the implementation of sound
environmental management practices by the exploration
community, its contractors and subcontractors, and by
promoting the awareness of all stakeholders.
By following E3's good practices, 21st NORTH´s performance
will promote goodwill with local communities and reduce, if
not prevent, the need for mediation, thus ensuring the long
term sustainability of the mining industry.
The following sections highlight the fundamental topics of E3.
Project leaders can acquire further information through
independent studies at the updated online e-manual available
at either of these two links:
http://private.e3mining.com
or
http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/programs/e3.html
8.1 Surveys
It is important for you to recognise that even the early stage
activities such as airborne geophysical surveys and line cutting
may have an adverse effect upon the environment and upon
local communities that may exist in or near your exploration
area. For example, you may disturb people or animals with
overflying aircraft and affect the vegetation by indiscriminate
line cutting.
You should, therefore, always make efforts to involve locals at
the outset of your programme. By doing so, you will start the
process of building trust that is essential to the long term
welfare of the project. You should aim to leave the area in the
same condition as you found it, which requires you to design
your programs to leave the lightest footprint possible.
You should also be aware that, in some parts of the world,
"local" communities may include those that have trapping,
hunting or other rights in the area even though they may live at
some distance from it. It is your responsibility to ensure that
you identify any such communities before you conduct your
survey.
8.2 Camp and associated facilities
Exploration camp construction is commonly regulated under
legislation or permit conditions, and it is your responsibility to
be aware of, and abide by, all the requirements of your permits
and the legislation that applies to them. Camps are usually the
most "permanent" structures that you will build in your
exploration programme, so you must ensure that your choice
of site is well thought out and that you have designed it so that
its operation will have the least impact on the environment and
any local communities that may exist in the area.
It is important for you to set up your camp and its associated
facilities with input from local communities at the outset of the
activity. By doing so, you will start the process of building trust
that is essential to the long term welfare of the project.
8.3 Drilling, stripping and trenching
Drilling is the one activity in your exploration programme that
deliberately introduces fluids into the subsurface. In general, it
also requires you to construct access for the drills and their
support equipment, and this disturbs the land surface. Both
may also have impact upon local communities, if any exist in
your exploration area.
There is also to possibility of disturbance to local communities
resulting from the noise of drilling, particularly at night. If your
programme is being carried out in close proximity to housing
or other habitation, you should ensure that you consult with
the inhabitants before planning to drill at night.
For these reasons it is clear that drilling has the greatest
potential for adverse environmental and socio-economic
impact of any exploration activity. It is therefore critically
important that you choose your drill equipment and contractor
with great care, and consider alternative methods and
approaches to minimise the impact of you’re drilling on both
the environment and local communities.
Stripping and trenching has the potential to disturb a
substantial amount of land and, by its very nature, will require
you to deal carefully with topsoil so that rehabilitation
programs will be effective. You should always plan your
exploration so as to minimise the amount of stripping and
trenching that you do, and to ensure that the areas disturbed
are returned to their pre-existing state as soon as possible after
the programme is complete. If there are communities in your
exploration area, you should ensure that you minimise any
impact of your programme upon them.
8.4 Archaeological and cultural sites
From time to time, exploration crews may become aware of or
suspect that sites of archaeological or cultural significance are
located on lands to be or being explored. This is a critical issue
Page 25 of 30
that must be addressed during the planning or execution of any
exploration programme. Failure to do so may create serious
legal difficulty and lead to significant conflict with local people.
There is no surer way of creating conflict than desecrating,
however unintentionally, a grave or a place of worship. Many
jurisdictions have laws and regulations pertaining to the
protection of archaeological and cultural sites and, as
professionals, we must have knowledge of these laws and be in
compliance with them.
For purposes of this discussion, archaeological sites are
considered to be sites of pre-historic or historic significance.
Significant cultural sites, while including the above, are more
difficult to define. They may be much more recent but of
importance to the culture and heritage of the peoples who have
occupied or used the lands under exploration. In many cases,
this occupation and use may be by indigenous people. One
should be aware that cultural sites might even include
prominent landmarks such as hilltops and other local
topographic features. In some areas of the world, these cultural
sites may be important evidence to support land claims.
It should be emphasised that exploration geologists must
exercise respect for such sites since they represent
irreplaceable and non-renewable resources. The record is
unique, finite and fragile. It is particularly important to
recognise that the heritage of indigenous people will likely
constitute the greater part of the archaeological record in
many areas that may be explored for mineral potential. There
are both cultural and spiritual links between indigenous people
and the archaeological record that must be honoured and
respected during mineral exploration programs.
There are a number of practical steps that can be taken by
mining companies to ensure compliance with the above
requirements and principles.
– Become aware of any laws and regulations pertaining to
the protection of archaeological/cultural sites within the
area of planned exploration. Depending on the jurisdiction,
contact the local federal, state or territorial government
office. All exploration conducted must be in compliance
with these laws and regulations.
– During the planning stage, contact a professional
archaeologist or anthropologist at the appropriate
government office, university or museum closest to the
project lands if you suspect or have knowledge of the
existence of sites of archaeological or cultural significance
on the property. Follow the recommendations of this
professional (and the previously mentioned laws and
regulations) to determine if an exploration programme is
feasible and how it should be conducted to protect any
sites of significance. It is often desirable to also contact the
local community, especially indigenous groups, to inquire
about the possible presence of such sites.
– If a possible or suspected site is discovered during the
exploration programme, immediately stop work, cordon
off a reasonable distance around the site (or such distance
as required by law), photograph the site for the record and
contact an archaeological or anthropological professional
as well as the representative of the local indigenous
community, usually a respected elder. The site must
remain undisturbed until investigated and documented by
a recognised archaeological/ anthropological professional.
Under no circumstances should the exploration crew cause
any disturbance or remove any relics from the site. Ensure
compliance with any and all laws or regulations pertaining
to such a site.
– Follow the recommendations of the professional
archaeologist/anthropologist and the protocols agreed to
with the local elder regarding further protection of the site.
For the record, photograph the site again upon completion
or temporary halt of the exploration programme.
These guidelines are very broad in scope and are not meant to
represent definitive procedures for identifying or protecting
sites of archaeological and cultural significance. Just as we
would not expect a professional outside our area of expertise
to recommend the most appropriate tools for exploration, we
cannot fully describe the methods for protecting these sites. It
is the responsibility of the exploration company to ensure
compliance with the law, that the appropriate professionals
have been consulted and that the appropriate procedures have
been taken to protect any and all sites of archaeological and
cultural significance. Access to knowledge from the past is an
essential part of the heritage of everyone and, as professionals;
we have a responsibility for protection of this knowledge.
9 MINERAL EXPLORATION - BEST PRACTICES
21st NORTH expects project leaders and key personnel to act
accordingly to the guideline for Best Practices in Mineral
Exploration prepared by the Canadian Securities
Administrators under National Instrument 43-101.
9.1 Preamble
These guidelines have been prepared to assist the Qualified
Person(s) in the planning and supervision of exploration
programs which will be reported under National Instrument
43-101. Such exploration programs must be under the
supervision of the Qualified Person who will be responsible
and accountable for the planning, execution and interpretation
of all exploration activity as well as the implementation of
quality assurance programs and reporting. These guidelines
are also recommended for use in the planning and execution of
exploration programs which will not be reported under NI 43-
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101.The Qualified Person may base the exploration
programme on such geological premises and interpretation of
existing information as the QP(s) may decide and select such
exploration methods and tools as the QP(s) may judge to be
appropriate. In planning, implementing and supervising any
exploration work, the Qualified Person should ensure that the
practices followed are based on criteria that are generally
accepted in the industry or that can reasonably be justified on
scientific or technical grounds. This set of broad guidelines or
“best practices” has been drawn up to ensure a consistently
high quality of work that will maintain public confidence and
assist securities regulators. The guidelines are not intended to
inhibit the original thinking or application of new approaches,
which are fundamental to successful mineral exploration.
Results should be summarised and reported in a Technical
Report in accordance with the National Instrument 43-101 and
Form 1 contained in that instrument.
9.2 Qualified person
All exploration work from which public reporting will ensue
must be designed and carried out under the supervision of a
Qualified Person (“QP”). A QP is defined in National Instrument
43-101 as an individual who is an engineer or geoscientist with
at least five (5) years’ experience in mineral exploration, mine
development, mine operation or project assessment, has
experience relevant to the subject matter of the project or
report and is a member in good standing of a recognised
professional association.
9.3 Geological concept
The geological premise on which the exploration work is
conducted including the deposit type, geological setting and
style of mineralisation sought, should be supported by relevant
field data and a reasoned scientific approach.
9.4 Quality assurance/control
Throughout the process of mineral exploration, the QP(s)
should ensure that a quality assurance programme is in place
and that any required quality control measures are
implemented. Quality assurance programs should be
systematic and apply to all types of data acquisition, across the
full range of values measured and not only high or unusual
results.
9.5 Exploration methods & data collection
Fieldwork is to be planned and implemented under the direct
supervision of a QP(s). Data should be properly recorded and
documented at appropriate scales. All data points should be
accurately located with respect to known reference points. The
QP(s) supervising this work should ensure that any work by
employees, contractors or consultants is done by competent
personnel and that appropriate quality assurance programs
and security procedures are practised. Whenever several
persons carry out similar duties or when the data has been
collected over a period of time, care should be taken to ensure
the quality and consistency of the data being used.
9.6 Records and data verification
The exploration process including planning, mapping,
sampling, sample preparation, sample security and analysis or
testing should be accompanied by detailed record keeping
setting out the procedures followed, the results obtained and
the abbreviations used. In addition to paper records, digital
storage is encouraged in a standard format on a reliable
medium. A programme of data verification should be in place
to confirm the validity of exploration data that are entered into
the database. A summary of records should be included in a
periodic technical report produced and signed by the QP(s).
Practices used should be well documented and justified.
9.7 Sampling
The practices and procedures used in each sampling
programme should be appropriate for the objectives of the
programme. All sampling programs should be carried out in a
careful and diligent manner using scientifically established
sampling practices designed and tested to ensure that the
results are representative and reliable. Samples should be
collected under the supervision of a QP(s). Quality control
programs appropriate to the type of sample and the
mineralisation should be planned and implemented. These
programs should include such measures as external blanks,
standards and duplicate samples. Where the volume of
individual samples is reduced prior to shipping to a laboratory
for analysis, appropriate reduction procedures to obtain
representative sub samples should be applied and verified.
9.8 Drilling
The drilling method will be selected by a QP(s) and should be
appropriate to the material being investigated, the objective of
the programme and local drilling conditions. The drill hole size
selected should provide sufficient representative sample
material for analysis and reference. Surface and down hole
locational surveys should be undertaken using techniques
appropriate for the hole size, angle and length of holes. A
representative fraction of the drill sample material should be
retained, however if material is not retained, the QP(s) should
report and explain the reason for this decision. Drill logs, forms
or software specifically suited to the type of drilling, the
particular geological situation, and the minerals being sought,
should be used for detailed geological logging of core or
cuttings. Logs should be appropriately detailed for the type of
drilling being conducted, the geological setting, type of
Page 27 of 30
mineralisation, and geotechnical conditions. Core or sample
recoveries should be noted on the logs. Cross sections
depicting basic geology and hole data, including correlation
with surface geology and any nearby holes should be
developed and updated as drilling proceeds. Any down hole
geophysical information or other such surveys should also be
kept with the drill log. A photographic record of the core is
recommended, where appropriate.
9.9 Sample security
The security of samples from sample acquisition to analysis is a
vital component of the sampling process. Procedures should
include the use of secure core logging, sampling, storage and
preparation facilities, as appropriate, and the prompt, secure
and direct shipping of samples to the laboratories. The QP(s)
should endeavour to put in place the best security procedures
practical, given the geographic and topographic conditions and
the logistics created by the site location.
9.10 Sample preparation
The selection of sample preparation procedures should be
approved by the QP and should be appropriate to the material
being tested, the elements being analysed and should be
subject to the security measures as stated above. All samples
that are reduced or split should be processed in a manner such
that the fraction analysed or tested is as representative of the
whole sample as possible. Representative fractions of the
material to be analysed or tested should be retained for an
appropriate period of time, as decided by the QP. Quality
control checks should be undertaken as determined by the QP.
9.11 Analysis and testing
Analysis and testing of samples should be done by a reputable
and preferably accredited laboratory qualified for the
particular material to be analysed or tested. The selection of a
laboratory, testing or mineral processing facility and the
analytical methods used will be the responsibility of the QP.
The analytical methods chosen must be documented and
justified. All analytical or test results should be supported by
duly signed certificates or technical reports issued by the
laboratory or testing facility and should be accompanied by a
statement of the methods used. The reliability of the analytical
and testing results should be measured using the results of the
quality control samples inserted in the process by the QP.
Duplicate analyses at other laboratories should be undertaken.
9.12 Interpretation
A comprehensive and ongoing interpretation of all the
exploration data is an essential activity at all stages of the
project and should be undertaken to assess the results of the
work. This interpretation should be based on all of the
information collected to date, be systematic and thorough,
describe and document the interpretation and discuss any
information that appears at variance with the selected
interpretation. The density of the exploration data should be
critically assessed as to its ability to support the qualitative and
quantitative conclusions.
9.13 Mineral resource and mineral reserve estimation
Estimation of a mineral resource and a mineral reserve are
both fundamental steps in project development. The
classification and categorisation of these estimates must be
done in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 and be
prepared by a QP(s). The methods and parameters used in
making these estimates should be in accordance with the
principles generally accepted in Canada and should be
presented and justified with the estimate. A mineral resource
can be estimated for material where the geological
characteristics and the continuity are known or reasonably
assumed and where there is the potential for production at a
profit. Reserves can be estimated when a positive prefeasibility
or feasibility study as defined by NI 43-101 has established the
technical, economic and other relevant factors that indicate
that these resources can be produced at a profit. Reserve
estimates should be based on input and information from a
multidisciplinary team under the direction of QP(s).
9.14 Environment, safety and community relations
All exploration work should be conducted in a safe,
professional manner with due regard for the environment, the
concerns of local communities and with regulatory
requirements. An environmental programme, including
baseline studies, appropriate to the stage of the project should
be carried out.
9.15 Recommendations
The interpretation and assessment of the programme results at
the end of each phase should determine if the programme
objectives have been met and if further work is justified. Any
plan for further work should identify exploration targets,
recommend an exploration programme and present a budget
and schedule. Any changes in working hypotheses and
objectives should be recorded.
9.16 Technical reporting
A comprehensive technical report signed by the QP(s) should
be prepared on completion of a particular phase or stage of
work following the format and guidance presented in the
National Instrument 43-101 F1.
Page 28 of 30
10 IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS AND CONTACT INFORMATION
21st NORTH
Kullinggade 31
DK-5700 Svendborg, Denmark
Tel.: [+45] 2118 4183
Fax: [+45] 6363 3001
Sat. Tel: The specific number will be acquired prior to the
field season
Contact person: Anders Lie [+45] 4059 1012
Claus Østergaard [+45] 6168 1015
AIR GREENLAND A/S
Tel.: [+299] 343 366
Tel.: [+299] 554 792 (MCC/OP Guard) EMERGENCY
Tel.: [+299] 343 140 to146 (Charter)
Tel.: [+299] 552 489 (Charter Guard)
AFIS OPERATOR IN NUUK
Tel.: [+299] 327 119
XPLORATION SERVICES GREENLAND
Post box 456, H.J. Rinksvej 11, DK-3900 Nuuk
Tel.: [+299] 329 933 / [+299] 555 333 (on-call 24-4)
Fax: [+299] 311 834 EMERGENCY
Contact person: Martin Ben Shalmi [+299] 555 733
Nungo Petersen [+299] 524 433
EMERGENCY
SANA - DRONNINGS INGRIDS HOSPITAL
DK-3900 Nuuk
Tel.: [+299] 344 000 / [+299] 344 949
Contact person: Emergency Treatment Officer
NARSAQ HOSPITAL
Post Box 32
DK-3921 Narsaq
Tel.: [+299] 661 211
NUUK FIRE DEPARTMENT
Tel.: [+299] 321 056
QAQORTOQ HOSPITAL
Post Box 512
DK-3920 Qaqortoq
Tel.: [+299] 642 211
SISIMIUT HEALTH CENTER
Deichmannip App. 2
Post Box 1013
DK-3911 Sisimiut
Tel.: [+299] 864 211
ILULISSAT HOSPITAL
Post Box 514
DK-3952 Ilulissat
Tel.: [+299] 943 211
TASIILAQ HOSPITAL
Post Box 510
DK – 3913 Tasiilaq
Tel.: [+299] 981 211
POLICE
POLICE DEPARTMENT NUUK
P.H. Lundsteensvej 1, Post Box 1006
DK-3900 Nuuk
Tel.: [+299] 321 448 EMERGENCY
Contact person: Officer on duty
POLICE DEPARTMENT NORTH
Head Station Ilulissat
Post Box 506
DK – 3952 Ilulissat
Tel.: [+299] 943 222 or [+299] 543 822
POLICE DEPARTMENT MID
Head Station Sisimiut
Post Box 110
DK – 3911 Sisimiut
Tel.: [+299] 864 222 or [+299] 527 748
Page 29 of 30
Head Station Maniitsoq
Post Box 91
DK – 3912 Maniitsoq
Tel.: [+299] 813 222
POLICE REGION EAST
Head Station Tasiilaq
Post Box 97
DK – 3913 Tasiilaq
Tel.: [+299] 981 448 or [+299] 598 148
Head Station Illorqqortoormiut
Post Box 9
DK – 3980 Illorqqortoormiut
Tel.: [+299] 991 022 or [+299] 599 122
POLICE REGION SOUTH
Head Station Qaqortoq
Post Box 505
DK – 3920 Qaqortoq
Tel.: [+299] 642 222
AUTHORITIES
BUREAU OF MINERALS AND PETROLEUM
Post box 930, DK-3900 Nuuk
Tel.: [+299] 346 800
Tel.: [+299] 552 499 EMERGENCY
Fax: [+299] 324 302
THE FACTORIES INSPECTORATE
Skibshavnvej 18, Post box 202
DK-3900 Nuuk
Tel.: [+299] 342 590
Contact person: Officer on duty
Page 30 of 30
10. OVERVIEW MAP