FERTILIZER OUTLOOK
by
Barrie Bain Director of Fertilizer Intelligence FERTECON Limited Nomura Global Chemical Industry Leaders Conference, Venice, 21 March 2013
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Knowledge would often confuse them
2
FERTECON Limited
• Formed in 1978 • Leading global provider of fertilizer market
information, prices and analysis • Now part of Informa plc • The link with Informa gives FERTECON new
access to data and analysis resources on agriculture, shipping and freight and energy
FERTECON/ Nomura/ Venice March 2013
FERTILIZER USE
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Either to hath it sterile with idleness or manured with industry
FERTILIZER TYPES • There are three main nutrients • Nitrogen (N) • Phosphate (P2O5) • Potash (K2O)
• There are secondary and micronutrients such as sulphur, magnesium, zinc
etc.
• Nutrients perform different functions in the growth of the plant and the three main nutrients cannot be substituted for each other
• Plants need balanced nutrient application – how much and in what proportion depends on the soil type and the crop being grown
• Without chemical fertilizers, crop production would be reduced by almost half
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WORLD/ EU FERTILIZER USE
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Million tonnes nutrient
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EU FERTILIZER USE
FERTILIZER USE BY CROP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World total
EU 27 total
wheat corn other coarse rice soybean oil palm other oil seed cotton sugar fruit + veg other
percent
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Source:IFA
NITROGEN USE BY CROP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World N
EU 27 N
wheat corn other coarse rice soybean oil palm other oil seed cotton sugar fruit + veg other
percent
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Source: IFA
PHOSPHATE USE BY CROP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World P
EU 27 P
wheat corn other coarse rice soybean oil palm other oil seed cotton sugar fruit + veg other
percent
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Source: IFA
POTASH USE BY CROP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World K
EU 27 K
wheat corn other coarse rice soybean oil palm other oil seed cotton sugar fruit + veg other
percent
Source: IFA
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FERTILIZER USE BY CROP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
World total
EU 27 total
World N
EU 27 N
World P
EU 27 P
World K
EU 27 K
wheat corn other coarse rice soybean oil palm other oil seed cotton sugar fruit + veg other
percent
Source:IFA
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CROP PRICES
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
$/bushel
Source: USDA
soybean
wheat corn
Monthly average price received by US farmers
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CROP vs FERTILIZER PRICES
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CROP vs FERTILIZER PRICES
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FERTILIZER TO CROP PRICE RATIOS
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CORN TO FERTILIZER RATIOS
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CROP : FERTILIZER CORRELATIONS
UREA DAP MOP
2003-2012 0.75 0.71 0.67
2006-2010 0.75 0.71 0.89
2011-2012 0.17 -0.23 0.46
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CORRELATION BREAKDOWN
• Fertilizer price are driven by supply as well as demand • Time lags • Levels were already high enough to stimulate good fertilizer
demand at the start of 2011 – you don’t necessarily put more fertilizer on $7 corn than $5 corn
• Influence of non-commercial and semi-commercial markets – especially India
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CROP vs FERTILIZER PRICES - EUROPE
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CROP vs FERTILIZER PRICES - EUROPE
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FERTILIZER TO CROP PRICE RATIOS- EUROPE
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FERTILIZER TO CROP PRICE RATIOS- EUROPE
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DO FERTILIZER PRICES DRIVE CROP PRICES? OR DO CROP PRICES DRIVE FERTILIZER PRICES?
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DO FERTILIZER PRICES DRIVE CROP PRICES? OR DO CROP PRICES DRIVE FERTILIZER PRICES?
NITROGEN
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Sometimes, I feel the past and the future pressing so hard on either side that there's no room for the present at all
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NITROGEN PRODUCTION
AMMONIA NATURAL GAS/ COAL/FUEL OIL CO2
UREA NITRIC ACID
AMMONIUM NITRATES UAN
SULPHURIC ACID
AMMONIUM SULPHATE
POTASSIUM NITRATE
MOP
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NEW UREA SUPPLY
• New low-cost capacity in Algeria (three 1.2 million t/y plants) • Additional capacity in Africa (Nigeria and Gabon)
• New supply from Middle East (Qatar, Abu Dhabi)
• Lower gas prices in North America encouraging new supply,
thus reducing import demand
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NEW LOW-COST UREA EXPORT CAPACITY
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US NITROGEN PRODUCTION
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US NITROGEN IMPORTS
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GAS PRICES
NITROGEN PRODUCTON COSTS • The EU 15 has the most efficient nitrogen fertilizer plants in the
world – more efficient than the US and even new plants in North Africa and the Middle East
• However, it has some of the highest production costs in the World
• This is due to high gas costs in Europe
• In contrast, the fall in US gas prices has made US prodcution extremely competitive
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UREA COST CURVES
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US UREA COST OF SUPPLY - 2013
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US UREA COST OF SUPPLY - 2015
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US UREA CASH MARGINS
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EUROPE: UREA COST OF SUPPLY - 2013
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EUROPE: UREA COST OF SUPPLY - 2015
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World
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EU/RoW FERTILIZER NITROGEN USE
EU 27
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EU CAN SUPPLY
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EU AMMONIUM NITRATE SUPPLY
EMISSION TRADING SCHEME
• EU ETS now applies to CO2 emissions from ammonia production, N2O emissions from nitric acid production and CO2 emissions relating to energy use
• Applies even when CO2 is captured – for urea production or industrial uses
• Benchmarking means that currently the most efficient ammonia plants incur modest costs
- although as emission benchmarks are reduced cost potentially will increase
• European plants are the most efficient in the world.
• N2O emissions from nitric acid plants being reduced by retrofitting of plants
• However, the collapse of the carbon price to under €5/t CO2 has made the scheme meaningless and there are calls for it to be scrapped
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AMMONIA /UREA PRICE OUTLOOK
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PHOSPHATES
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You will profit by the failure, and will avoid it another time
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PHOSPHATE PRODUCTION
SULPHURIC ACID SULPHUR PHOSPHATE ROCK
PHOSPHORIC ACID
AMMONIA DAP/MAP TSP
SSP
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PHOSPHATE
• Phosphate prices had been high due to tight supply, but fell in 2012
• As the Ma’aden project in Saudi Arabia, plus expansions in Morocco and elsewhere ramp up, the market has become more balanced
• Prices have picked up recently, but are expected to fall again in second half 2013
• The very high phosphate prices of 2007-2008 have stimulated a massive interest in developing phosphate rock reserves – in Central Asia, Africa, Australia and Latin America
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MOROCCO – AMBITIOUS EXPANSION PLANS
• State-owned OCP has ambitious expansion plans for its phosphate operations
• It has been looking for j-v partners, but is willing to go it alone • It has the following projects for finished phosphate fertilizers: • 2013 – 1 million t/y • 2014 – 2 million t/y • 2015 – 1 million t/y • There are likely to be delays but will are likely to see at least
part of this come on-stream
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MA’ADEN 3 MILLION T/Y DAP PROJECT
• The Ma’aden phosphate project finally came on-stream last year. Full operation will be achieved soon
• Originally scheduled for 2009 • Represents 18% of global DAP export supply • Delay means that supply was initially easily absorbed into the market
given strong demand • Go ahead for a new project (now as a j-v with Mosaic) and expansion
of existing plant will see Saudi Arabian supply increase substantially over the next 5 years
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PHOSPHATE PRICE OUTLOOK
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PHOSPHATE PRICE OUTLOOK
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POTASH
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Here is a case unprecedented If thou will lend this money, lend it not as to thy friends.
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POTASH PRODUCTION
SULPHURIC ACID
SULPHUR MOP
SOP
AMMONIA NOP
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• Supply very concentrated • Two major supply points – Canada and FSU –
account for two thirds of world production • This was represented by six producers and three
marketing organisations. Now five producers and two marketing organisations
• Three marketing organisations – Canpotex, BPC and K+S – account for over 70% of sales
• Four marketing organisations control 85% of sales.
WORLD POTASH PRODUCTION
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WORLD POTASH PRODUCTION
NEW POTASH CAPACITY
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POTENTIAL NEW POTASH PRODUCERS
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2012 2020 additions
Europe K+S, Israel Chemicals Sirius (UK)
CIS Uralkali Acron, EuroChem
Africa - Congo, Ethiopia, Eritrea
Asia around 30 enterprises in China, 1 in Laos
Several enterprises in Laos
North America Agrium, Mosaic PotashCorp, Compass, Intrepid
IC Potash, several other potential projects
Latin America SQM, Vale Potential in Brazil
POTASH PROJECTS
• Lots of greenfield projects have been announced but few will be developed
• Projects from junior mining companies will struggle to get finance
• Even projects from major companies face challenges – e.g. Vale’s Rio Colorado in Argentina now suspended, major delays at EuroChem’s first Russia project
• The big unknown - BHP Billiton's Jansen project: over $1 billion spent but still no board approval
• The one certainty with greenfield projects the will cost more and take longer to build than forecast
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LAOS - NEW POTASH SUPPLY SOURCE
• Rapid development of shallow potash deposits in Laos
• Already some production • Low capital costs • Quicker build • Chinese investment
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0
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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
LAOS POTENTIAL POTASH CAPACITY
Million tonnes/year MOP
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LAOS POTASH MINING
59 FERTECON/ Nomura/ Venice March 2013
POTASH PRICE OUTLOOK
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POTASH PRICE OUTLOOK
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SUPPLY/DEMAND OUTLOOK
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It depends upon what you compare it with
SUPPLY / DEMAND GROWTH 2011-2015
• Supply is growing faster than demand in all three nutrients, particularly nitrogen
• New urea capacity in the will add 50 million tonnes/year (27 million in China)
• New potash supply adds 22 million tonnes MOP (29% increase)
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THE QUOTATIONS
• Knowledge would often confuse them – Death in Venice, Thomas Mann • Either to hath it sterile with idleness or manured with industry – Othello, William
Shakespeare
• Sometimes, I feel the past and the future pressing so hard on either side that there's no room for the present at all – Brideshead Revisited , Evelyn Waugh
• You will profit by the failure, and will avoid it another time – Little Dorrit, Charles Dickens • If thou will lend this money, lend it not as to thy friends - The Merchant of Venice, William
Shakespeare
• Here is a case unprecedented - The Gondoliers, W.S. Gilbert
• It depends upon what you compare it with – The Aspern Papers , Henry James
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