Fabien GANDON, Laurent BERTHELOT, Rose DIENGFabien GANDON, Laurent BERTHELOT, Rose DIENG
A Multi-Agents A Multi-Agents Platform for a Platform for a
Corporate Web Corporate Web SemanticSemantic
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A Multi-Agents A Multi-Agents Platform for a Platform for a
Corporate Web Corporate Web SemanticSemantic
PlanPlan
Corporate memory materialization in CoMMACorporate memory materialization in CoMMAObjectives & Overall ApproachObjectives & Overall ApproachUse of RDF(S) to build a corporate semantic webUse of RDF(S) to build a corporate semantic web
CoMMA MAS architecture overviewCoMMA MAS architecture overviewHandling distribution of annotationsHandling distribution of annotations
Allocating new annotationAllocating new annotationDistributed query-solvingDistributed query-solving
33 [email protected] A Multi-Agents Platform for a Corporate Web Semantic
What is CoMMA ?What is CoMMA ? CoMMACoMMA: : European project : Provide a European project : Provide a corporate memory management corporate memory management framework. Started February 2000 - framework. Started February 2000 - Ended February 2002Ended February 2002
2 application & trial scenarios2 application & trial scenarios Assist new employee integrationAssist new employee integration Support technology monitoring activitiesSupport technology monitoring activities
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ApproachApproach
Corporate memories as Corporate memories as heterogeneous and heterogeneous and distributeddistributed information landscapes information landscapes
Stakeholders are a Stakeholders are a heterogeneous and heterogeneous and distributeddistributed population population
Exploitation of corporate memory involves Exploitation of corporate memory involves heterogeneous and distributedheterogeneous and distributed tasks tasks
CM MaterializationCM Materialization CM ExploitationCM ExploitationXML:XML: Web standard, Web standard, Structure, Extend, Structure, Extend, Validation, TransformValidation, Transform
RDF(S) & K. Eng.:RDF(S) & K. Eng.: Annotation, SchemasAnnotation, Schemas
Multi-Agent System:Multi-Agent System: Modularity, Distributed, Modularity, Distributed, Collaboration, Sem. M.P.Collaboration, Sem. M.P.
Machine Learning:Machine Learning: AdaptabilityAdaptability
Positioning & ApproachPositioning & Approach
CoMMACoMMA: : European project : Provide a European project : Provide a corporate memory management framework. corporate memory management framework. Started February 2000 - Ended February 2002Started February 2000 - Ended February 2002
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Overall SchemaOverall Schema
Corporate Memory
Multi-Agents SystemLearning
UserAgent
Learning
ProfileAgent
Ontology and Models Agent
UserAgent
Learning
InterconnectionAgent
KnowledgeEngineer
Ontology
Models - Enterprise Model - User's Profiles
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Overall SchemaOverall Schema
Corporate Memory
Multi-Agents SystemLearning
UserAgent
Learning
ProfileAgent
Ontology and Models Agent
UserAgent
Learning
InterconnectionAgent
Author and/orannotator of documents
Annotation
Document
77 [email protected] A Multi-Agents Platform for a Corporate Web Semantic
Overall SchemaOverall Schema
Corporate Memory
Multi-Agents SystemLearning
UserAgent
Learning
ProfileAgent
Ontology and Models Agent
UserAgent
Learning
InterconnectionAgent
End User
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Query
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Overall SchemaOverall Schema
Corporate Memory
Multi-Agents SystemLearning
UserAgent
Learning
ProfileAgent
Ontology and Models Agent
UserAgent
Learning
InterconnectionAgent
KnowledgeEngineer
Author and/orannotator of documents
End User
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Ontology
Models - Enterprise Model - User's Profiles
Query
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A Corporate Semantic WebA Corporate Semantic Web RDF :RDF : Resource Description Framework Resource Description Framework
Describe Web resourcesDescribe Web resources RDF Schema (to formalize the ontology)RDF Schema (to formalize the ontology)
OO SS
AADD
++
++
++
++MemoryMemory
Approach :Approach : OOntology in RDFS (O'CoMMA)ntology in RDFS (O'CoMMA) Description the Description the SSituation in RDF:ituation in RDF:
User ProfilesUser Profiles Organization modelOrganization model
AAnnotations in RDF describing nnotations in RDF describing DDocumentsocuments Toward a Toward a corporate semantic webcorporate semantic web Annotated world for agentsAnnotated world for agents (quickly intelligent) (quickly intelligent)
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<rdfs:Class rdf:ID=‘Entity’/><rdfs:Class rdf:ID=‘Group’> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=‘#Entity’ /></rdfs:Class> ......<rdf:Property rdf:ID=‘Employee’> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=‘#Member’ /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=‘#Group/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=‘#Person’/></rdf:Property> ......
Ontology in RDFS
Entity
Group Person Employee
Member
range
domain
Ontology hierarchy
<CoMMA:Group rdf:about=“http://www-sop.inria.fr/acacia/”> <CoMMA:Employee> <CoMMA:Person rdf:about=“http://www.inria.fr/~fab/” /> </CoMMA:Employee></CoMMA:Group >
RDFannotation
RDF(S) - Aspects used by the agents managing the annotations RDF(S) - Aspects used by the agents managing the annotations
Group: Acacia Employee rangedomain Person: Fabien
Annotation triplet and graph (Acacia, Employee, Fabien)(Acacia, Employee, Fabien)
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MAS ArchitectureMAS Architecture
Mémoire d'entreprise
Système Multi-AgentsApprentissage
Agent Utilisateur
Apprentissage
Agent grouped'intérêts
Agent Ontologie et Modèles
Agent Utilisateur
Apprentissage
Agent d'inter-connexion
Ingénieur dela connaissance
Auteur et/ouAnnotateur de documents
Utilisateur final
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Annotation
Document
Ontologie
Modèles - Modèle d'entreprise - Profils d'utilisateurs
Requête
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Multi-agents information system for the CMMulti-agents information system for the CM
CoMMACoMMA is an heterogeneous multi-agents is an heterogeneous multi-agents information systeminformation system Several types of agentsSeveral types of agents Deal with duality of information Deal with duality of information distributiondistribution::
i.e.i.e. scattered data, information & knowledge scattered data, information & knowledge i.e.i.e. diffuse captured information and knowledge diffuse captured information and knowledge
Agent paradigm adequacy: Agent paradigm adequacy: Collaboration Collaboration Global Capitalization Global Capitalization Autonomy & Individuality Autonomy & Individuality Local AdaptationLocal Adaptation
From Macroscopic to MicroscopicFrom Macroscopic to Microscopic Functional analysis for high level functions: Functional analysis for high level functions:
societiessocieties Society internal functional analysis: rolesSociety internal functional analysis: roles in in //// scenario and use-cases analysis: interactions scenario and use-cases analysis: interactions
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Users' societyUsers' society
Annotations SocietyAnnotations SocietyOntology and Model SocietyOntology and Model Society
Interconnection SocietyInterconnection Society
CoMMA Society CoMMA Society Sub-societiesSub-societiesand Rolesand Roles
Ontologist AgentsOntologist Agents
MediatorsMediators
ArchivistsArchivists
Profile Profile ManagersManagers
Profiles Profiles ArchivistsArchivistsInterfaceInterface
ControllersControllers
FederatedFederatedMatchmakersMatchmakers
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Users' societyUsers' society
Annotations SocietyAnnotations SocietyOntology and Model SocietyOntology and Model Society
Interconnection SocietyInterconnection Society
Roles Roles Interaction Interaction specificationsspecifications
Ontologist AgentsOntologist Agents
MediatorsMediators
ArchivistsArchivists
Profile Profile ManagersManagers
Profiles Profiles ArchivistsArchivistsInterfaceInterface
ControllersControllers
FederatedFederatedMatchmakersMatchmakers
ontologyontology
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AnnotationArchivist
AnnotationMediator
Reactive N NComplex Mental State N NGraceful Degradation Y YTemporally continuity Y YAutonomy
Goal-oriented N YCollaborative Y YFlexible N YProactive N Y
Personality N NCommunication Y YAdaptability
Learning N NCustomizable N N
Mobility N NVisual representation N NVeracity Y YBenevolence Y YRationality Y Y
Roles descriptionimplied role characteristics
Zooming on the annotation societyZooming on the annotation societyAnnotations SocietyAnnotations Society
MediatorsMediators
ArchivistsArchivists
Scenarios anduse cases to derive interactions and protocols spec.
AMLocal:AM *:AM *:AA
*:AA
1:cfp
2:cfp
2:cfp
3:propose
3:propose
:protocol fipa contract net:content <RDF Annotation>:language CoMMA-RDF:ontology CoMMA Ontology
5:accept/reject
:protocol fipa contract net:content <propose bid = distance to current archive / refuse / not understood>:language CoMMA-RDF:ontology CoMMA Ontology
4:propose
6:accept/reject
6:accept/reject
7:inform
7:inform8:inform
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Interactions AA-AM in allocating an annotationInteractions AA-AM in allocating an annotation C-Net : Annotation allocationC-Net : Annotation allocation
AM - AA AM - AA discuss best place to archivediscuss best place to archive Contract-net Contract-net (CfP, Proposal, Accept/Reject)(CfP, Proposal, Accept/Reject) Allocation criteria: pseudo-semantic measureAllocation criteria: pseudo-semantic measure<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/PR-rdf-schema-19990303#" xmlns:CoMMA="http://www.inria.fr/acacia/comma#"> <CoMMA:Article rdf:about="http://intranet/reports/R3029"> <CoMMA:Title>CfP UMTS Analysis</CoMMA:Title> <CoMMA:Author> <CoMMA:Person rdf:about="http://www.mycorp.com/~fab" /> </CoMMA: Author > </CoMMA:Article></rdf:RDF>
Article
Title
Literal: "CfP UMTS Analysis"
Article
Author
Person
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Article
Title
Literal: "CfP UMTS Analysis"
Article
Author
Person
AnnotationAnnotation
ArchiveArchiveABISABIS
Interactions AA-AM in allocating an annotationInteractions AA-AM in allocating an annotation
Report
Title
Literal: "Negotiation in C-Net"
Literal: "Zeno paradox"......
2727Report
Author
Person
1717
How
clo
se a
re th
ey ?
Report
Author
Comity
1010
Book
Author
Person
8989
Book
Title
Literal: "Agents for dummies"
Literal: "Francs and Euros"......
4747
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Allocating an annotation: lexicographical distanceAllocating an annotation: lexicographical distance
Article
Title
Literal: "CfP UMTS Analysis"
Report
Title
Literal: "Negotiation in C-Net"
Literal: "Zeno paradox"......
Blow
Bup
sx,x,1XL..0 L
ix,X ...Lit ; Max,0
Max )itAbscissa(L CC
C
sii
DistL(LitA, LitB) = | Abscissa(LitB) - Abscissa(LitA) |
Classic lexicographical distance: ( pseudo semantic)
DistI(LitX, [Blow, Bup])
if LitX [Blow, Bup] then = 0
else = Min(DistL (LitX, Blow), DistL (LitX, Bup))
Distance to a literal interval: ( pseudo distance)
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Allocating an annotation: semantic distanceAllocating an annotation: semantic distance
Article
Author
Person
Report
Co-Author
Student
C2
C1
C3
C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
R1
R2
R4 R5 R6
R3
Concept typeshierarchy
Relation typeshierarchy
Distance from Type1 to Type2 through least common super-type DistH(Type1,Type2) = SPath(Type1,LCST) +SPath(Type2,LCST) SPath(,): number of edges through generalisation links LCST: least common super type = shared characteristicsDistTL(Type1,LitX) = (MaxC*2+1)Triple-triple: conditional sum with normalisation & weightsDist TFABIS(TripleA, TripleB) = DistC1+ DistR + DistC2
DistCi= WC* DistH(Type1,Type2) or WC* DistH(Type,Lit) or WL* N * DistI(Lit, [Blow,Bup]) N=MaxC*2/MaxL
vehicle
car bicycle
wagoncoupé
LCST Toy Example
Distance(coupé,bicycle) = 3
tandem
vehicle
car bicycle
wagoncoupé
LCST
Toy Example
Distance(coupé,wagon) = 2
tandem
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ABISABISAnnotationAnnotation
Allocating an annotation: final pseudo-distanceAllocating an annotation: final pseudo-distance
DistAABIS(Triple,ABIS) = Min(DistTFABIS (Triple,Triplei)Tripleti ABIS
ABIS),(TripleDist )ABIS ,An( Dist jTABISXAABIS
Xj AnTriple
Allocation criteria:Allocation criteria: Winner = Archivist with the smallest distanceWinner = Archivist with the smallest distance Effect: cluster annotations having close semantic Effect: cluster annotations having close semantic
contribution contribution specialise the archives specialise the archives One use: specialisation improve query solving and One use: specialisation improve query solving and
respect knowledge distributionrespect knowledge distribution
CAP),(TripleDist )CAP ,An( Dist jTCAPXACAP
Xj AnTriple sub-type Dist = 0
Dist(AnX, AAY) = DistAABIS(AnX, ABISY) + DistACAP(AnX, CAPY)
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Interactions AA-AM in solving a requestInteractions AA-AM in solving a request Fragmentation et distributed queriesFragmentation et distributed queries
Co-operatively solve a query (multi-stage Query-Co-operatively solve a query (multi-stage Query-Ref)Ref)
AM decomposes submitted query into sub-queries AM decomposes submitted query into sub-queries Allocation of sub-query based on ABISAllocation of sub-query based on ABIS
Overlap descriptionOverlap description Refines service description of ArchivistsRefines service description of Archivists Target multicast communications in query-solvingTarget multicast communications in query-solving Exploit archive specialisation obtained by the Exploit archive specialisation obtained by the
distribution of annotationsdistribution of annotations
query needs (in ontological terms)query needs (in ontological terms)(ABIS)(ABIS)archive contribution to memoryarchive contribution to memory
&&
DescriptionDescriptionof the overlap of the overlap need/archiveneed/archive(OBSIQ)(OBSIQ)
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DOM RDF structureDOM RDF structure<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/ PR-rdf-schema-19990303#" xmlns:CoMMA="http://www.inria.fr/acacia/comma#"> <CoMMA:Document> <CoMMA:CreatedBy> <CoMMA:Person> <CoMMA:FamilyName>?AuthorName</CoMMA:FamilyName> <CoMMA:FirstName>?AuthorFirstName</CoMMA:FirstName> </CoMMA:Person> </CoMMA:CreatedBy> <CoMMA:Title>?DocTitle</CoMMA:Title> <CoMMA:Edited> <CoMMA:Company> <CoMMA:Designation>~smith</CoMMA:Designation> <CoMMA:Situated> <CoMMA:Location> <CoMMA:City>Nice</CoMMA:City> <CoMMA:Country>France</CoMMA:Country> <CoMMA:Phone>?EditorPhone</CoMMA:Phone> </CoMMA:Location> </CoMMA:Situated> <CoMMA:HasForActivity> <CoMMA:Edition /> </CoMMA:HasForActivity> </CoMMA:Company> </CoMMA:Edited> <CoMMA:CreationDate>2000</CoMMA:CreationDate> <CoMMA:ReviewedBy> <CoMMA:Person> <CoMMA:FamilyName>hofstadter</CoMMA:FamilyName> <CoMMA:FirstName>douglas</CoMMA:FirstName> </CoMMA:Person> </CoMMA:ReviewedBy> <CoMMA:Concern> <CoMMA:ComputerScienceTopic /> </CoMMA:Concern> </CoMMA:Document></rdf:RDF>
?
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1
1
1
1
1
1
22
22
22
2
3
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Decomposition (Constraints)Decomposition (Constraints)
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Solving / DecompositionSolving / Decomposition AM simplifies + decomposes AM simplifies + decomposes sub-queries to AA sub-queries to AA Bottom-up constraintsBottom-up constraints
solvingsolving Top-down questionTop-down question
solvingsolving URI as cut/joint pointsURI as cut/joint points
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Solving / DecompositionSolving / Decomposition AM simplifies + decomposes AM simplifies + decomposes sub-queries to AA sub-queries to AA Bottom-up constraintsBottom-up constraints
solvingsolving Top-down questionTop-down question
solvingsolving URI as cut/joint pointsURI as cut/joint points
Decomposition (Questions) &Decomposition (Questions) &mergingmerging
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Solving / MergingSolving / Merging AM merges partial resultsAM merges partial results AM solves cross-referencesAM solves cross-references
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ConclusionConclusion
Ergonomics problems and complexityErgonomics problems and complexityLarge scale real evaluationLarge scale real evaluationWorking system Working system i.e.i.e. proof of concept proof of conceptUsability and Usefulness recognizedUsability and Usefulness recognizedDeveloper appreciation of Agent-Onto couplingDeveloper appreciation of Agent-Onto coupling Industrial interest in the dvpIndustrial interest in the dvpntnt of the prototype of the prototype
Focused criticisms:Focused criticisms: pseudopseudo-semantic distance; literal analysis-semantic distance; literal analysis overover specialisation; fine tuning, other criteria specialisation; fine tuning, other criteria decomposition improvements (existential decomposition improvements (existential
qualification, constraint focal point and heuristics)qualification, constraint focal point and heuristics) Results Results PhD to be defended in October PhD to be defended in October Take home message: "looking for Post Doc." Take home message: "looking for Post Doc."
System implementation ( ) & trial:System implementation ( ) & trial:
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CoMMA: Login & JADE Agent Management GUICoMMA: Login & JADE Agent Management GUI
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CoMMA: Making an annotationCoMMA: Making an annotation
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CoMMA: Message passing in allocating an annotationCoMMA: Message passing in allocating an annotation
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CoMMA: Submitting a queryCoMMA: Submitting a query
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CoMMA: Message passing in query-solvingCoMMA: Message passing in query-solving
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CoMMA: Query resultCoMMA: Query result
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