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Exploring and Drillingfor
Oil and Gas
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What are Oil and Gas? Oil and Gas are substances found within the earths
crust.
They are thought to come from decomposed plant and
animal matter.
Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago,
and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments.Over a long period of time, and with pressure andtemperature, the organic materials were converted into
the oil and gas which are found today.
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What else do we know about oil and gas?
Oil in its natural state can bethick or thin, black or light
colored.
When oil is refined, many
products can be obtained:
Energy for power
Gasoline for cars
Diesel fuel for trucks andtrains
Hi-octane fuels for planes
Heating oil for houses
Many other materials alsocome from petroleum:
Plastics
Materials for clothes(example: polyester fabrics)
Chemicals for everyday use
Paints
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Did you know that oil has natural gas in it?
When oil is produced, some gas is produced
with the oil.
The natural gas is in solution, just like the
carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop togive it its fizz.
Abarrel of oil may contain anywhere from1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft,depending on the type of reservoir.
Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil tofill your whole house!
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Where can we find Oil and
Gas?
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Some people think that oil is in big pools underground.
Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces betweengrains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to
be seen with the naked eye.
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So, how do we find oil-bearing
rocks?
Oil and gas are found in natural traps within theearth.
These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeablerock above the trap prevents the oil and gas frommigrating up to surface. An impermeablerock isone that fluid cannot pass through.
without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all theway to the surface and evaporate.
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Heres an example of a dome-shaped
Oil reservoir.
Oil
Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards.
Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?
Water
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Heres an example of a Gas reservoir.
Gas
Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from
escaping.
Water
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Heres an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap
Gas
Oil
Why do you suppose the gas is on top?
Water
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How do we find the oil reservoirs?
Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, andtiming how long it takes for the sound to come back
Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth lookslike underground.
GasOil
source
receivers
t = 1 sec
t = 1.2 sect = 1.42 sec
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The First Well Spring-Pole, 18m,
18Month, USA, Rafmer Brothers, Casing,Salt Water
The First Oil Well, By Dreck, 1859, USA
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Wild Cat Exploratory
Step-out, Proven, unproven Delineation Appraisal, Descriptive Confirmation
Test Observation Producing
Disposal Injection Relief
Others
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Brief History(Iran)As a result of the concession granted
to william knox D'arcy by mozaffaredin- shah of ghajar in 1901 for theextraction and production of oil in
Iran- excluding the 5 northernprovinces drilling bits rotated for the
first time in the middle east,registering Iran as the primerbirthplace of middle east oil industry.
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Chiah Sorkh 1902-1905,
Nafton, MIS
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Mapping operation by the Bri tish on Bakhtiary
mountains, between 1901 to 1910 Caring the crude oi l by animals, during the 1910s
Salary Payment day, 1910sDigging oil well, 1910s
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Digging oil well at south region of Iran
during 1931s
Members of the Anglo-Persian oil company's staff
being entertained at luncheon by the Kashguli khans
at their winter camp,C.1925
Caring oi l pipes to the top of the well in order to construct
the pipe line for transferring the oil, during 1910s
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Installing the board of
temporary governing body of
Iran National Oil Co. in
Kermanshah
Digging oil well and spring ofoil , during 1941s
End of the work hour at Abadan refinery, 1910
h d d f fi d
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What do we do after we find a
reservoir?
??
?
W D ill I I ! ! !
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We Drill Into It ! ! !
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What do we drill with ?
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Whats a drilling rig ?
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A Drilling Rig is:
A package of special equipment put together to enableus to drill into the earth.
A drilling rig has many different parts:a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, enginesfor power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control
equipment, and many other pieces.
Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep
as 6 miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!
G S
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RIG TYPES
Onshore Drilling Unit
Offshore Drilling Unit Fixed Bottom SupportedFixed Bottom Supported
Jacket StructuresJacket Structures
Tower Type PlatformTower Type Platform
Manmade IslandsManmade Islands
Gravity StructuresGravity Structures
Fixed FloatingFixed Floating
Tension Leg PlatformTension Leg Platform Gravity StructuresGravity Structures
SemiSemi--SubmersibleSubmersible
Mobile Bottom SupportedMobile Bottom Supported JackJack--upup
Swamp BargeSwamp Barge SubmersibleSubmersible
Mobile FloatingMobile Floating Dril l ShipDrill Ship
SemisubmersibleSemisubmersible
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A Drilling Rig !
Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:Jackup Rig
Land Rig
For drilling on land.
For drilling in water
depths from 15 ft
to +/- 350 ft.
Drill Ship
Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling inwater depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.
Semi-Submersible Rig
Inland Barge
For drilling in water depths
from 8 to 30 ft.
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RIG TYPES
Drill shipDrill ship SubmersibleSubmersibleJackupJackupSemisubmersibleSemisubmersible LandLand
rigrig
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RIG TYPESJACK UP RIGSJACK UP RIGSA self-contained combination
drilling rig and floating barge,fitted with long support legs that
can be raised or lowered
independently of each other.
The jackup, as it is known informally,
is towed onto location with its legs
up and the barge section floating on
the water. Upon arrival at the drillinglocation, the legs are jacked down onto the seafloor and the entire
barge and drilling structure are slowly raised above the water to a
predetermined height above the water, so that wave, tidal and curreloading acts only on the relatively small legs and not the bulky barg
and drillin acka e.
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RIG TYPESSUBMERSIBLE RIGSUBMERSIBLE RIG
A particular type of floating vessel, usually used as a mobile offshore
drilling unit (MODU), that is supported primarily on large pontoon
-like structures submerged below the seasurface. The operating decks
are elevated 100 or more feet [30 m] above the pontoons on large steelcolumns. Once on the desired location, this type of structure is slowly
flooded until it rests on the seafloor. After the well is completed, the
water is pumped out of the buoyancy tanks, the vessel refloated andtowed to the next location. Submersibles, as they are known informally,
operate in relatively shallow water, since they must actually rest on the
seafloor
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RIG TYPES
SEMISUBMERSIBLE RIGSSEMISUBMERSIBLE RIGS
A particular type of floating vessel
that is supported primarily on largepontoon-like structures submerged
below the sea surface. The operating
decks are elevated perhaps 100 or
more feet above the pontoons on
large steel columns. This design has
the advantage of submerging most
of the area of components in contactwith the sea and minimizing loading from waves and wind.
Semisubmersibles can operate in a wide range of water depths,
including deep water. They are usually anchored with six to twelveanchor chains, which are computer controlled to maintain station-
kee in
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RIG TYPESDRILL SHIPDRILL SHIP
Is a special ship modified to hosta drilling rig to drill wells in deep
water.
Drill ships are the most mobile of
all the mobile drilling units and
are used in remote waters.
They can drill wells in very deep
water but they are very susceptibleto wave motion and are not suitable
for use in heavy seas
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Pile-founded
steel jacketplatform
Cost increases
rapidly with depth
Bending moments
Natural Frequency
Mud Line
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AT THE WELL SITE
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Standard Derrick - Engines close to derrick - Mechanical Transmission
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700 hp ENGINE
COMPOUND700 hp ENGINE
700 hp ENGINE
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Drill string
Drill bit
The hoisting equipmentconsists of:
a crown block,
a traveling block,
drilling line,and a drawworks to
pull the drilling line up
or down.
substructure
derrick
This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig.This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which ispicked up in 30 foot long segments, or joints, of drill pipe.
spare drill pipe
This shows a 30 foot section
of drill pipe being added to
the drill pipe already in the
hole.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSupporting SystemSupporting System
Power Supply SystemPower Supply SystemHoisting SystemHoisting System
Rotating SystemRotating System
Circulating SystemCirculating SystemDrilling Fluid Mixing and Conditioning SystemDrilling Fluid Mixing and Conditioning System
Control & Monitoring SystemControl & Monitoring System
Pressure Control SystemPressure Control System..................
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSPOWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM
The power system of a rig is usually diesel-electric. This
means that the engines on the rig are diesel. The diesel,in turn, drive generators to make electrical power .
Cables transmit electric power to motors to drive all
the rig components
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
It consists of the:
DERRICK
DRILLING CABLE
CROWN BLOCK
TRAVELLING BLOCK
HOOKDRAWORKS (OR HOIST)
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
DERRICKDERRICK
The structure used to support the crown
blocks and the drillstring of a drilling rig.
Derricks are usually pyramidal in shape,and offer a good strength-to-weight ratio.
The derrick must be tall enough to allow
crew members to manipulate stands of drillpipe, which are about 28.5 m. A standard
derrick has four legs standing at the corners
of the rigs substructure. Crew members
have to build it piece by piece.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
DRILLING LINEDRILLING LINE
Wire rope used to support the drilling tools that we want to run
inside the well. The drilling cable passes through the sheaves
(or pulleys) of the traveling block and run upward to anotherset of sheaves calledcrown block.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
CROWN BLOCKCROWN BLOCK
The fixed set of pulleys (called sheaves)
located at the top of the derrick, over
which the drilling line is threaded.The drilling line passes several times
(8, 10 or 12) between the crown block
and the traveling block. In this wayis possible to use a single cable to
support heavy loads.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
TRAVELING BLOCKTRAVELING BLOCK
The set of sheaves that move up and down
in the derrick.
The wire rope threaded through them isthreaded (or "reeved") back to the stationary
crown blocks located on the top of the
derrick.
On the bottom of the traveling block is
attached the hook
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
HOOK
A large and strong
HOOK supports the
weight of the drill
string and the Top
Drive.
The hook is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and
provides a way to pick up heavy loads with the traveling block.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSHOISTING SYSTEMHOISTING SYSTEM
DRAWORKSDRAWORKS
The machine on the rig consistingof a large-diameter steel spool,
brakes, a power source and
assorted auxiliary devices.
The end of the drilling cable is run
downward from the crown block
and wrapped around the draworks
spool.
The primary function of the drawworks is to reel out and reel in the
drilling line.This reeling out and in of the drilling line causes the
traveling block, and whatever may be hanging underneath it, to belowered into or raised out of the wellbore.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD PITS
MUD PUMPS
MUD RETURN LINE (FLOW LINE)
SHALE SHAKERS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
CIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEMMUD PITS
Large tanks that hold drilling fluid on the rig. They are set in
series for the active mud system. Depending on their main purpose
they can be called:
SETTLING PIT:permit to separate the fine sediments from the
mudMIXING PIT: where is possible to prepare the new mud
SLUG PIT: where is stored mud with different characteristics
RESERVE PIT: where the mud is stored to be used in emergencysituations
SUCTION PIT: where the mud is temporarily stored before being
pumped back into the well
TRIP TANK: small tank used during a trip (pulling out of the hole
the drill string)
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD PITS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
TRIPTANK
MUD PITS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD PUMPS
Large pumps used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig.
They pick up the mud from the suction pit and force the mud
into and down the drill string and to the bit. At the bit the mud jetout of the bit nozzles to move cuttings away from the bit. The
mud then moves back up the hole to the surface and reaches
again the suction pit.A typical mud pump is a piston pump whose pistons travel in
replaceable liners. In base of the diameter of these liners change
the number of liters pumped for each pump stroke.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD PUMPS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD RETURN LINE (FLOW LINE)
Since the mud picks up cutting made by the bit, it carries them
as it returns to the surface. The mud + cuttings return to the
surface in the space between the outside of the drill string and
the inside of the hole. This space is the ANNULUS.
At the surface, the mud + cuttings leave the well through a side
outlet with a pipe on it: this pipe is the MUD RETURN LINE.At the end of the flow line, mud + cutting fall onto a vibrating
screen (or sieve), the SHALE SHAKERS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD RETURN LINE (FLOW LINE)
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
SHALE SHAKERSSHALE SHAKERSThe primary and probably
most important device on the
rig for removing drilled solidsfrom the mud. A wire-cloth
screen vibrates while the drilling
fluid flows on top of it. The
liquid phase of the mud and
solids smaller than the wire mesh pass through the screen (and go
back to the pits) while larger solids are retained on the screen and
eventually fall off the back of the device and are discarded.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSCIRCULATING SYSTEMCIRCULATING SYSTEM
SHALE SHAKERSSHALE SHAKERS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM
TOP DRIVE
ROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEM
DOWNHOLE MUD MOTOR (IN CASE)
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM
TOP DRIVETOP DRIVE
A device that turns the drillstring.It consists of one or more motors (electric
or hydraulic) that rotate a drive shaft.
The drive shaft is attached to the top ofthe drill string. The topdrive is suspended
from the hook, so the rotary mechanism
is free to travel up and down the derrick.It enables drilling to be done with three
joint stands instead of single joint of pipe.
It also enables the driller to quickly engage
the pumps or the rotary while tripping pipe.
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
ROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM
ROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEMROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEM
A long square or hexagonal steelpipe with a hole drilled through
the middle for a fluid path. The
kelly is used to transmit rotary
motion from the rotary table or
kelly bushing to the drillstring,
while allowing the drillstring to
be lowered or raised duringrotation.The kelly goes through the kelly bushing, which is driven by
the rotary table. The kelly bushing has an inside profile matching the
kelly's outside profile (either square or hexagonal), but with slightlylarger dimensions so that the kelly can freely move up and down inside.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSROTATING SYSTEMROTATING SYSTEM
DOWNHOLE MUD MOTORDOWNHOLE MUD MOTOR
It is used especially drillingdirectional wells.A downhole
motor is a strong lenght of pipe
inside of which there is a specialdevice that rotates the bit. The
motor is attached to the bottom
of the drill string and the bit is
attacched to the bottom of the
motor. The great hydraulic force of the mud turns the shaft or the
blades inside the motor, the shaft or blades then turn the attached
bit. In this way is possible to drill rotating only the bit, withoutrotating the entire drill string.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
It consists of the:
BOP (blow out preventer) STACK
(Annular blow out preventer, Ram blow out preventer,
Shear Rams)
CHOKE MANIFOLD
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
BOP STACKBOP STACK
BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes and pressure ratings. Somecan effectively close over an open wellbore, some are designed to
seal around tubular components in the well (drillpipe, casing or
tubing) and others are fitted with hardened steel shearing surfacesthat can actually cut through drillpipe. Since BOPs are critically
important to the safety of the crew, the rig and the wellbore itself,
BOPs are inspected, tested and refurbished at regular intervals
determined by a combination of risk assessment, local practice,
well type and legal requirements. BOP tests vary from daily function
testing on critical wells to monthly or less frequent testing on wells
thought to have low probability of well control problems.
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
BOPBOP ((BlowBlow OutOutPreventerPreventer))
AA largelarge valve at the top of avalve at the top of a well that maywell that may
be closed ifbe closed ifthethe drilling crew losesdrilling crew loses controlcontrol
ofofformationformation fluidsfluids.. By closing thisBy closing this valvevalve((usually operated remotelyusually operated remotely viavia hydraulichydraulic
actuatorsactuators), the), the drilling crew usually regainsdrilling crew usually regains
control of thecontrol of the
reservoirreservoir
, and, and
proceduresprocedures
cancan
then be initiated to increasethen be initiated to increase thethe mudmuddensitydensity
until it is possible tountil it is possible to open theopen the BOPBOP andand
retain pressureretain pressure control of thecontrol of the formationformation
CAMERON D 11
10000 psi
PIPE RAMS
5 15000 psi
SHEAR RAMS
BLIND RAMS
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
ANNULAR BLOW OUT PREVENTERANNULAR BLOW OUT PREVENTER
A large valve used to control
wellbore fluids. This type of
valve forms a seal in the
annular space between the
pipe and the wellbore or, if
no pipe is present, on thewellbore itself.
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
RAM BLOW OUT PREVENTERRAM BLOW OUT PREVENTER
A ram blowout preventer (BOP)
consists of two halves of a coverfor the well that are split down
the middle. Large-diameter
hydraulic cylinders, normallyretracted, force the two halves
of the cover together in the middle
to seal the wellbore.
Blind rams , when closed, form a seal on a hole that has no drill pipes
in it; Pipe rams, when closed, seal around the pipe; Shear rams,
when closed, sut trhough drill pipe and then form a seal.
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
RAM BLOW OUT PREVENTERRAM BLOW OUT PREVENTER
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
SHEAR RAMS
A blowout preventer (BOP) closing element fitted with hardened
tool steel blades designed to cut the drillpipe when the BOP isclosed. A shear ram is normally used as a last resort to regain
pressure control of a well that is flowing. Once the drillpipe is cut
(or sheared) by the shear rams, it is usually left hanging in the
BOP stack, and kill operations become more difficult.
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTSSAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
CHOKE MANIFOLD
An arrangement of piping or valves designed to control, distribute
and often monitor fluid flow. Manifolds are often configured forspecific functions, such as a choke manifold used in well-control
operations to reduce the pressure of a fluid from high pressure in the
closed wellbore to atmospheric pressure. It may be adjusted (openedor closed) to closely control the pressure drop.
ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
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ROTARY RIG COMPONENTS
SAFETY SYSTEMSAFETY SYSTEM
CHOKE MANIFOLD
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THE END