ArticlesDOI 101038s41559-017-0322-4
copy 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited part of Springer Nature All rights reserved
Evidence for mid-Holocene rice domestication in the AmericasLautaro Hilbert1 Eduardo Goacutees Neves2 Francisco Pugliese2 Bronwen S Whitney 3 Myrtle Shock4 Elizabeth Veasey5 Carlos Augusto Zimpel6 and Joseacute Iriarte 1
1 Department of Archaeology University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QE UK 2 Museo de Arqueologia e Etnologia Universidade de Satildeo Paulo Satildeo Paulo-SP 05508-900 Brazil 3 Department of Geography Northumbria University Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK 4 Departamento de Arqueologia Universidade Federal do Oeste de Paraacute Santareacutem-PA 68035-110 Brazil 5 Departamento de Geneacutetica Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo Universidade de Satildeo Paulo Piracicaba-SP 13418-900 Brazil 6 Laboratoacuterio de Arqueologia dos Troacutepicos Universidade Federal de Rondocircnia Porto Velho-RO 76801-974 Brazil e-mail JIriarteexeteracuk
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited
NAturE ECoLoGy amp EVoLutIoN | wwwnaturecomnatecolevol
Supplementary Note 1 Excavations at Monte Castelo
The excavation of the site in 2014 consisted of reopening the previous excavation of Eurico Miller1
cleaning the abandoned profile and expanding the excavation from the abandoned undisturbed
walls The provenience map in Supplementary Figure 2 illustrates the previous excavation of E Miller
(grey) and the new excavation carried out in 2014 (brown) A datum point with a Total Station was
established to have a consistent vertical measurement of the stratigraphy and excavation followed
10-cm artificial levels while paying close attention to the artificial strata Depth is reported in cm
below datum (cm bd) The stratigraphy shows a sequence of construction events evidenced by
unburnt entire Pomacea shell layers occupation floors marked by lenses of crushed shells primary
and incomplete burials and human-created dark soils (Supplementary Figure 3) Sample collection
was carried out by column sample in undisturbed contexts in each of the stratigraphic layers defined
during the excavation and targeted samples were collected from particular features such as burials
(Supplementary Table 2)
Below follows a summary description of the stratigraphy
Layer A ndash Superficial stratum (30-40 cm bd) This is a 10-20 cm deep layer composed of dark soils
(10yr 22 very dark brown) and containing a few ceramic sherds and lithics Based on its ceramics it
can be relatively dated to around AD 1200
Layer B ndash Later shell mound construction stratum (50-60 cm bd) This is a 30 cm deep layer
composed of dark silty clay loam soil (10yr 22 very dark brown) and containing about 50 of
Pomacea shells It also exhibits a high density of ceramic fragments including zoomorphic
appendages belonging to the Bacabal Phase2 It was preliminarily interpreted as a mound building
construction stratum built by the later occupants of the site represented in stratum A
Layer C ndash Dark earth upper stratum (70-80 cm bd) This is a 30 cm deep layer composed of dark clay-
silt soil (10yr 21 black) exhibiting a decrease in shell materials abundance when compared to the
above stratum but with a higher density of ceramic sherd corresponding to the Bababal phase
Layer D ndash Funerary Bacabal stratum (90-100 cm bd) This is a 30-60 cm deep layer composed of
thick clay-silty-loam soil matrix (10yr 22 very dark brown) and is characterised by the presence of
two human burials and clear features including hearths One is a primary burial of a juvenile
individual buried with an E-W orientation with a clear grave delimitation made by accompanying
gastropod shells The other was found near the end of this stratum where a deer skull with antlers
(likely Blastocerus dichotomus or Odocoileus virginianus given its large size) was found intentionally
buried over the left arm of an adult human burial surrounded by a circular shell structure The
interface between layers D and E is characterised by circular features that penetrate into the lower
layer which are likely postholes
Layer E - Burnt shell intermediate stratum (140-150 cm bd PN67) This is a 15 cm deep layer
composed of a thin layer of burnt and crushed shells of the Pomacea sp shells Soil matrix is
composed predominately of very fragmented (lt1 to 10mm) and burnt shells and ash (10yr 81
white to 10yr 71 white grey) mixed with areas of a light brown very fine clay-silt soil (10yr 64
yellowish brown) Fragments of chelonian bones and a well-preserved bivalve shell were also found
Lithic remains include some flakes and a rolled pebble hammer
Layer F ndash Intermediate shell mound construction stratum (200-210 cm bd PN111) This is thick
150 cm deep layer composed almost entirely of entire or slightly fragmented shells of apparently
unburnt Pomacea sp gastropods deposited in a clay-silt matrix with a coloration varying from 10yr
34 (dark yellowish brown) to 10yr 43 (brown) Interspersed with the gastropod shells this stratum
contains abundant charred faunal material lithics and charcoal
Layer G ndash Dark earth intermediate stratum (220-230 cm bd PN117) This is a 40-70 cm deep layer
composed of a very dark (10yr 21 black) clay soil matrix showing lenses of small fragments of
burnt and crushed snail shells similar to the ones in Layer E
Layer H ndash Former shell mound construction stratum (260-270 cm bd PN126) This is a 30 cm deep
layer mainly composed of unburnt Pomacea sp entire shells with abundant faunal remains
deposited in a dark clay matrix (10yr 22 very dark brown) In between the lenses of entire unburnt
Pomacea shells it exhibits lenses of ground shells that appear to be superimposed occupation floors
Layer I ndash Burnt shell intermediate stratum (350-360 cm bd) This layer has several textures and
colours showing a much more compact dark soil than stratum H and many lenses of ground shells
without visible associations of artefacts It is not clear yet whether soil colour results from anthropic
modification and enrichment or is just a representation of the adjacent dark soils of the Guaporeacute
floodplain It is not clear likewise whether this is a construction or occupation unit It follows
practically the same inclination as the inferior portion of layer H
Layer J ndashDark earth stratum (390-400 cm bd PN 112) This is a 100 cm deep layer composed of a
dark earth layer (10yr 21 black) with a highly compacted clay-sand texture It contains a high
density of charcoal (at least three different types of palm pericarp were identified) several flakes
and other lithic artefacts (including polished tools) as well as vertebrate and invertebrate remains
that are sometimes found associated with soil concretions
Supplementary Note 2 Multivariate statistics
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the five size measurements of Oryza phytoliths was
performed on the modern wild reference (botanical) dataset to determine the key variables that
define phytolith morphology (Supplementary Figure 6) Height (H1 H2) and Width (TW MW)
measurements are each shown to be highly correlated and comprise most of PCA axis 1 (60) PCA
of archaeological material (Supplementary Figure 7) and all specimens (archaeological and botanical)
(Supplementary Figure 8) confirm the findings that Height and Width measurements are key
defining variables All PCA analyses were performed in R package Community Ecology package
lsquoveganrsquo version (22-1)3
Supplementary Table 1 Radiocarbon dates from the Monte Castelo shell mound Rondonia State Brazil
Layer Depth (cm)
Phase Radiocarbon
date BP Calyr BP
Material
dated ID Reference
A 10-15
----
----
----
-Bac
abal
----
----
----
----
- 810plusmn70 805-625 (85) Charcoal B103185 Miller (2009)4
A 20-30 2475plusmn105 2756-2306 (945) Shell SI6843 Miller (2009)
A-D 10-110 2270plusmn105 2493-1992 (925) Shell SI6844 Miller (2009)
D 110-120 3160plusmn70 3482-3140 (94) Charcoal B66309 Miller (2009)
D 120-130 3700plusmn30 4085-3895 (95) Charcoal B408413 Pugliese et al (press)5
D 130-140 4810plusmn90 5662-5305 (95) Charcoal B66310 Miller (2009)
F 160-170 3945plusmn110 4628-3984 (94) Shell SI6845 Miller (2009)
F 210-220 3920plusmn85 4526-4078 (935) Shell SI6847 Miller (2009)
G 230-240 ____ 4455plusmn100 5318-4827 (954) Shell SI6852 Miller (2009)
H 230-240
----
----
--Si
nim
buacute
----
----
-
4395plusmn70 5285-4822 (927) Charcoal SI6848 Miller (2009)
J 430-440 4570 plusmn 30 5310-5210 (95) Charcoal B408414 Pugliese et al (press)
600-610 6316plusmn105 7424-6938 (954) Charcoal SI6850 Miller (2009)
600-610 5065plusmn85 5923-5599 (954) Charcoal SI6849 Miller (2009)
610-620 5605plusmn95 6570-6182 (933) Charcoal SI6853 Miller (2009)
610-620 5165plusmn80 6021-5655 (925) Shell SI6854 Miller (2009)
620-630
--C
up
im--
7010plusmn80 7959-7661 (954) Charcoal B118274 Miller (2009)
650-670 5970plusmn80 6970-6540 (954) Charcoal B118275 Miller (2009)
685-700 8350plusmn70 9478-9090 (954) Charcoal B103187 Miller (2009)
Supplementary Table 2 Provenience of wild rice modern reference material
Species Population identification Hydrographic basin
Ograndiglumis1 PA-1 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis SO-23 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis PU-1 Purus
Ograndiglumis JA-1 Japuraacute
Oalta RI-1 Ribeira
Oalta RI-2 Ribeira
Oglumaepatula SO-17 Solimotildees
Oglumaepatula JA-4 Japuraacute
Oglumaepatula RB-9 - Dauau Lake Negro
Oglumaepatula Pu-1 Purus
Olatifolia Arg-11 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-5 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-7 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-8 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia E-00814355 19264
Olatifolia E-00814354 19263
Olatifolia E-00814353 19262
Olatifolia E-00258728 19261
Olatifolia E-00258733 192610
Osativa E-00258732 19269
Osativa E-00258729 19266
Osativa E-00258730 19267 1 Except for the last eight samples wild rice seed samples were obtained from a collection of the
Genetics Dept at Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo University of Satildeo Paulo
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Note 1 Excavations at Monte Castelo
The excavation of the site in 2014 consisted of reopening the previous excavation of Eurico Miller1
cleaning the abandoned profile and expanding the excavation from the abandoned undisturbed
walls The provenience map in Supplementary Figure 2 illustrates the previous excavation of E Miller
(grey) and the new excavation carried out in 2014 (brown) A datum point with a Total Station was
established to have a consistent vertical measurement of the stratigraphy and excavation followed
10-cm artificial levels while paying close attention to the artificial strata Depth is reported in cm
below datum (cm bd) The stratigraphy shows a sequence of construction events evidenced by
unburnt entire Pomacea shell layers occupation floors marked by lenses of crushed shells primary
and incomplete burials and human-created dark soils (Supplementary Figure 3) Sample collection
was carried out by column sample in undisturbed contexts in each of the stratigraphic layers defined
during the excavation and targeted samples were collected from particular features such as burials
(Supplementary Table 2)
Below follows a summary description of the stratigraphy
Layer A ndash Superficial stratum (30-40 cm bd) This is a 10-20 cm deep layer composed of dark soils
(10yr 22 very dark brown) and containing a few ceramic sherds and lithics Based on its ceramics it
can be relatively dated to around AD 1200
Layer B ndash Later shell mound construction stratum (50-60 cm bd) This is a 30 cm deep layer
composed of dark silty clay loam soil (10yr 22 very dark brown) and containing about 50 of
Pomacea shells It also exhibits a high density of ceramic fragments including zoomorphic
appendages belonging to the Bacabal Phase2 It was preliminarily interpreted as a mound building
construction stratum built by the later occupants of the site represented in stratum A
Layer C ndash Dark earth upper stratum (70-80 cm bd) This is a 30 cm deep layer composed of dark clay-
silt soil (10yr 21 black) exhibiting a decrease in shell materials abundance when compared to the
above stratum but with a higher density of ceramic sherd corresponding to the Bababal phase
Layer D ndash Funerary Bacabal stratum (90-100 cm bd) This is a 30-60 cm deep layer composed of
thick clay-silty-loam soil matrix (10yr 22 very dark brown) and is characterised by the presence of
two human burials and clear features including hearths One is a primary burial of a juvenile
individual buried with an E-W orientation with a clear grave delimitation made by accompanying
gastropod shells The other was found near the end of this stratum where a deer skull with antlers
(likely Blastocerus dichotomus or Odocoileus virginianus given its large size) was found intentionally
buried over the left arm of an adult human burial surrounded by a circular shell structure The
interface between layers D and E is characterised by circular features that penetrate into the lower
layer which are likely postholes
Layer E - Burnt shell intermediate stratum (140-150 cm bd PN67) This is a 15 cm deep layer
composed of a thin layer of burnt and crushed shells of the Pomacea sp shells Soil matrix is
composed predominately of very fragmented (lt1 to 10mm) and burnt shells and ash (10yr 81
white to 10yr 71 white grey) mixed with areas of a light brown very fine clay-silt soil (10yr 64
yellowish brown) Fragments of chelonian bones and a well-preserved bivalve shell were also found
Lithic remains include some flakes and a rolled pebble hammer
Layer F ndash Intermediate shell mound construction stratum (200-210 cm bd PN111) This is thick
150 cm deep layer composed almost entirely of entire or slightly fragmented shells of apparently
unburnt Pomacea sp gastropods deposited in a clay-silt matrix with a coloration varying from 10yr
34 (dark yellowish brown) to 10yr 43 (brown) Interspersed with the gastropod shells this stratum
contains abundant charred faunal material lithics and charcoal
Layer G ndash Dark earth intermediate stratum (220-230 cm bd PN117) This is a 40-70 cm deep layer
composed of a very dark (10yr 21 black) clay soil matrix showing lenses of small fragments of
burnt and crushed snail shells similar to the ones in Layer E
Layer H ndash Former shell mound construction stratum (260-270 cm bd PN126) This is a 30 cm deep
layer mainly composed of unburnt Pomacea sp entire shells with abundant faunal remains
deposited in a dark clay matrix (10yr 22 very dark brown) In between the lenses of entire unburnt
Pomacea shells it exhibits lenses of ground shells that appear to be superimposed occupation floors
Layer I ndash Burnt shell intermediate stratum (350-360 cm bd) This layer has several textures and
colours showing a much more compact dark soil than stratum H and many lenses of ground shells
without visible associations of artefacts It is not clear yet whether soil colour results from anthropic
modification and enrichment or is just a representation of the adjacent dark soils of the Guaporeacute
floodplain It is not clear likewise whether this is a construction or occupation unit It follows
practically the same inclination as the inferior portion of layer H
Layer J ndashDark earth stratum (390-400 cm bd PN 112) This is a 100 cm deep layer composed of a
dark earth layer (10yr 21 black) with a highly compacted clay-sand texture It contains a high
density of charcoal (at least three different types of palm pericarp were identified) several flakes
and other lithic artefacts (including polished tools) as well as vertebrate and invertebrate remains
that are sometimes found associated with soil concretions
Supplementary Note 2 Multivariate statistics
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the five size measurements of Oryza phytoliths was
performed on the modern wild reference (botanical) dataset to determine the key variables that
define phytolith morphology (Supplementary Figure 6) Height (H1 H2) and Width (TW MW)
measurements are each shown to be highly correlated and comprise most of PCA axis 1 (60) PCA
of archaeological material (Supplementary Figure 7) and all specimens (archaeological and botanical)
(Supplementary Figure 8) confirm the findings that Height and Width measurements are key
defining variables All PCA analyses were performed in R package Community Ecology package
lsquoveganrsquo version (22-1)3
Supplementary Table 1 Radiocarbon dates from the Monte Castelo shell mound Rondonia State Brazil
Layer Depth (cm)
Phase Radiocarbon
date BP Calyr BP
Material
dated ID Reference
A 10-15
----
----
----
-Bac
abal
----
----
----
----
- 810plusmn70 805-625 (85) Charcoal B103185 Miller (2009)4
A 20-30 2475plusmn105 2756-2306 (945) Shell SI6843 Miller (2009)
A-D 10-110 2270plusmn105 2493-1992 (925) Shell SI6844 Miller (2009)
D 110-120 3160plusmn70 3482-3140 (94) Charcoal B66309 Miller (2009)
D 120-130 3700plusmn30 4085-3895 (95) Charcoal B408413 Pugliese et al (press)5
D 130-140 4810plusmn90 5662-5305 (95) Charcoal B66310 Miller (2009)
F 160-170 3945plusmn110 4628-3984 (94) Shell SI6845 Miller (2009)
F 210-220 3920plusmn85 4526-4078 (935) Shell SI6847 Miller (2009)
G 230-240 ____ 4455plusmn100 5318-4827 (954) Shell SI6852 Miller (2009)
H 230-240
----
----
--Si
nim
buacute
----
----
-
4395plusmn70 5285-4822 (927) Charcoal SI6848 Miller (2009)
J 430-440 4570 plusmn 30 5310-5210 (95) Charcoal B408414 Pugliese et al (press)
600-610 6316plusmn105 7424-6938 (954) Charcoal SI6850 Miller (2009)
600-610 5065plusmn85 5923-5599 (954) Charcoal SI6849 Miller (2009)
610-620 5605plusmn95 6570-6182 (933) Charcoal SI6853 Miller (2009)
610-620 5165plusmn80 6021-5655 (925) Shell SI6854 Miller (2009)
620-630
--C
up
im--
7010plusmn80 7959-7661 (954) Charcoal B118274 Miller (2009)
650-670 5970plusmn80 6970-6540 (954) Charcoal B118275 Miller (2009)
685-700 8350plusmn70 9478-9090 (954) Charcoal B103187 Miller (2009)
Supplementary Table 2 Provenience of wild rice modern reference material
Species Population identification Hydrographic basin
Ograndiglumis1 PA-1 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis SO-23 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis PU-1 Purus
Ograndiglumis JA-1 Japuraacute
Oalta RI-1 Ribeira
Oalta RI-2 Ribeira
Oglumaepatula SO-17 Solimotildees
Oglumaepatula JA-4 Japuraacute
Oglumaepatula RB-9 - Dauau Lake Negro
Oglumaepatula Pu-1 Purus
Olatifolia Arg-11 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-5 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-7 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-8 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia E-00814355 19264
Olatifolia E-00814354 19263
Olatifolia E-00814353 19262
Olatifolia E-00258728 19261
Olatifolia E-00258733 192610
Osativa E-00258732 19269
Osativa E-00258729 19266
Osativa E-00258730 19267 1 Except for the last eight samples wild rice seed samples were obtained from a collection of the
Genetics Dept at Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo University of Satildeo Paulo
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Layer F ndash Intermediate shell mound construction stratum (200-210 cm bd PN111) This is thick
150 cm deep layer composed almost entirely of entire or slightly fragmented shells of apparently
unburnt Pomacea sp gastropods deposited in a clay-silt matrix with a coloration varying from 10yr
34 (dark yellowish brown) to 10yr 43 (brown) Interspersed with the gastropod shells this stratum
contains abundant charred faunal material lithics and charcoal
Layer G ndash Dark earth intermediate stratum (220-230 cm bd PN117) This is a 40-70 cm deep layer
composed of a very dark (10yr 21 black) clay soil matrix showing lenses of small fragments of
burnt and crushed snail shells similar to the ones in Layer E
Layer H ndash Former shell mound construction stratum (260-270 cm bd PN126) This is a 30 cm deep
layer mainly composed of unburnt Pomacea sp entire shells with abundant faunal remains
deposited in a dark clay matrix (10yr 22 very dark brown) In between the lenses of entire unburnt
Pomacea shells it exhibits lenses of ground shells that appear to be superimposed occupation floors
Layer I ndash Burnt shell intermediate stratum (350-360 cm bd) This layer has several textures and
colours showing a much more compact dark soil than stratum H and many lenses of ground shells
without visible associations of artefacts It is not clear yet whether soil colour results from anthropic
modification and enrichment or is just a representation of the adjacent dark soils of the Guaporeacute
floodplain It is not clear likewise whether this is a construction or occupation unit It follows
practically the same inclination as the inferior portion of layer H
Layer J ndashDark earth stratum (390-400 cm bd PN 112) This is a 100 cm deep layer composed of a
dark earth layer (10yr 21 black) with a highly compacted clay-sand texture It contains a high
density of charcoal (at least three different types of palm pericarp were identified) several flakes
and other lithic artefacts (including polished tools) as well as vertebrate and invertebrate remains
that are sometimes found associated with soil concretions
Supplementary Note 2 Multivariate statistics
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the five size measurements of Oryza phytoliths was
performed on the modern wild reference (botanical) dataset to determine the key variables that
define phytolith morphology (Supplementary Figure 6) Height (H1 H2) and Width (TW MW)
measurements are each shown to be highly correlated and comprise most of PCA axis 1 (60) PCA
of archaeological material (Supplementary Figure 7) and all specimens (archaeological and botanical)
(Supplementary Figure 8) confirm the findings that Height and Width measurements are key
defining variables All PCA analyses were performed in R package Community Ecology package
lsquoveganrsquo version (22-1)3
Supplementary Table 1 Radiocarbon dates from the Monte Castelo shell mound Rondonia State Brazil
Layer Depth (cm)
Phase Radiocarbon
date BP Calyr BP
Material
dated ID Reference
A 10-15
----
----
----
-Bac
abal
----
----
----
----
- 810plusmn70 805-625 (85) Charcoal B103185 Miller (2009)4
A 20-30 2475plusmn105 2756-2306 (945) Shell SI6843 Miller (2009)
A-D 10-110 2270plusmn105 2493-1992 (925) Shell SI6844 Miller (2009)
D 110-120 3160plusmn70 3482-3140 (94) Charcoal B66309 Miller (2009)
D 120-130 3700plusmn30 4085-3895 (95) Charcoal B408413 Pugliese et al (press)5
D 130-140 4810plusmn90 5662-5305 (95) Charcoal B66310 Miller (2009)
F 160-170 3945plusmn110 4628-3984 (94) Shell SI6845 Miller (2009)
F 210-220 3920plusmn85 4526-4078 (935) Shell SI6847 Miller (2009)
G 230-240 ____ 4455plusmn100 5318-4827 (954) Shell SI6852 Miller (2009)
H 230-240
----
----
--Si
nim
buacute
----
----
-
4395plusmn70 5285-4822 (927) Charcoal SI6848 Miller (2009)
J 430-440 4570 plusmn 30 5310-5210 (95) Charcoal B408414 Pugliese et al (press)
600-610 6316plusmn105 7424-6938 (954) Charcoal SI6850 Miller (2009)
600-610 5065plusmn85 5923-5599 (954) Charcoal SI6849 Miller (2009)
610-620 5605plusmn95 6570-6182 (933) Charcoal SI6853 Miller (2009)
610-620 5165plusmn80 6021-5655 (925) Shell SI6854 Miller (2009)
620-630
--C
up
im--
7010plusmn80 7959-7661 (954) Charcoal B118274 Miller (2009)
650-670 5970plusmn80 6970-6540 (954) Charcoal B118275 Miller (2009)
685-700 8350plusmn70 9478-9090 (954) Charcoal B103187 Miller (2009)
Supplementary Table 2 Provenience of wild rice modern reference material
Species Population identification Hydrographic basin
Ograndiglumis1 PA-1 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis SO-23 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis PU-1 Purus
Ograndiglumis JA-1 Japuraacute
Oalta RI-1 Ribeira
Oalta RI-2 Ribeira
Oglumaepatula SO-17 Solimotildees
Oglumaepatula JA-4 Japuraacute
Oglumaepatula RB-9 - Dauau Lake Negro
Oglumaepatula Pu-1 Purus
Olatifolia Arg-11 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-5 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-7 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-8 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia E-00814355 19264
Olatifolia E-00814354 19263
Olatifolia E-00814353 19262
Olatifolia E-00258728 19261
Olatifolia E-00258733 192610
Osativa E-00258732 19269
Osativa E-00258729 19266
Osativa E-00258730 19267 1 Except for the last eight samples wild rice seed samples were obtained from a collection of the
Genetics Dept at Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo University of Satildeo Paulo
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Table 1 Radiocarbon dates from the Monte Castelo shell mound Rondonia State Brazil
Layer Depth (cm)
Phase Radiocarbon
date BP Calyr BP
Material
dated ID Reference
A 10-15
----
----
----
-Bac
abal
----
----
----
----
- 810plusmn70 805-625 (85) Charcoal B103185 Miller (2009)4
A 20-30 2475plusmn105 2756-2306 (945) Shell SI6843 Miller (2009)
A-D 10-110 2270plusmn105 2493-1992 (925) Shell SI6844 Miller (2009)
D 110-120 3160plusmn70 3482-3140 (94) Charcoal B66309 Miller (2009)
D 120-130 3700plusmn30 4085-3895 (95) Charcoal B408413 Pugliese et al (press)5
D 130-140 4810plusmn90 5662-5305 (95) Charcoal B66310 Miller (2009)
F 160-170 3945plusmn110 4628-3984 (94) Shell SI6845 Miller (2009)
F 210-220 3920plusmn85 4526-4078 (935) Shell SI6847 Miller (2009)
G 230-240 ____ 4455plusmn100 5318-4827 (954) Shell SI6852 Miller (2009)
H 230-240
----
----
--Si
nim
buacute
----
----
-
4395plusmn70 5285-4822 (927) Charcoal SI6848 Miller (2009)
J 430-440 4570 plusmn 30 5310-5210 (95) Charcoal B408414 Pugliese et al (press)
600-610 6316plusmn105 7424-6938 (954) Charcoal SI6850 Miller (2009)
600-610 5065plusmn85 5923-5599 (954) Charcoal SI6849 Miller (2009)
610-620 5605plusmn95 6570-6182 (933) Charcoal SI6853 Miller (2009)
610-620 5165plusmn80 6021-5655 (925) Shell SI6854 Miller (2009)
620-630
--C
up
im--
7010plusmn80 7959-7661 (954) Charcoal B118274 Miller (2009)
650-670 5970plusmn80 6970-6540 (954) Charcoal B118275 Miller (2009)
685-700 8350plusmn70 9478-9090 (954) Charcoal B103187 Miller (2009)
Supplementary Table 2 Provenience of wild rice modern reference material
Species Population identification Hydrographic basin
Ograndiglumis1 PA-1 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis SO-23 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis PU-1 Purus
Ograndiglumis JA-1 Japuraacute
Oalta RI-1 Ribeira
Oalta RI-2 Ribeira
Oglumaepatula SO-17 Solimotildees
Oglumaepatula JA-4 Japuraacute
Oglumaepatula RB-9 - Dauau Lake Negro
Oglumaepatula Pu-1 Purus
Olatifolia Arg-11 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-5 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-7 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-8 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia E-00814355 19264
Olatifolia E-00814354 19263
Olatifolia E-00814353 19262
Olatifolia E-00258728 19261
Olatifolia E-00258733 192610
Osativa E-00258732 19269
Osativa E-00258729 19266
Osativa E-00258730 19267 1 Except for the last eight samples wild rice seed samples were obtained from a collection of the
Genetics Dept at Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo University of Satildeo Paulo
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Table 2 Provenience of wild rice modern reference material
Species Population identification Hydrographic basin
Ograndiglumis1 PA-1 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis SO-23 Solimotildees
Ograndiglumis PU-1 Purus
Ograndiglumis JA-1 Japuraacute
Oalta RI-1 Ribeira
Oalta RI-2 Ribeira
Oglumaepatula SO-17 Solimotildees
Oglumaepatula JA-4 Japuraacute
Oglumaepatula RB-9 - Dauau Lake Negro
Oglumaepatula Pu-1 Purus
Olatifolia Arg-11 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-5 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-7 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia Arg-8 ParaguaiParanaacute
Olatifolia E-00814355 19264
Olatifolia E-00814354 19263
Olatifolia E-00814353 19262
Olatifolia E-00258728 19261
Olatifolia E-00258733 192610
Osativa E-00258732 19269
Osativa E-00258729 19266
Osativa E-00258730 19267 1 Except for the last eight samples wild rice seed samples were obtained from a collection of the
Genetics Dept at Escola Superior de Agricultura ldquoLuiz de Queirozrdquo University of Satildeo Paulo
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Table 3 Provenience of samples for phytolith analysis from Monte Castelo
Layer Depth Coordinates
A 30-40 cm E1010N1011
B 50-60 cm E1008N1011
C 70-80 cm E1008N1011
D PN75 90-100 cm E1010N1011
D PN64 130 cm E1008N1011
D PN1003 130-140 cm E1008N1011
DE PN 65 140 cm E1009N1011
E PN67 140-150 cm E1008N1011
F PN111 200-210 cm E1008N1011
G PN117 220-230 cm E1008N1012
H PN126 260-270 cm E1008N1012
I 350-360 cm E1009N1010
J PN 112 390-400 cm E1010N1010
J PN137 400-410 cm E1009N1010
J PN142 420-430 cm E1009N1010
J PN 159 450-460 cm E1010N1010
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Table 4 Results of pairwise comparison of overall phytolith size (mean Height mean Width) of archaeological and wild
reference specimens using a Bonferroni corrected p-value Highly significant differences among samples (plt0001) are shaded in dark grey
Significantly different specimens (p lt 005 ndash 001) are shown in light grey Phytoliths in the A layer are largest compared to all specimens and
phytoliths in the DE layers show a shift towards larger specimens
A B C D DE E F G H I J OALT OGG OGP
B 0537
C 1000 1000
D 0000 1000 0622
DE 0002 1000 1000 1000
E 0000 0495 0026 1000 1000
F 0000 1000 0141 1000 1000 1000
G 0000 1000 0238 1000 1000 1000 1000
H 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
I 0000 0056 0002 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
J 0000 0000 0000 0004 0522 1000 1000 1000 0719 1000
OALT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0006 1000 0348 0193 0009 1000 1000
OGG 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0002 0000 0000 0000 0059 0000 1000
OGP 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0041 0000 1000 1000
OLAT 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1000 0982 0526 0019 1000 1000 1000 0001 0000
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 1 A Oryza alta growing in the Guaporeacute River (courtesy C Zimpel)
B Wild rice growing on the Maniquiri lake during the dry season Amazonas state (courtesy
Carlos Augusto da Silva)
A
B
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 2 Provenience map of the Monte Castelo excavations
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 3 Stratigraphy of the Monte Castelo shell midden Unit N1010-11
North Face (drawn by F Pugliesse)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 4 Relative frequencies of phytoliths recovered in the A and C fractions of samples from levels A to J of the Monte
Castelo shell mound Horizontal bars represent relative percentages circles correspond to the presence of plant taxa lower than 1 in
abundance Non-diagnostic Poaceae phytoliths include non-diagnostic bulliforms rondels and crosses Non-diagnostic Arboreal morphotypes
include globular granulates sclereids and various types of faceted tracheary elements
30-40 cm
50-60 cm
70-80 cm
90-100 cm
130 cm
130-140 cm
140 cm
140-150 cm
200-210 cm
220-230 cm
260-270 cm
350-360 cm
390-400 cm
400-410 cm
420-430 cm
450-460 cm
Layers
A
B
C
D
DE
E
F
G
H
I
J
00
Aris
tidoi
deae
0 5 10 15
Bam
buso
idea
e
00 40 80
Chlor
idoide
ae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Pan
icoide
ae
0 5 10 15
Non
-diagn
ostic
Poa
ceae
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ory
za d
ouble-
peak
edd
eeply
serra
ted
glum
es
0 5 10 15 20
Ory
za cun
eifo
rm k
eyston
e bu
llifor
m
00 20 40
Ory
zeae
sco
oped
end
billo
bate
00
Zea m
ays
wav
y-to
p ro
ndel
00
Zea m
ays
leaf
pre
senc
e
00 40 80
Cuc
urbita
sca
llope
d sp
here
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cyp
erac
eae
0 10 20
Mar
anta
ceae
00
Helicon
iace
ae
00 50 100
Aster
acea
e
0 5 10 15 20 25
Are
cace
ae g
lobu
lar e
chinat
e
00 30 60
Are
cace
ae c
onical to
hat
-sha
pe
00 25 50
Celtis
stip
pled
plate
0 25 50
Non
-diagn
ostic
Arb
orea
l
00
Ann
onac
eae
00
Tricho
man
es
00
Cys
tolith
Poaceae Cultigens Herbs Arboreal
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 5 Boxplots of Oryza double-peaked glume metric attributes from
modern reference species and the Monte Castelo stratigraphy
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 6 PCA of all botanical specimens showing that the two Width and
Height measurements are highly correlated and correspond to PCA1 explaining 60 of the
variance in the dataset Curvature Depth is correlated to PCA 2 which comprises 27 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 7 PCA of archaeological specimens only Height and width
measurements explain most variance in the data and Curvature Depth has a minor
contribution to Axis 1 (54) the species score however is low compared to height and
width Axis 2 is correlated to Top Width and Curvature Depth and explains 25 of the
variance
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 8 PCA for all specimens (botanical and total) confirming that Height
and Width explain most variance in the dataset PCA1 explains 58 of the variance PCA
axis 2 is correlated to Curvature Depth and Top Width
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
Supplementary Figure 9 Distribution of phytolith size among archaeological and wild
reference samples as determined by simple model (MWTW2)(H1H22) A Wilcoxon non-
parametric demonstrates the means of the two groups are significantly different (plt00001)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)
References
1 Miller E T in Prehistoria Sudamericana Nuevas Perspectivas (ed B J Meggers) 219-232 (Taraxacum 1992)
2 Zimpel C A amp Pugliese F A in Ceracircmicas Arqueoloacutegicas da Amazocircnia Rumo a Uma Nova Siacutentese (eds C Barreto H P Lima amp C J Betancourt) 420-434 (Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 2016)
3 vegan Community Ecology Package R package v 21-1 (2015) 4 Miller E T A cultura ceracircmica do tronco Tupi no alto Ji-Paranaacute Rondocircnia Brasil algumas
reflexotildees teoacutericas hipoteacuteticas e conclusivas Revista Brasileira de Linguiacutestica Antropoloacutegica 1 35-136 (2009)
5 Pugliese Jr F A A Z N C amp Neves E G in Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology Vol Environmental Archaeology (ed Claire Smith) (Springer In press)