EUROPEAN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SCIENCE GOVERNANCE:MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY AND ADVOCACY
Julia LaneAmerican Institutes for ResearchUniversity of StrasbourgObservatoire des Sciences et des TechniquesUniversity of Melbourne
Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples
Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples
Charge in Europe
• Expert Group• Develop a shared information infrastructure for relevant data to be
collected, maintained, analysed, and disseminated across the European Union.
• OECD 2010 Innovation Strategy• go beyond targets and aggregates in order to understand the
dynamics of innovation in firms
How much should a nation spend on science? What kind of science? How much from private versus public sectors? Does demand for funding by potential science performers imply a shortage of funding or a surfeit of performers?......A new “science of science policy” is emerging, and it may offer more compelling guidance for policy decisions and for more credible advocacy
Charge in the US
Another way of stating charge
Ideas: Understand their• Creation• Transmission• Adoption
Key Idea: Science of Science Policy
Need feasible, low cost and flexible approach, so use science to describe and to manage the scientific ecosystem: Management; accountability; advocacy.• Conceptual framework: Science is done by scientists (not
documents) so focus on scientists and networks of scientists
• Empirical framework: New ways of collecting data so use new cybertools to capture information automatically
• Pragmatic Approach: New ways of presenting information to visualize information so public can see results of research
Bo-Christer Björk, 2007
NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA0
Disseminatedscientificknowledge
Publication
Funding for R&D
New scientific knowledgeExisting ScientificKnowledge
Scientificproblems
Better qualityof life
Fundingforresearch
Funding forresearchcommunication
Funding forindustrialdevelopment
Public sectorfunding
Private sectorfunding
Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved
Research funders
ScientistsCompanies Government
Publishersandinfomediaries
Readers
1
Fund R&D
2
Perform the research
3
Communicate the results
4
Apply the Knowledge
Overview• Charge• Approach: Use Science• Examples
Funding
(what)
Outputs
(what results)People
(who)
Organization
(where)
SupportPay for
Train; coauthor
Produce; use
Employ; provide infrastructure
Scientific Ecosystem: Links Matter
Scientific Framework• Goal of project/firm:
• create and transmit scientific ideas• push for their adoption (by other scientists, policy-makers or
businesses)
• Behavioral Framework; • Principal Investigator has research agenda, funded by multiple
sources• Ideas are transmitted by workers (postdocs, grad students, staff
scientists) in a variety of potentially measurable ways, including publications and patents, but also presentations, blogs, internal project workspaces, and emails (altmetrics)
• Behavioral Framework: • Social networks/collaboration are a major vehicle whereby ideas
are transmitted
Scientific Framework: Theory of the firm
• Repurposing the theory of the firm• (1) Yit
(1) = Yit(2)α + Xit
(1)λ + εit
• (2) Yit(2) = Zitβ +Xit
(2)μ + ηit
• where the subscripts i and t denote project teams and quarters • ε and η stand for unobserved factors and errors of measurement
and specification (and can possibly include individual unobserved project teams’ characteristics).
• The output variables are measured by Y(1) and research collaboration variables by Y(2).
• Both are determined by a set of control variables X(1) and X(2) that can overlap and be truly exogenous or predetermined variables of key interest Z.
Scientific Framework: Data
• Observational Science • Scientist gathers data by direct observation• Scientist analyzes data
• Analytical Science • Scientist builds analytical model• Makes predictions.
• Computational Science • Simulate analytical model• Validate model and makes predictions
• Data Exploration Science• Data-driven science
Data captured by instrumentsror from the web,or data generated by simulation
• Information extraction• Processed by software• Placed in a database / files• Scientist(s)/scholar(s) analyze(s) database / files• Access crucial
Jim Gray’s paradigm
Funding
(what)
Outputs
(what results)People
(who)
Organization
(where)SupportPay for
Train; coauthor
Produce; use
Employ; provide infrastructure
Scientific Ecosystem: Links Matter
Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples
Accountability: Show results to stakeholders…
To help find researchers and research by geography, organization, class and topic
Examples: White House R&D Dashboard; ASTRA
Advocacy: Show public/private partnerships
To document collaborations in the invention process
Examples: HELIOS project in France
Management: Describe networks
NIH-supported milestone
discovery event
Management: STAR METRICS: Private university, Med
LIGO, Astrophysics, Dark Matter, Simulation, Quantum Information
Liquid Crystal
Ocean Science, Plate Tectonics, Seismology
Inorganic Chemistry
Plants, DNA
Molecular Dynamics, Numerical Methods, Turbulence, Seismology
Control Theory, Sensor Networks, Optimization, Seismology
Source: Jason Owen Smith, U Michigan
Management: Comparison of Social Networks
Private (no Med) Public (no Med) Public (Med)
2000 people paid by 450 science agency grants
4000 people paid by 900 science agency grants
5000 people paid by 3500 science agency grants
26.8% Isolated 31.3% isolated 13.6% isolated
53.8% Reachable 10.6% Reachable 28.4% Reachable
Density = .038, CC = .896, Constraint = .321
Density = .007, CC = .877, Constraint = .425
Density = .007, CC = .878, Constraint = .483
Research Staff (shared instrumentation?) & faculty are powerful bridges
Faculty are more often powerful bridges, but very little reachability and diversity
Faculty and Research staff bridge projects
Potential topic gaps in component
Topic gaps less clear Significant connections and overlaps between topics in component
Advocacy: Describe patent portfolios
To describe patent activities to inventors and the public
Example: NSF Portfolio Explorer
Another way of stating charge
Ideas: Understand their• Creation• Transmission• Adoption
Key Idea: Science of Science Policy
Need feasible, low cost and flexible approach, so use science to describe and to manage the scientific ecosystem.• Conceptual framework: Science is done by scientists (not
documents) so focus on scientists and networks of scientists
• Empirical framework: New ways of collecting data so use new cybertools to capture information automatically
• Pragmatic Approach: New ways of presenting information to visualize information so public can see results of research
Thank you• Julia Lane• [email protected]