Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One
Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
MetabolismMetabolism
The sum total of all cellular reactions
The sum total of all cellular reactions
MetabolismMetabolism
Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell
Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell
Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell
Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell
EnergyEnergy
Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations
Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic
Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations
Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic
Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactions
enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit
enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit
EnzymesEnzymes
Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a
specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)
Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a
specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)
EnzymesEnzymes
Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate
Orient the substrate so the reaction occur
Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell
Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate
Orient the substrate so the reaction occur
Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell
Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf
Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf
Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html
Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html
Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles
DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from
ATP to another molecule
Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles
DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from
ATP to another molecule
Activation energyActivation energy
Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction
All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction
Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction
All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction
Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction
Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction
TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate
TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate
REDOX ReactionsREDOX Reactions
Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen
Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen
Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen
Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen
Coupled reactionsCoupled reactions
Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/
adpan.html student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/
adpan.html
TermsTerms
Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic
molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic
molecules from basic molecules
Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic
molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic
molecules from basic molecules
Chemoorganoheterotroph
Chemoorganoheterotroph
Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source
Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism
Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source
Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism
ChemolithoautotrophChemolithoautotroph
Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source
Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens
Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source
Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens
PhotolithoautotrophPhotolithoautotroph
Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.
Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment
Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm
Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.
Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment
Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm
PhotoorganoheterotrophPhotoorganoheterotroph
Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes
Uses alternative pigments to capture light
Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes
Uses alternative pigments to capture light
Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a
product
Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a
productGlycolysis – Catabolic pathway –
energy producing – breaks down glucose
Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates
Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose
Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates