Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls
Lecture 5Lecture 5Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures
Lecture 5Lecture 5Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures
Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls
Electrical Power ManagementElectrical Power ManagementElectrical Power ManagementElectrical Power Management
““Facts of Life”Facts of Life”Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands
New power plants are expensive to license and construct
Nuclear Hydroelectric Natural Gas Oil Coal
All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment
Sources of Electrical PowerSources of Electrical Power
http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm
Coal 51
Nuclear 20
Natural Gas 17
Water 7
Petroleum 3
Other 2
Total 100%
Future Sources of Electrical Future Sources of Electrical PowerPower
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
Coal 38
Nuclear 15
Natural Gas 23
Water --
Petroleum 6
Other 18
Total 100%
Emerging Emerging Technologies/StrategiesTechnologies/Strategies
Supply Side Management Wind Photovoltaics Tidal Biomass: “Waste to Energy”
Demand Side Management Conservation vs New Construction
Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications Stewardship of the Built Environment
Supply Side ManagementSupply Side ManagementWind
Supply Side Supply Side ManagementManagementPhotovoltaics
Supply Side ManagementSupply Side Management
Biomass: “Waste to Energy”
http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html
Supply Side Supply Side ManagementManagementTidal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy
Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management
Conservation instead of New Construction
www.rockymountainpower.net/save
Demand Side ManagementDemand Side ManagementConsumption Control:
More efficient lampsMore efficient motorsMore efficient appliancesControls (occupancy sensors, etc.)
Demand Side ManagementDemand Side ManagementDemand Control:
Manual (timers, management)Automated (EMS, BAS, PC)
Loads:SheddableNon-sheddable
S: F.25.13 p.1157
Utility Incentives: Time of Day Rates: load shifting Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction
Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988
Industry Incentives: Partnering Energy Codes Tax Credits “Green Lights” program
Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988
Design Certifications: LEED Energy Star Green Globes
Design Practice InitiativesDesign Practice Initiatives
Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MDSmithGroup, 2000
Stewardship of the Built Environment=Historic Preservation + Sustainability
Conserves resources Reduces material streams Revitalizes neighborhoods Maintains “sense of place” Increases livability
Design Practice InitiativesDesign Practice Initiatives
Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UTGSBS, 2005
1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah
Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresUtility Rate Structures
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresBilling Components
Connection Charge Consumption Demand Power Factor
S: F.25.13 p. 1157
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresBlock Rate
$X1 for first Y1 kwh
$X2 for next Y2 kwh …
Energy Charge$X per kwh
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresRatchet Clause
Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
PEAK DEMAND
AVG DEMAND
Utility Rate StructuresUtility Rate StructuresTime of Day Rates
$X1/kwh for on peak hours
$X2/kwh for off peak hours …
Uninterruptible Power Supply
ExampleExampleLarge General Service Rate
$11.25/month service connectionDemand charge: $9.72/kwEnergy charge: $0.0682/kwh first
200 kwh$0.0632/kwh for
remainderRatchet clause: 11 month
ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month Kwh KW1 750 302 680 223 570 214 550 325 600 356 560 197 580 218 500 169 590 1810 620 2111 590 2212 620 23
ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet 1 750 30 $351.252 680 22 $269.073 570 21 $252.394 550 32 $358.055 600 35 $390.376 560 19 $232.327 580 21 $253.038 500 16 $199.379 590 18 $224.5010 620 21 $255.5511 590 22 $263.3812 620 23 $274.99
$3,324.27
ExampleExamplePrevious 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet1 750 30 $351.25 $351.252 680 22 $269.07 $346.833 570 21 $252.39 $339.874 550 32 $358.05 $358.055 600 35 $390.37 $390.376 560 19 $232.32 $387.847 580 21 $253.03 $389.118 500 16 $199.37 $384.059 590 18 $224.50 $389.7410 620 21 $255.55 $391.6311 590 22 $263.38 $389.7412 620 23 $274.99 $391.63
$3,324.27 $4,510.11 +36%