Kishore TannaConvener Groundnut Panel
Indian Oilseeds and Produce Export Promotion Council, Mumbai, India
Enhancing Export of Groundnuts from India
Why Groundnuts?
Utility of Groundnut Crop
o In India, groundnut is not merely an oilseed crop but is also a supplementary food crop and an important export commodity
o Seeds are a wholesome food consumed directly as snacks (boiled, roasted, fried) and in form of paste (peanut butter)
o Groundnut oil is a very good cooking medium and is used for many industrial applications also
o The oil cake and de-oiled cake are used as animal feed stock
o The crop improves soil fertility by fixing atmospheric-nitrogen
o Foliage is utilized as a nutritious fodder for cattle
o Shells are used for making particle boards and briquettes
A very economic source of:
Healthy oil; no trans fat; high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
Good quality protein and source of dietary fibre
Vitamins (B group and E)
Minerals (magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese and selenium)
Nutritive value and health benefits of groundnuts
• Lowers the risks of heart and gallbladder diseases, diabetes,
and colorectal cancer. Helps to lower blood pressure.
• Resveratrol, a potent anti-aging molecule, fights proliferation
of fat cells and improves the uptake of sugar from the blood.
• Peanut phytosterols reduce the blood cholesterol.
Omega-3,
however,
is absent
“Research studies from Harvard and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition confirm that peanuts have a positive impact on disease prevention and health maintenance. Additionally, plant-based diets promote better health and cause less environmental impact than diets rich in animal-based foods.”
Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Committee
Groundnuts are the Food of the Future. Here's why.
Groundnut Production and Trade
• Grown in tropics and subtropics between 40°N and 40°S
latitudes in 115 countries
• Valued for its high-oil edible seeds which are the fourth most
important source of edible oil and third most important
source of vegetable protein in the world
• FAO data (average of 2015, -16 and -17), indicates that world
over groundnut is annually cultivated on 27.5 million ha with
a production of 45.5 million tonnes (In-shell) and yield of
1,656 kg/ha. The corresponding figures for India are 5.2
million ha, 7.8 million tonnes (In-shell) and 1499 kg/ha
• Thus India accounts for a share of 19.00% in acreage and
17.14% in production.
Top 10 Producing Countries
Top ten countries
Quantity(‘000 t)
China 11903India 4233USA 2134Nigeria 2416Sudan 826Myanmar 735Argentina 763Senegal 583Indonesia 647Tanzania 550Others 5636Total 30426
G’nut (seed): Production by Countries (‘000 t)
Source: Oil World 2018; values are average of three years (2015-16 to 2017-18)
Groundnut: Major Exporting CountriesTop ten
countriesQuantity
(‘000 t)
Argentina 593
India 578
USA 487
China 377
Brazil 144
Senegal 127
Nicaragua 83
Egypt 29
Myanmar 24
Canada 20
Others 225
Total 2687 (Source: Oil World 2018; values are average of
three years (2015-16 to 2017-18)
Top ten Importers (‘000 t)
Country 17-18 16-17 15-16
EU-28 793 774751
China 290 398 460Indonesia 278 255 175C.I.S 179 188 159Mexico 154 142 129Canada 143 142 135Philippines 90 85 86Vietnam 72 40 148Thailand 65 59 71Algeria 55 60 62Others 534 556 542Total 2654 2699 2718
(Source: Oil World 2018; values are average of
three years (2015-16 to 2017-18)
Groundnut: Major Importing Countries
China and India are the largest consumer as well
as exporters of peanuts accounting for more than 36%
of the global consumption
Argentina dominates the global export scenario
by exporting nearly 80% of its production while the
USA exports about 25% of its production.
The Netherlands, Germany, and the United
Kingdom are the three countries, which offer ample
opportunities to exporters of peanuts in developing
countries
Leading consumers, exporters and potential markets
2016*US$ 2.033 billion
(≈1,972,228 t)
*Source: FAOSTAT
2025 (projected)US$ 2.600 billion
(≈2,600,000 t)
Peanut butter industry will have the
lion’s share
GroundnutsAcreage (million ha):
World: 26.02 India: 5.23 (20.1%)Production (million t pods)
World: 30.42 India: 4.23 (13.9%)Export: (million t kernels)
World 2.69 India: 0.58 (21.6%) Peanut butter (export from India)
2015-16 7634 t
2016-17 8775 t
2017-18 11664 t
Source: MOC/Trade
World vis-à-vis India (avg. of 3 yrs 2015-16 to 17-18)
Groundnut oilProduction (‘000 t)
World 3994 India: 456 (11.64 %)Export: (‘000 t)
World 267.0 India: 18.6 (6.96 %)
Source: Oil World Annual 2019 (values avg. of 3 yrs 2015-16 to 17-18)
India: Export of Groundnut (mostly as kernels)
2017-18 2016-17 2015-16
Quantity (kernels t) 5,03,150 7,25,266 5,42,730
To over 90 countries (2017-18).
The major destinations are:
Indonesia, The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia,
Thailand, Algeria, Ukraine, Nepal, Russia, and Iran
For a quantum jump in exports, India must capture EU
markets especially in the Netherlands, Germany, andthe United Kingdom- the big buyers
‘Believe it or not’ of Groundnut Exim Trade
• Although India, with a share of 21.5% in the global exports, is the first/second largest exporter, its share of 6870 tonnes of imports by the Netherlands (3,30,000 tonnes), the single largest importer nation, is negligible (2%)
• Argentina has only 1.3% of the world groundnut acreage and contributes merely 2.5% of the global production, yet with a share of 22.1% it is the largest exporter in the world
• The Netherlands, does not produce any groundnut and is the largest importer (≈330,000 MT) in the world yet it annually re-exports nearly ≈ 45,000 MT of groundnuts i.e. nearly 15% of the total groundnuts imported into its territories
Groundnut in India: Cropping Seasons
Crop season Situation Crop duration Major statesKharifJun/Jul to Sep/Oct
Rain-fed Short/Medium AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, TN, UP and WB
Suppl. irrigation
Medium
RabiOct/Nov to Feb/Mar
Irrigated Medium TN, AP, Odisha and WBResidual moisture
Short AP, TN, Karnataka, and Odisha
SummerJan/Feb to Apr/May
Irrigated Short/Medium AP, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha, and TN
SpringL-Feb/E-Mar to Jun/Jul
Irrigated Short UP, Punjab, and WB
Prevalence of Bold and Java Groundnut Varieties Important Growing States of India
Java
Bold
Both
Bold
Java
Season Area Production Yield
(‘000 ha) Share (%) ‘000 t Share (%) (kg/ha)
Kharif 4243.42 84.54 6599.79 81.35 1555
Rabi-plus 775.76 15.46 1512.82 18.65 1950
Total 5019.18 100.00 8112.61 100.00 1616
Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, GOI
All-India Normal Area, Production and Yield of
Groundnut (Average of 2013-14 to 2017-18)
• Kharif crop is by and large rain dependent and hence the yields vary significantly from year to year
• Rabi, summer and spring crops are raised under assured irrigation and the yields are high and quite stable
All-season state-wise
APY (average of five
years 2012-13 to
2016-17)
State Area(‘000 ha)
Production Yield
(‘000 t) (%) (kg/ha)Gujarat 1540 2838 39.4 1842Andhra Pradesh 999 712 9.9 712Karnataka 627 455 6.3 726Rajasthan 487 944 13.1 1938Tamil Nadu 328 821 11.4 2503Maharashtra 315 362 5.0 1149Madhya Pradesh 227 343 4.8 1512Telangana 169 307 4.3 1813Uttar Pradesh 96 83 1.1 864West Bengal 77 183 2.5 2381Odisha 54 68 0.9 1261Others 67 85 1.7 -All India 4986 7201 100.0 1444Source: DES, GOI
Indian groundnut varietiesMore than 210 notified varieties but only about 50 are in the
seed chain (Breeder Foundation Certified)
No GM variety or hybrid
Two high oleic varieties (‘Girnar 4’ & ‘Girnar 5’) are in the offing
Bold seed varieties: B 95 (CPO 31-32); AK-303 (CPO 34-36); M-
335, TG-1, BAU 13 and Mallika (CPO 37-41)
Breeder seed production of more than ten year old varieties to
be discontinued and now breeder seed of only 38 varieties will
be produced (22 are Spanish, 10 are Virginia bunch, and 6 are
Virginia runner)
The old varieties popular among farmers/exporters are to soon
phased out in the coming years.
The Kharif crop: the major constraints• Uncertainty of rain fall interferes with planting and
scheduling of other agricultural operations
• Farmers often miss the best sowing and harvesting time window due to early season heavy rains, delayed rains, or end-of-the-season rains
• The crops very often suffer drought due to protracted spell of non-rainy days in critical stages of crop
• Erosion of quality occurs due to untimely rains during the post-harvest drying and curing period
• Owing to small and marginal farm holdings, the farmers are deprived of the advantages of the economy of scale
India: New Agriculture Export Policy-2018
V I S I O N
“Harness export potential of Indian agriculture, through suitable policy instruments, to make India global power in agriculture and raise farmers income.”
Agriculture Export Policy-2018-Salient Features
• No restriction on account of minimum export price
• No restriction on even if there is no domestic surplus
• Transformation from an exporter of raw commodity to an exporter of value-added products
• Official recognition of clusters and development of infrastructure (warehouses, pack houses, labs etc.) in clusters
• Drastic reduction in number regulatory bodies and revamping Mandi Act.
• No restriction on import for value addition based re-export
• A greater role for the State Governments with financial support from the Central Government
The Year 2018
‘The Contract Farming Act 2018’
and the new
‘Agriculture Export Policy-2018’
have jointly
created a highly conducive policy
regime for enhancing export and also
encouraging import for value addition
based re-export
Interventions for Enhancing Profitability of Groundnut Crop through Improvement in Yield and Quality
• Formation of districts clusters for organizing export oriented production and creation of infrastructure
• Establishment of block/district level Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) / Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in notified clusters to act as facilitators
• FPC/FPO to mediate
Transfer of location specific Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) particularly management of rain- and other-water resources
Procurement of farmers’ produce and its primary processing, proper storage and disposal
Establishment of seed banks for easy availability of quality seeds
West Gujarat Rajkot, Junagadh, Dwarka,
Amreli, Jamnagar, Porbandar and
Gir Somanath, Kutch
Maharashtra Kolhapur, Sangli and Satara
North Rajasthan Bikner, Jodhpur, Churu, Jaipur
and Hanumangrh
South Andhra
Pradesh
Ananatpur, Chitoor, Kurnool and
YSR Kadappa
Karnataka Chitrdurga, Tumkuru, Bellari,
Gadag and Dharwad
Tamil Nadu Thiruvannmalai, Vellore and
Villupuram
Central Madhya
Pradesh
Shivpuri, Tikamgarh and
Chattarpur
Potential districts for
cluster formation
for organizing
export-oriented
production
Dealing with Technical Barriers to Trade (Export of Groundnut)
• EU countries need groundnuts with aflatoxin B1 load not more than 2 ppb. Can be managed with GAP and GMP
• Eurasian countries need the groundnut seeds from the
crops grown in Striga free regions.
Striga asiatica
The weed is a partial root parasite of crops like sorghum,
maize, pearl millet, finger millet, little millets, sugarcane
rice etc.
The weed, however, fails to establish itself in groundnut,
sesame and soybean fields as the seedlings die shortly
after germination due to allelopathy.
Some effective interventions for management of aflatoxincontamination
• Applying non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus
flavus- in the fields for checking invasion by
toxigenic fungus
• Protection of crop from protracted drought
and of produce from unseasonal rains during
post harvest drying and curing of the
harvested produce
• Storing produce in dry, cool and well
ventilated structures to prevent build up of
fungus during storage
• Improvement in rejection efficiency of sorting
machines
Better Utilization of Installed Capacity of Processing Units
AS many as 87 decorticating-cum-grading units and seven stand alone grading units are registered with APEDA for export-oriented processing of groundnut in India
After peak season of operation, the processing machinery remains under or un utilized for months together
The units may be allowed to import pods or kernels and re-export the same after value-addition
Bringing in an exporter friendly Standard Input and Output Norms (SION) would go a long way in complete utilization of installed capacity and improving economics of processing
Some R & D Issues• Development of designer seeds with
improved fatty acid composition and lower level of toxic substances
• Identification and development of high yielding export-worthy varieties
• Development of protocols for short-term storage (RH, temperature, ventilation)
• Development of sorting machines with enhanced efficiency
• Development of economic technology for detoxification of oilseed meals
• Identification of good packaging material
The Agriculture Export Policy-2018
and
the Contract Farming Act-2018
have jointly opened up avenues for the State
Governments and the Exporters to innovate and
collaborate to promote export-oriented farming of
groundnut in India. This would lead to increase in
farmers’ income on account of improvement in yield
and at the same time help exporters procure their
raw material on competitive prices.
The onus now lies on the State Governments and
Export Oriented Processors and Merchant exporters