TEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOKTEXTBOOK FOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OFFOR STUDENTS OF
PHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACYPHARMACY
bybybyby Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss,
Mónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella MarschalkóMónika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalkó
TEXTBOOK
FOR STUDENTS OF
PHARMACY
by
Jusztina Nagy Jánossy, Zsuzsa Kiss, Mónika Krasznai and Gabriella Marschalkó
Department of Foreign Languages
University of Debrecen
Medical and Health Science Center
2005
Contents
Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
The History of Pharmacy ……………………………………………………………………5
Digestive system……………………………………………………………………………….7
Major parts and functions of the system……………………………………………….8
Word building………………………………………………………………………...10
Indigestion…………………………………………………………………………….11
What herbs may relieve the condition?……………………………………………….11
Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………12
Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system………………………………….14
Medication/Treatment………………………………………………………………...14
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...17
Vitamins……………………………………………………………………………………...19
How can I tell if I am getting enough of the B vitamins?……………………………20
Water soluble vitamins………………………………………………………………..20
Fat soluble vitamins…………………………………………………………………..21
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………25
The lungs and respiratory system…………………………………………………………..27
Word building………………………………………………………………………...31
Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………33
Asthma………………………………………………………………………………..36
Herbs used as a natural asthma remedy………………………………………………38
Cough…………………………………………………………………………………39
Herbal cough medicines………………………………………………………………40
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………41
Skin…………………………………………………………………………………………...43
Major parts and functions of the skin…………………………………………………44
Word building………………………………………………………………………...47
Eczema………………………………………………………………………………..48
What herbs may relieve the condition?……………………………………………….48
Types of skin preparation……………………………………………………………..49
Skin disorders…………………………………………………………………………50
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...52
The eye……………………………………………………………………………………….54
Word building………………………………………………………………………...55
Conjunctivitis…………………………………………………………………………56
Dry eye………………………………………………………………………………..56
Contact lens problems………………………………………………………………...57
Applying medicines to the eye………………………………………………………..58
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………59
The ear……………………………………………………………………………………….60
Word building………………………………………………………………………...61
Outer ear problems……………………………………………………………………62
Wax…………………………………………………………………………………...62
Applying ear drops……………………………………………………………………62
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………64
The mouth …………………………………………………………………………………...65
Mouth ulcers…………………………………………………………………………..65
Medicines for mouth ulcers…………………………………………………………...65
Thrush…………………………………………………………………………………67
Treatment for thrush…………………………………………………………………..68
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………69
Cardiovascular system………………………………………………………………………71
Blood pressure………………………………………………………………………..71
Pharmacology…………………………………………………………………………73
Medicines for high blood pressure……………………………………………………75
Word building………………………………………………………………………...77
The heart………………………………………………………………………………78
Circulatory problems………………………………………………………………….79
Blood Clots……………………………………………………………………………80
Anticoagulants………………………………………………………………………...81
Vocabulary……………………………………………………………………………83
Methods of drug administration …………………………………………………………...86
Enteral medication …… ……………………………………………………………...87
Parenteral medication ………………………………………………………………...88
Topical application …………………………………………………………………...89
Drug forms …………………………………………………………………………...90
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………...92
Prescription Writing………………………………………………………………………...94
Appendices ………………...………………………………………………………………. 99
1 Zantac 75 Relief ………………………………………………………………… 100
2 Zirtek ……………………………………………………………………………...103
3 Germolene Cream ……………………………………………………………….. 107
4 Amoxycillin ……………………………………………………………………….110
5 Oraldene …………………………………………………………………………. 114
6 Amoxicillin ………………………………………………………………………. 116
7 Germoloids ………………………………………………………………………. 118
8 Table of chemical elements ……………………………………………………….120
English-Hungarian vocabulary……………………………………………………………122
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………133
Preface
You are holding a new textbook for students of pharmacy. This book was initiated by the
Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science Centre of the University of Debrecen as
well as a special project called Világnyelv Program. The book is aimed at teaching pharmacy
students some of the basic vocabulary of their field of science to enable them to communicate
their knowledge in English at scientific meetings, conferences or everyday situations at work.
Students may also benefit from the teaching material when, preparing their diploma work,
they have to read or skim quite a few articles in English.
The material has been chosen to meet the above expectations, that is why only certain topics
have been selected in the texts and exercises. Each topic is presented in a similar way: There
is a short introduction of an organ or system, followed by some Latin and Greek word roots,
suffixes and prefixes. This is usually followed by the outlining of some common conditions,
their remedies, and lots of exercises. In the ‘Pharmacology’ section special attention has been
paid to the different types of ‘classical’ drugs while ‘alternative medicine’ has been included
in sections briefly discussing herbs and their effects. Each unit is completed with a
Vocabulary section and you will also find an English-Hungarian vocabulary at the end of the
book.
About the topics: it was kept in mind that students need a vocabulary which they can use in
everyday situations. Clients (especially foreigners) are most likely to seek a pharmacist’s help
for minor problems such as certain skin irritations, aches and pains, coughs, sore eyes,
feverish conditions or diarrhoeas, etc., which require an immediate solution, sometimes even
before they can see a doctor. As each unit is self-contained you may not wish to insist on the
order in which the individual topics are discussed. You decide which one you would like to
start with.
The authors look forward to and welcome any comments and/or recommendations.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system (also known as the gut or gastrointestinal system) includes the
gullet (oesophagus), stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum and anus. Chewed food
passes from the mouth into the oesophagus, down into the stomach where digestive juices
(including hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin) break down the food into smaller
particles; these pass into the small intestine, where more enzymes break them down (digest
them) into molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall into the
bloodstream. These molecules go to the liver, which sorts them and breaks them down further
(metabolises them) into nutrients for the body to use. The remnants of digestion pass to the
large intestine (colon) where water is absorbed into the bloodstream leaving stools (faeces),
which are passed out of the body through the anus.
Digestive system
oesophagus
Exercise 1 True ( ���� ) or false ( χ )? 1. The digestive system is also referred to as the gullet.
2. The digestive system, among others, contains the intestines.
3. The digestive system ends at the anus.
4. Digestive juices are produced in the oesophagus.
5. Digestive juices are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream.
6. The large intestine is called the colon.
7. The contents of the colon are referred to as the faeces.
8. Hydrochloric acid is an enzyme in the stomach.
9. The liver metabolises molecules from the small intestine into nutrients for the body to use.
10. Chewed food passes from the mouth into the small intestines.
Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Match the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A andMatch the words in columns A and BBBB
Column A
Column B
1. gastrointestinal
2. colon
3. hydrochloric acid
4. pepsin
5. faeces
6. metabolise
7. digest
8. anus
9. oesophagus
10.nutrient
a. break down into nutrients
b. stools
c. final portion of digestive system
d. gut
e. gullet
f. HCl
g. break down
h. large intestine
i. ingredient in food
j. enzyme
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Major parts and functions of the system
Food provides us with fuel to live, energy to work and play, and the raw materials to build
new cells. All the different varieties of food we eat are broken down by our digestive system
and transported to every part of our body by our circulatory system.
Mouth
Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow. Chewing mixes the food
with watery saliva, from six salivary glands around the mouth and face, to make it moist and
slippery.
Oesophagus
The oesophagus, or gullet, is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down
through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called
peristalsis.
Stomach
The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. These contract to mash the food into a semisolid
mass. Also the stomach lining produces strong digestive juices. These attack the food in a
chemical way, breaking down and dissolving its nutrients.
Pancreas
The pancreas, like the stomach, makes powerful digestive juices called enzymes which help
to digest food further as it enters the small intestines.
Gall bladder
This small pear-shaped structure is tucked under the liver. It stores a fluid called bile, which is
made in the liver. As food from a meal arrives in the small intestine, bile flows from the gall
bladder along the bile duct into the intestine. It helps to digest fatty foods and also contains
wastes for removal.
Small intestines
This part of the tract is narrow, but very long - about 20 feet. Here, more enzymes continue
the chemical attack on the food. Finally the nutrients are small enough to pass through the
lining of the small intestine, and into the blood. They are carried away to the liver and other
body parts to be processed, stored and distributed.
Large intestine
Any useful substances in the leftovers, such as spare water and body minerals, are absorbed
through the walls of the large intestine, back into the blood. The remains are formed into
brown, semi-solid faeces, ready to be removed from the body.
Rectum and anus
The end of the large intestine and the next part of the tract, the rectum, store the faeces. These
are finally squeezed through a ring of muscle, the anus, and out of the body.
Exercise 3 Refer to the reading passage ‘Major organs and functions of the digestive
system’ and label the diagram.
WORD BUILDING
The main part of a medical word is called a word root. It is usually derived from Greek and
Latin and indicates a body part. The combining form is a word root plus a vowel, usually “o”.
word root +
combining
vowel
= combining form meaning
stomat O = Stomato mouth
dent O = Dento teeth
gastr O = Gastro stomach
duoden O = duoeno duodenum
enter O = entero small intestine
col O = colo large intestine
rect O = recto rectum
chol E = chole bile
hepat O = hepato liver
pancreat O = pancreato pancreas
A suffix is a word ending. Whenever you change the suffix, the medical word takes on a new
meaning. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition or disease.
suffixes meaning
-megaly enlargement
-ectomy removal
-itis inflammation
-oma tumour
-plasty surgical repair
-scopy visual examination
Exercise 4 Analyze the basic elements of the following medical words.
enteroplasty ___________________________ hepatoma __________________________
pancreatitis ____________________________ rectoplasty _________________________
hepatomegaly __________________________ appendectomy ______________________
colitis _________________________________ gastrectomy ________________________
enteritis _______________________________ cholecystitis _______________________
colonoscopy ____________________________ gastritis ___________________________
cholecystectomy _________________________ gastroenteritis ______________________
IndigestionIndigestionIndigestionIndigestion
Indigestion is a term which is often used to describe a feeling of fullness or gaseousness in the
stomach. Indigestion may be a symptom of a disorder in the stomach or intestines. Symptoms
can include gas, a bloated feeling, nausea, belching and a burning sensation after eating.
Indigestion can be caused by swallowing air or decreased secretion of digestive juices and
enzymes. Some foods and beverages, including alcohol, vinegar and greasy or spicy food,
may also cause indigestion because they are irritating to the digestive tract. Heartburn usually
occurs alongside indigestion. Heartburn is a burning feeling caused by stomach acid
regurgitating into the oesophagus from the stomach (also known as GERD = gastro-
esophageal reflux disease).
What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?What herbs may help relieve the condition?
� There are several herbs which may have a carminative action including Peppermint, Fennel
seed, Garlic, Parsley and Oregano. A carminative is a substance which may help to prevent
the formation of gases and help remove gas already formed.
� Antacids are commonly used to relieve indigestion and a more natural alternative to using
antacids is to use herbal bitters. They are believed to increase saliva production as well as
promoting stomach acid and digestive enzyme production. Important herbal bitters include
Devil’s Claw, Dandelion, Camomile, Yellow dock and Goldenseal.
� Artichoke may be beneficial for people prone to indigestion, particularly when the actual
problem is a lack of bile production by the liver.
� Ginger is often used due to its benefits relieving nausea but it also contains chemicals
which soothe the gut and improve digestion by increasing the contractions which move food
through the intestine.
ExExExExercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 ercise 5 Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and Read the passages about indigestion and herbs which relieve it. Match the terms and
definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.definitions in columns A and B.
A
B
1. nausea a.) a woodland plant, having small greenish-white flowers and
a yellow root formerly used medicinally
2. antacid b.) usually alcoholic liquid made with herbs or roots
3. goldenseal c.) a substance, such as magnesia or sodium bicarbonate, that
neutralizes acid
4. peristalsis d.) a drug or agent that induces the expulsion of gas from the
stomach or intestines
5. oregano e.) burp
6. GERD f.) feeling of sickness in the stomach with an urge to vomit
7. carminative g.) a perennial herb of the mint family, having aromatic leaves
that are used as a seasoning
8. bitters h.) condition caused by acid regurgitating to the oesophagus
from the stomach
9. camomile i.) counteracting or neutralizing acidity, especially of the
stomach
10. belch j.) contractions moving food through the intestine
Pharmacology
Medication Action
Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid and relieve gastritis and ulcer pain; also
used to relieve indigestion and reflux oesophagitis (heartburn)
Antidiarrhoeals relieve diarrhoea either by absorbing the excess fluids that cause
diarrhoea or by lessening intestinal motility (slowing the movement of
faecal material through the intestine), allowing more time for
absorption of water
antiemetics,
antinauseants
suppress nausea and vomiting, mainly by acting on brain control
centres to stop nerve impulses; also used to control motion sickness
and dizziness associated with inner ear infections. Some
antihistamines and tranquillizers have antiemetic properties.
Antiflatulents reduce the feeling of gassiness and bloating (flatulence) that
accompany indigestion. These agents facilitate the passing of gas by
breaking down gas bubbles to a smaller size and mildly stimulating
intestinal motility
Antispasmodics prevent or reduce smooth muscle spasm by acting on the autonomous
nervous system , thus relieving certain spastic conditions of the bowel.
cathartics, laxatives,
purgatives
promote bowel movement or defecation or both; in smaller doses, they
relieve constipation and are called laxatives; in larger doses, they
evacuate the entire GI tract and are called purgatives (used before
surgery or intestinal radiological examinations)
Emetics used to induce vomiting, especially in cases of poisoning
Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Exercise 6 Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.Read the sentences and underline the correct verbs.
1. Antacids promote / relieve ulcer pain.
2. Purgatives slow / promote defecation and bowel movements.
3. Antiflatulents induce / reduce bloating that accompanies indigestion.
4. Antispasmodics facilitate / prevent smooth muscle spasm.
5. Laxatives slow / relieve constipation.
6. Antidiarrhoeals absorb / neutralize the excess fluids.
7. Antacids relieve / break down heartburn.
8. Antinauseants act on / evacuate brain control centres.
9. Antacids absorb / neutralize stomach acid.
10. Antiemetics suppress / impress nausea and vomiting.
11. Antiflatulents mildly stimulate / slow down intestinal motility.
12. Antispasmodics increase / decrease smooth muscle spasm.
13. Emetics reduce / induce vomiting in poisoning.
14. Purgatives exacerbate / relieve constipation.
15. Some tranquillizers lack / exhibit antiemetic properties.
Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 Exercise 7 In each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. WhiIn each group, two of the verbs cannot go with the noun. Which ones?ch ones?ch ones?ch ones?
A) suppress promote
vomit
vomit stop
control break down
_________________________________________________________________________
B) absorb relieve
promote
defecate block evacuate
___________________________________________________________________________
C) neutralize relieve
protrude evacuate
inhibit reflux
___________________________________________________________________________
D)
relieve induce
reduce alleviate
secrete prevent
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 8 Test your vocabulary.
1. heartburn A – hernia
2. hole B – internal
3. movement C – acute
4. bloating D – oesophagitis
5. causing vomiting E – emetic
6. arising suddenly F – perforation
7. lasting for a long time G – jaundice
8. inside H – chronic
9. yellowing of the skin I – external
10. outside J – motility
11. tissue death K – flatulence
12. protrusion L - necrosis
ANTIEMETICS
LAXATIVES
ANTACIDS
ANTISPASMODICS
Some diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal systemSome diseases affecting the gastrointestinal system
Acute diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is an increase in the frequency and looseness of your bowel movements. Water is
normally absorbed from the remnants of digested food in the large intestine and the waste left
over from this water-recycling process becomes stools, which are then passed out of the body
at regular intervals. If this absorption process is upset, less water is taken back into the body
and the remainder is passed out in liquid stools. Serious loss of water is called dehydration; it
causes thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, reduction in quantity and darkening of urine, fast breathing
and fever. Sudden (acute) diarrhoea generally lasts only a few days.
Common causes include viral or bacterial infections in the digestive system (food poisoning)
or a change of country and climate (often called ’traveller’s diarrhoea’), which is often
accompanied by abdominal pain, cramps feeling or being sick, and occasionally fever.
Anxiety, alcohol, food intolerance and some medicines can also cause acute diarrhoea.
Chronic diarrhoea
Chronic diarrhoea is a long-term condition where the stools are loose or watery sometimes
bloody or fatty.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common disorder of bowel movement. Its symptoms
include griping, colicky pain across the lower abdomen, bloating and a disturbed bowel habit
with frequent, loose stools and/or constipation with hard, ’rabbit-pellet’ stools. Diarrhoea
often occurs at the onset of pain. You may feel sick or have flatulence, heartburn, wind or
fatigue. These symptoms can be intermittent or you may experience them all the time.
Sometimes other symptoms, such as back pain, urinary frequency and generalised muscle and
joint pains may also be associated with IBS. Symptoms often start after an acute intestinal
infection or after a course of antibiotics. Stress, lifestyle changes and intolerance to some
foods can trigger IBS. Women aged under 40 seem to suffer most from IBS, and symptoms
are often worse before a menstrual period.
Crohn’s disease
Crohn’s disease is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease. The wall of the intestine
becomes inflamed, causing bouts of colicky pain and frequent diarrhoea with blood. You may
feel unwell, lose your appetite and lose weight because food is not properly absorbed. The
aim of treatment is to bring about (include) remission with medication in the acute phase, and
then to prevent relapse.
Medication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/TreatmentMedication/Treatment
Medicines for acute diarrhoea
In an acute attack of mild to moderate diarrhoea, you can replace the water and salts lost from
your body with a glucose and salt solution. Glucose increases the amount of water absorbed in
the large intestine, which allows the salts in the solution to get into your body too. This
process is called rehydration.
The diarrhoea is the body’s way of getting rid of harmful substances and it may be unhelpful
to interfere with this natural response.
Antidiarrhoeal medicines
Treating diarrhoea with an antidiarrhoeal medicine is of less importance than rehydration.
Babies, young children, frail people and elderly people must always be rehydrated with
glucose and salts solution; they should avoid antidiarrhoeal medicines.
Home-made salt and glucose solution: use one small level teaspoon (3.5g) of salt and eight large level teaspoons (40g) of sugar – or
four large level teaspoons (20g) of glucose powder – to one litre of water. A small amount of
fruit juice or squash can be added to flavour the solution.
Medicines for chronic diarrhoea
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) It may not be necessary to take a medicine to control symptoms if they are mild and
intermittent or related to foods that you can avoid. However bulk-forming preparations are
used to improve the consistency and regularity of bowel movements. An antimotility
medicine reduces stool frequency and urgency.
Antispasmodic medicines work either by slowing down intestinal movement or by exerting a
direct relaxant effect on intestinal muscle. Antispasmodics relieve stomach cramps and
colicky abdominal pain.
Crohn’s disease
Active disease of the small intestine is usually treated with corticosteroids. Sometimes an
antibacterial may be prescribed to control bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Crohn’s
disease can cause general ill health because your body may not absorb nutrients and water
properly through the intestinal wall. You may need food, mineral and vitamin supplements
and rehydration treatment to prevent malnutrition.
Antimotility medicines
These slow down intestinal movement (peristalsis). Although these medicines relieve
diarrhoea symptoms, they can prolong contact between harmful micro-organisms and the
intestinal cells. Opioids (derivatives of the poppy plant) have long been used: these include
liquid mixtures of opium or morphine. These products are of limited use in controlling acute
diarrhoea.
HOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELFHOW YOU CAN HELP YOURSELF
Traveller’s diarrhoea
• Avoid drinking tap water, and even using it for cleaning teeth, unless you are sure that
it is fit to drink. Use bottled or treated water; add chemical water purifying tablets or
ten drops of weak iodine solution to a litre of water in parts of the world where water
supplies are suspect. In areas where amoebic dysentery is likely, boiling water for half
an hour will kill the organisms and any amoebic cysts satisfactorily.
• Avoid ice cubes in your drinks unless you are sure of the water.
• Avoid eating unwashed salads and vegetables and unpeeled fruit (even drinks).
• Avoid eating dishes containing uncooked eggs, shellfish, unpasteurised dairy products
and food from street traders that is not freshly prepared or hot.
• Wash your hands or use an antiseptic wipe after going to the toilet and before you
handle food or eat.
• Take with you a supply of salt and glucose sachets and an antidiarrhoeal medicine.
• Do not buy or use an antibiotic to treat diarrhoea, unless under guidance from a
doctor.
Exercise 9 Comprehension check. Answer the following questions!
1. When do we speak about acute diarrhoea?
2. What can be the consequences of diarrhoea?
3. When can we speak about chronic diarrhoea?
4. What are the common medicines for diarrhoea?
5. How do the these medicines work?
6. How do these medicines affect the patients?
7. Are there any risks or special precautions?
8. What is IBS?
9. What kind of medication is suggested in the case of IBS?
10. What kind of medicines are used in the case of Crohn’s disease?
11. Are any other food supplements needed in the case of Crohn’s disease?
Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Exercise 10 Fill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper infFill the table with the proper informationormationormationormation....
type site symptoms drug type
acute diarrhoea
IBS
Crohn’s disease
VOCABULARY
abdominal hasi, hasüregi
absorb felszív
accompany kísér
acute heveny, akut
agent szer, hatóanyag
aim cél
alleviate enyhít
amoebic dysentery amőbás vérhas
antacid savlekötő
antibacterial baktériumölő (szer)
antidiarrhoeal hasfogó
antiemetic hányáscsillapító
antiflatulent szélhajtó
antinauseant szédüléscsökkentő
antiseptic wipe fertőtlenítő törlőkendő
antispasmodic görcsoldó
anus (s), ani (pl) végbél
anxiety aggódás
appendix (s), appendices (pl) féreg-
nyúlvány
appetite étvágy
arise fellép, kialakul
artichoke articsóka
ascending colon felszálló vastagbél
at regular intervals rendszeres idő-
közönként
attack roham
autonomous nervous system vegetatív
idegrendszer
bacterial bakteriális, baktérium-okozta
be absorbed felszívódik
belching böfögés
beneficial jótékony hatású
beverage ital
bile duct epevezeték
bile epe
bite harap
bitter (gyomor)keserű
bloated felfúvódott
bloating felfúvódás
block elzár
bloodstream véráram
bloody véres
bout roham
bowel bél
brain agy
break down lebont, megemészt
bulk-forming ballasztanyag-képző
burp böfögés
camomille kamilla
carminative szélhajtó
cathartic (enyhe) hashajtó
cell sejt
chew rág
chew megrág
chewing rágás
chronic idült, krónikus
circulatory keringési
colic vastagbél-
colicky kólikás, görcsös
colon vastagbél
common gyakori, általános
condition állapot
constipation szorulás, székrekedés
contraction összehúzódás
counteract ellentétesen hat / működik
course of antibiotics antibiotikumos
kezelés
cramp görcs
dandelion pitypang, gyermekláncfű
defecation székletürítés
dehydration kiszáradás
descending colon leszálló vastagbél
devil’s claw ördögkarom
diarrhoea hasmenés
digest megemészt
digestion emésztés
digestive emésztő
digestive juice emésztőnedv
disease betegség
disorder rendellenesség
dissolve felold, kiold
distribute eloszt, szétoszt
dizziness szédülés
dose adag
drug gyógyszer, drog
emetic hánytató
entire teljes, egész
enzyme enzim
evacuate kiürít
exacerbate súlyosbít, rosszabbá tesz, ront
excess fölösleges, túlzott
excrete kiválaszt
exert an … effect vmilyen hatást fejt ki
exhibit mutat
expulsion eltávolítás, eltávozás
facilitate elősegít
faeces széklet
fatigue általános gyengeségérzet
fatty zsíros, zsír-
fennel seed köménymag
fever láz
flatulence puffadtság
flavour ízesít
fluid (test)nedv, folyadék
food intolerance étel-allergia
frail törékeny /gyenge egészségű
frequency gyakoriság
fuel üzemanyag, hajtóanyag
gall bladder epehólyag
garlic fokhagyma
gaseousness felfúvódás
gassiness szelesség
gastric gyomor
gastritis gyomorhurut
gastrointestinal gyomorra és bélre
vonatkozó
generalised általános
GERD reflux-betegség
GI tract emésztőtraktus
ginger gyömbér
glucose glülóz
goldenseal hidrasztisz (hydrastis
canadiensis)
greasy zsíros
griping pains hascsikarás, szélgörcs
gullet nyelőcső
gut bél
harmful káros, ártalmas
heartburn gyomorégés
herb gyógynövény
hernia sérv
hole lyuk, nyílás
hydrochloric acid sósav
improve fokoz
increase növel, fokoz
indigestion gyomorrontás
induce kivált vmit, előidéz
infection fertőzés
inflammatory gyulladásos
inhibit gátol
interfere with beleavatkozik
intermittent időnként fellépő, visszatérő
intestinal bél-
intestinal motility bélmozgás
iodine jód irritable bowel syndrome irritábils bél
tünetegyüttes (IBS)
jaundice sárgaság
joint ízület
lack hiányzik belőle vmi
large intestines vastagbél
large level teaspoon púpozott kávéskanál
laxative székletlazító
leftover (étel)maradék
lifestyle életmód
lining bélés
liquid folyadék, ital
liver máj
loose bowel movement hasmenés
lose one’s appetite elmegy az étvágya
lose weight (le)fogy
magnesia magnézium
malnutrition rosszul tápláltság, alul-
tápláltság
mash összetör, pépesít
medication gyógyszer, gyógyszerezés
menstrual period havivérzés, menzesz
metabolise átváltoztat, anyagcserével
átalakít
mild enyhe
mineral ásványi anyag
mint menta
mixture keverék
moist nedves
molecule molekula
morphine morfium
motility mozgás
motion sickness mozgás következtében
kialakuló émelygés
movement mozgás
muscular izmos
natural természetes
nausea hányinger
necrosis szövetelhalás
nerve ideg
neutralise közömbösít, semlegesít
nutrient táplálék, tápanyag
oesophagitis nyelőcsőgyulladás
oesophagus nyelőcső
opioid ópium származék
oregano oregano
overgrowth túlszaporodás, elszaporodás
pain fájdalom, fájás
pancreas hasnyálmirigy
parsley peterzselyemzöld
particle rész, részecske
peppermint borsmenta
perennial évelő
perforation kilyukadás, perforáció
peristalsis perisztaltika, perisztaltikus
mozgás
pharmacology gyógyszertan
poisoning mérgezés
poppy mák
preparation készítmény
prescribe receptre felír
prevent megelőz, megakadályoz
process feldolgoz, átalakít
prolong meghosszabbít
promote elősegít, serkent
property tulajdonság
protrude kitüremkedik
protrusion kitüremkedés
pulp pépes anyag
purgative hashajtó
rabbit-pellet stools nyúl bogyós
székletéhez hasonló széklet
radiological, radiológiai, röntgen-
raw material nyersanyag
rectum rektum
recycling visszanyerés
reduce csökkent, enyhít
reflux visszafolyás
reflux oesophagitis gyomorégés
regurgitate visszajut, visszakerül
rehydration rehidrálás
relapse visszaesés
relaxant lazító
relieve enyhít, csökkent
remains maradvány, maradék
remission javulás
remnant maradék, maradvány
removal eltávolítás
remove eltávolít
response reakció
root gyökér
saliva nyál
salivary gland nyálmirigy
seasoning fűszerezés, fűszer
secrete elválaszt
semi-solid félig kemény, félig szilárd
sickness émelygés
sigma bowel szigmabél
sigmoid szigmabél
slippery csúszós
sloppy pépes, pépszerű
small intestines vékonybél
small level teaspoon csapott kávéskanál
smooth muscle simaizom
sodium bicarbonate szódabikarbóna
solution oldat
soothe nyugtat, csillapít
spasm görcs
spasmodic görcsös
spastic görcsös
spicy fűszeres
squash szörp
squeeze kiprésel, kinyom
stimulate serkent, stimulál
stomach gyomor
stools széklet
store raktároz
substance anyag
suffer from szenved vmiben
supplement kiegészítés/kiegészítő
suppress visszaszorít, elfojt
surgery sebészi beavatkozás, műtét
suspect gyanús
swallow lenyel
tap water csapvíz
thirst szomjúság
tissue szövet
tract traktus, rendszer
tranquillizer nyugtató
transport szállít
transverse colon harántvastagbél
treatment kezelés
trigger kivált, előidéz
ulcer fekély
uncommon ritka
urge to vomit hányinger
urinary frequency gyakori vizelés
urinary húgy-, vizelet-
vinegar ecet
viral vírusos, vírus-
vomit hányás
waste salakanyag
water purifying tablet víztisztító tabletta
water supply vízellátás
watery híg
wave hullám
woodland erdős-tisztás
yellow dock fodros sóska (rumex crispus)