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Energy and Material Consumption in relation to
Environmental Problems in Mega Cities
The United Nations University
Itaru YASUIhttp://www.yasuienv.net
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YlabCREST
Quantity
Development
Decoupling and Stage of Development
Material/Energy
Carbon Dioxide
Waste Generation2nd Destructive Use Ecosystem
Casualties by Natural Disaster
Damage By Pollution
1
2
3
4Stages
1st Destructive Use Ecosystem
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Million tonBasic Plan for Circulating Type Soc.(2003)
products
resource import
domestic
natural resource
circulation
accumulation
total use energyfood
export
Landfillwaste volume reduction
Naturalreduction
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TargetIn 2010
Weight of Waste for Final DisposalMinistry of Environment
Million Tons / year
Peaked in 1991
Circulating Type Soc. Basic Plan in 2003
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LCA for Chemical Recycling:PET Bottle 1kg
Feed Stock
Energy
34.6MJ/kgCrude Oil:0.9L
Oil Acquisition; Transport;Oil Refining; Transport;
PET Resin
Blow Forming;Labeling;PET Bottle
27.9MJ/kg
Collection; Transport;Depolymerization;
Purification; PET Resin;
28.3MJ/kg
27MJ/kg??20MJ/kg??
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YlabCREST
Quantity
Development
Decoupling for Mega Cities
Material/Energy
Carbon Dioxide
Waste Generation2nd Destructive Use Ecosystem
Casualties by Natural Disaster
Damage By Pollution
1
2
3
4
Stages1st Destructive Use Ecosystem
Heat Island Phenomena
Waste Management
Water Supply &Sanitation
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YlabCREST Temperature of Cities in Kanto Area
TokyoKumagayaUtsunomiyaYokohamaChoshi
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YlabCREST Temperature Change in Tokyo and other Cities
Tokyo New York Paris World Ave.
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YlabCREST Factors for Heat Island Phenomena
Artificial Waste Heat EmissionBuildings 50%, Industries 10% Automobiles 40%
Loss of Grass Field and Forest within CitiesIncrease in Heat Capacity: BuildingsReduction in Wind Speed: BuildingsGreenhouse Effect by Gases from Cities
Ozone, Aerosol, etc., : Traffic and IndustryIncrease in Efficiency of Solar Heat Absorption
Tall Buildings, Reflective Glasses : Buildings
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One of Solutions :Traffic Modal Change
Automobile -> Public TransportationCentral Part of Tokyo : Already Done
Automobile -> High Gas Mileage Hybrid Cars by Toyota and Honda
Automobile -> Electric Commuter CarUltimate SolutionSeparation of Waste Heat and Energy for Driving
Social Systems such as Road Pricing will be Effective.
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YlabCRESTCO2 Emission by Several Kinds of
TransportationAutomobileBus PublicBus RentalFerryAirplaneRailwayBullet TrainSubwayTramNew Type
CO2(g-C) / person / km
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Hybrid AutomobilesAn Example
= New Prius
Hybrid Car by TOYOTAEngine
Ni-H BatteryGenerator
Inverter
Motor Transmission for Hybrid
Power Splitter
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YlabCREST Comparison of CO2 Emission
New Prius and Equivalent
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Gasoline
New Prius
Materials
Assemble
Gasoline
Maintenance
Waste
tons
Assumptions: 100,000km Driven in TokyoFuel Consumption: 18km/L for Prius, 8km/L for Others
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Energy Efficiency of New Prius
Gasoline
Prius 1
Prius 1MC
New PriusFCHV Now
FCHV F
Fuel E Car EOverall EE in %
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COMS by TOYOTA-BODY Co.Ltd.Running Cost ¥2 for 1km
Electric Commuter Car: COMS– Ultimate Solution for Heat Island
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CO2 Emission & Waste Heat
0 200 400 600 800
Car 2000cc
Car 660cc
ThreeWheeler
COMS
W-Heat(kcal/km)
CO2(g.km)
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Car 2000cc
Car 660cc
ThreeWheeler
COMS
W-Heat(kcal/km)
CO2(g/km)
CO2 Emission & Waste HeatAfter Normalization
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Electricity in terms of Waste Heat
Use Only Electricity in Cities
To Minimize Heat Island Phenomena
60-70%
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Contribution of Waste Heat
Heat = Solar (170W/m2 ave. in Summer) + Waste Heat
In Central TokyoWaste Heat in Ave. = 31W/m2 ( 50% from buildings, 40% from Automobiles, 10% from Industries)200W/m2 in Peak Areas such as Shinjuku, Shibuya
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YlabCREST Positive Feedback Loop
in Electricity Use in Tokyo
+ 1℃ in the afternoon, Summer→ 1.6 MW Increase
in Peak Energy Supply by TEPCO*= Supply Capacity 60MW
(*Service Area: Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, Gunma, Tochigi, Ibaragi, Yamanashi, part of Shizuoka)
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YlabCREST Waste Heat from Air Conditioning
To Change to Latent Heat
To Utilize Water for Flushing Toilet as Heat Sink
Air Conditioner for ToiletWater Spray SystemTo Reduce Power ConsumptionAnd Emission of Waste Heat
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YlabCREST Future Issues to Mitigate Heat Island
PhenomenaInevitable:
To develop more Effective Electric & Hybrid Technologies for AutomobilesTo develop more Effective Heat Pump Technologies & Waste Heat Management
Social Systems To Promote Technological Development & To Expand Usage of Good Products????:
Distributed Energy System by Fuel Cells: Worse for Heat Island PhenomenaGood for Energy Efficiency