Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands
Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands
The endocrine system includes all of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by those glands.
The glands are controlled directly by stimulation from the nervous system as well as by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones produced by other glands.
Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands
Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland Pineal GlandPineal Gland PancreasPancreas Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland Gonads GlandGonads Gland Thymus GlandThymus Gland
HypothalamusHypothalamus
LocationLocation:-:-The hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a part of is a part of the brain located the brain located anterior to the anterior to the brain stem and brain stem and inferior to inferior to the thalamus. the thalamus.
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:- 1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and 1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and
Oxytocin that are transported to the Oxytocin that are transported to the posterior pituitary for release.posterior pituitary for release.
2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety 2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety of releasing and inhibiting factors.of releasing and inhibiting factors.– TRH thyrotrophic releasing hormoneTRH thyrotrophic releasing hormone– GHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormoneGHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormone– CRH Corticotropin releasing hormoneCRH Corticotropin releasing hormone
Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland LocationLocation:-Pituitary gland is located beneath hypothalamus.:-Pituitary gland is located beneath hypothalamus.
Posterior PituitaryPosterior Pituitary Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:- :-
Stores & releases 2 hormones Stores & releases 2 hormones produced in hypothalamus:produced in hypothalamus:– Antidiuretic hormoneAntidiuretic hormone
((ADH/vasopressinADH/vasopressin) which ) which promotes Hpromotes H220 conservation 0 conservation by kidneysby kidneys
– OxytocinOxytocin which stimulates which stimulates contractions of uterus contractions of uterus during parturition & during parturition & contractions of mammary contractions of mammary gland alveoli for milk-gland alveoli for milk-ejection reflex.ejection reflex.
Hypothalamus
cells of thehypothalamus Axon
Anteriorpituitary
Posteriorpituitary
HORMONE ADH Oxytocin
TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands,uterine muscles
Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
Secretions And Functions:-Secretions And Functions:- Growth hormoneGrowth hormone ((GHGH) promotes growth, protein ) promotes growth, protein
synthesis, & movement of amino acids into cellssynthesis, & movement of amino acids into cells
Thyroid stimulating hormoneThyroid stimulating hormone ( (TSHTSH) stimulates ) stimulates thyroid to produce & secrete Tthyroid to produce & secrete T4 4 & T& T33
Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneAdrenocorticotrophic hormone ( (ACTHACTH) stimulates ) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosteroneadrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone
Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormoneFollicle stimulating hormone ( (FSHFSH) stimulates growth ) stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & sperm productionof ovarian follicles & sperm production
LuteinizingLuteinizing hormonehormone ( (LHLH) causes ovulation & ) causes ovulation & secretion of testosterone in testessecretion of testosterone in testes
ProlactinProlactin ( (PRLPRL) stimulates milk production by ) stimulates milk production by mammary glands mammary glands
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands LocationLocation:-:-
The adrenal The adrenal glands are a pair of glands are a pair of roughly triangular roughly triangular glands found glands found superior to the superior to the kidneys:kidneys:
outer is cortex outer is cortex inner is medullainner is medulla
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
– Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex– Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-
MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids– AldosteroneAldosterone which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb
NaNa++ and secrete K and secrete KGlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids
– CortisolCortisol which inhibits glucose utilization & which inhibits glucose utilization & stimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibits inflammation, stimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibits inflammation, Supresses the immune systemSupresses the immune system
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla:-Adrenal Medulla:- Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:- Secretes Epinephrine and NorepinephrineSecretes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
– "fight or flight" response"fight or flight" responsecauses:causes:
– Increased respiratory rate Increased respiratory rate – Increased HR & cardiac outputIncreased HR & cardiac output– General vasoconstriction which increases venous returnGeneral vasoconstriction which increases venous return– Glycogenolysis & lipolysisGlycogenolysis & lipolysis
Thyroid GlandThyroid GlandLocationLocation:-:-Is located Is located
just below just below the larynxthe larynx
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
Secretions & Functions:-Secretions & Functions:- Secretes TSecretes T44 & T & T33 which set BMR & are which set BMR & are
needed for growth, developmentneeded for growth, development Secretes Calcitonin which lowers Secretes Calcitonin which lowers
blood calcium levelsblood calcium levels
Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
Location:-Are 4 Location:-Are 4 glands embedded glands embedded in lateral lobes of in lateral lobes of thyroid glandthyroid gland
Secretion & Secretion & Function:-Function:-Parathyroid Parathyroid hormonehormone ( (PTHPTH) ) – Elevates blood Elevates blood
CaCa2+2+ levels levels
PancreasPancreas
LocationLocation:-Are scattered clusters of :-Are scattered clusters of endocrine cells in pancreasendocrine cells in pancreas
Contain Contain alphaalpha & & beta cellsbeta cells
SecretionsSecretions:-:- Alphas secrete Alphas secrete glucagon glucagon in response in response
to low blood glucose during periods to low blood glucose during periods of fastingof fasting– Stimulates Stimulates glycogenolysisglycogenolysis & & lipolysislipolysis – Increases blood glucoseIncreases blood glucose
PancreasPancreas
Betas secrete Betas secrete insulininsulin in in response to low response to low blood glucoseblood glucose– Promotes entry Promotes entry
of glucose into of glucose into cellscells
– & conversion of & conversion of glucose into glucose into glycogen & fatglycogen & fat
– Decreases Decreases blood glucoseblood glucose
PancreasPancreas
Pineal GlandPineal Gland LocationLocation:-:- Is located in Is located in
basal basal forebrain near forebrain near thalamusthalamus
Secretes Secretes melatoninmelatonin in in response to response to activity of activity of hypothalamushypothalamus
Pineal GlandPineal Gland
Melatonin is involved in aligning Melatonin is involved in aligning physiology with sleep/wake cycle & physiology with sleep/wake cycle & seasonsseasons– Secreted at night & is inhibited by lightSecreted at night & is inhibited by light– Inhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) in many Inhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) in many
animals animals
Thymus GlandThymus Gland Location:- Location:- It is a It is a
triangular organ found triangular organ found with the lungswith the lungs
Secretion & FunctionSecretion & Function:-:-Produces thymosin, Produces thymosin, Responsible for Responsible for maturation of T-maturation of T-lymphocytes in childhoodlymphocytes in childhood
It protects the body It protects the body throughout the life throughout the life
from pathogens.from pathogens.
Gonads: Reproductive HormonesGonads: Reproductive Hormones
GonadsGonads ( (testestestes & & ovariesovaries) secrete steroid ) secrete steroid hormones hormones
Location:-Location:-Ovaries:-Ovaries:- Ovaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvic Ovaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvic
body and superior to uterus in females.body and superior to uterus in females.TestesTestes:-:- Testes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotum Testes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotum
of males.of males.