Enclave Sub/Urbanism:The Spatial Configuration of Metro Manila’s
Centers of Exclusion and their Surrounding Fabric
Leandro Nicholas Rañoa Poco
0002821
1. Research Context and Methodology
2. Space Syntax Introduction
3. Metro Manila’s Colonial / Historic Spatial Configuration
4. Metro Manila’s Present Day Spatial Configuration
5. Simulation / Experimentation
6. Summary/Recap
Presentation Outline:
By Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images. from: Irish Times. accessed 20 August 2019Source: < https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/residents-of-manila-
s-happyland-slum-put-faith-in-duterte-1.2707230>
by Anton Zelenov, from Wikimedia Commons. accessed 12 August 2019, source: < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Aerial.jpg>
By: Institute for Economics and Peace. Accessed: 21 June 2019, Source:
<https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPI-2019-Briefingweb-2.pdf>
By Michael Varcas/Philippine Star. from: Philippine Star. accessed 12 August 2019 Source:<https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/03/07/17944
50/palace-part-mrt-maintenance-money-went-political-
machinery>
Source: https://www.carguide.ph/2013/02/edsa-rehab-project-
gets-green-light.html accessed 2 February 2019 Source:<https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/3838
20/burnham-s-century-old-ideas-can-still-be-used-to-improve-
manila-architect/story/>
Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/190698-duterte-manila-dead-city-
decentralization-Philippines>
Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/236046-
duterte-metro-manila-traffic-solution-sona-2019>
Source:<https://www.rappler.com/nation/236095-
ano-wants-open-gated-subdivisions-during-rush-
hours>
1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and social
exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism?
2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical and present-day
centralities of Manila’s spatial network?
3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential
enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration?
4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves
on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves?
Research Questions:
Layered Literature Review and Methodology:
Philippine Discourse:Spanish Period: Armengol, 1958; Doeppers, 1972; Quirino, 1971; Shioda et al,
2012; Goma, 2012; and Jimenez Verdejo et al, 2015
American Period: Duque, 2009; Morley, 2014; Vernon, 2014; Kirsch, 2017; Morley,
2018
Post War: Pante, 2017; Pante, 2018; Connel, 1999; Garrido, 2013
Historical Consolidation: Ocampo, 1992; Murphy & Hogan, 2012
Current Themes: Shatkin, 2004; Recio, 2013, Garrido, 2013; Garrido, 2019;
Shatkin, 2007; Michel, 2010; Roderos, 2013; Kleibert, 2014; Kleibert and Kippers,
2016; Ortega, 2016; Ortega, 2018; and Kleibert, 2018
Global Discourse:Enclaves and Social Correspondence: Luymes, 1997; Mohammed et al., 2015;
Hapsariniaty et al., 2013; Durkheim, 1893; Hillier & Hanson, 1984)
Social Reproduction: Hillier, 2001; Oramas-Dorta, 2012; Hillier, 1999
Suburbanisation: Bourne, 1996; Forsyth, 2012; Vaughan et al, 2009;
Edge Cities and Big Box Developments: Garreau, 1992; Sultana, 2011; Gruen &
Smith, 1960; Gruen, 1964;
Induced Road Demand: WSP, 2018
Globalisation and Privatisation: Sassen, 1990; Urry, 2016; Durham-Jones &
Williamson, 2008; Theodore et al., 2011; Corpus, 2000; Smith, 2002
Space Syntax Discourse and Methodology:Hanson, 1989; Karimi, 2012; Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996; Hillier, 1999; Hillier &
Vaughan, 2007; Turner, 2000; Turner, 2001; Turner, 2005; Dalton, 2001; Turner,
2007; Charalambous, N. & Mavridou, M., 2012; Hillier et al., 2012; Yang, 2015
What is Space Syntax?
Methods pioneered by Bill Hillier and
Julienne Hanson of UCL in the 1980s
Used to uncover the spatial
causes of social decay and
disorder of England’s Social
Housing Estates
It is Spatially-applied
Network and Graph TheoryStreets and spaces
are represented
as nodes in a
network graph for
analysis
What is Space Syntax?
Network Science Terminology | Space Syntax Terminology | Practical Use
High Closeness Centrality High Spatial Integration Capacity to generate activity
High Betweenness Centrality Route Choice Capacity to generate traffic
High Clustering Coefficient Co-Location Density of activities
Applied Graph/Network Theory Centralities. From: Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS224W: Social and Information
Network Analysis, accessed 11 August 2019. Source: <http://cs224w.stanford.edu
https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224w/handouts/15-centrality.pdf>
What is Space Syntax?
It is Spatially-applied
Network and Graph Theory
Spatial Logic influences
Social Networking Logic
Family
and
Village
Friends
Contractors
Suppliers
Sample Social Network Analysis of a Facebook Network, www.fmsasg.com/socialnetworkanalysis/facebook, accessed 2 October 2019
Workplace School
What is Space Syntax?
Key Concepts: Natural MovementMorphological transformation of historical cetnres in Tianjin, Y. Shen, K. Karimi, Q. Xia, 2013
People and Vehicles naturally move through the most accessible portions
of the spatial network.
Key Concepts: Movement Economies
Because of Natural Movement, Businesses, Transactions and Exchange
naturally occur along accessible pathways
The Spatial Culture of Mass Consumption: An Analytical Spatial Study of the Fast Food Chain Stores and Commercial Retail Network in London, Genevieve Shaun Lin, UCL, 2017
Key Concepts: Foreground vs. Background Networks
Because of Natural Movement and Movement Economies,
2 types of networks naturally occur:
1. Active Foreground Network (Generative / Urban) –
WARM GRADIENT / Reds to Yellows
2. Passive Background Network (Conservative / Residential or Suburban) –COOL GRADIENT / Greens to Blues
Key Concepts: Order vs. Structure
“Axial analysis of six historic cities in Iran (c. 1800). The measure of global integration creates a very revealing picture of an urban grid which has no trace of geometric order.” - but of an underlying structure from: Karimi, K. (2012). A reflection on’Order and Structure in Urban Design’. The Journal of
Space Syntax, 3(1), p. 43.
Imposed Order is about localized conformance/uniformity
Inherent Structure is the underlying global flow and legibility of space
Metro Manila’s Core within Circumferential Road 5Private enclaves: Voids in Manila’s Urban Fabric
Ortigas-Pioneer-Greenhills Enclave Cluster
Makati – BGC Enclave Cluster
Intramuros (within the walls) is Spanish Manila, European Fortress Town in the Tropics
Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas.
Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/manila_1851.jpg>
1898 Manila and its surrounding suburbs / Plano de Manila y sus Arrabales 1898 (showing reducciones mission areas outside Intramuros) from: Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019
Source: <https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html>
Oil painting on the inside of a wooden chest, circa 1640-50. Art Museum Jose
Luis Bello, Puebla. Mexico., accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Manila_old_painting.jpg>
Locally IntegratedMission Churches
ReduccionesChurch Plazas
Seville,
Spain
Quiapo,
ManilaSocial Reproduction
Quiapo Church/Plaza, one of the original Reducciones sites during the Spanish period. Showing the feast day of the Black Nazarene every 9th of January from: Getty Images.
Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/ asia/philippines-from-
coconuts-to-christianity-let-the-celebrations-begin-8919077.htmljohntewell/5281876897>
Entrance gate toward Seville Cathedral, during the Feast of Corpus Christi, every 30th of May. Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://notjustatourist.com/the-ultimate-guide-cor-
pus-christi-seville/?c=063a94a77840>
Calle de Escolta, Binondo, Manila. 4 July 1899 (Manila’s premiere shopping address, a year after Spanish-American turnover) Accessed 3 February 2019. Source:
<https://i.pinimg.com/originals/25/a3/bc/25a3bcddcc800a4f2293912e0b45cef1.jpg>
Intramuros: Ordered Centre vsBinondo: Structural Centre and Trading District
Calle Escolta: (named after Royal Escorts) Binondo’s Premiere Shopping Address, and Manila’s 1st Secured Shopping Mall
Encomienda System(aka Repartimiento and Hacienda)
The Spanish divided control of land
and labour rights amongst their
preferred colonial elite.
Intramuros
New
Luneta
Park
Government
Center
Supreme
Court
Museums
Post
Office
Casino
Governor’s
Residence and
Social Clubs
Railway
Station
Hospitals Asylums and
Parks / Institutions
Parks and Playfields
Railway
Station
Shore
Drive
New Port
Manila
Hotel
Pasig
River
Parks and Playfields
Parks and Playfields
America’s Benevolent Assimilation, Accessed 3
February 2019. Source:
<http://dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/19th%20Cent
ury.htm>
World-renowned, American Architect-Planner Daniel H. Burnham, on the terrace of his Evanston, IL home. early 1900s from: Graf, John, Chicago’s
Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000. Accessed 3
February 2019.
source:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnh
am#/media/File:Daniel_Burnham.jpg>
USA’s Benevolent Assimilation
and Daniel Burnham’s 1905
City Beautiful Plan for Manila
Binondo &
Intramuros
Proposed
New Port District
Proposed
New Government
Centre
Parks, Playfields &
Institutions
Parks &
Playfields
Manila
Cemetery
Parks &
Playfields
Ermita, Malate, Paco
South Integration Core
Sampaloc & Santa Cruz North
Integration Core
Burnham’s Grid pushes integration away from Intramuros, Binondo
and the new Civic Core
Burnham’s Radial Grid to emanate from a unifying Government Centre
Washington DC’s
National Mall:
MLK speech
Manila’s Luneta:
Cory Aquino’s
Inauguration
Social Reproduction of American Democracy
Accessed 3 February 2019. from https://burnhampi.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/the-plan-manila
Washington DC, National Mall, looking toward the Lincoln Memorial, during Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech 28 August 1963. Accessed 3 February 2019.
from:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_
on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom#/
media/File:IhaveadreamMarines.jpg>
Rizal Park from Quirino Grandstand, during the inauguration of President Corazon C. Aquino, elected to replace dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Accessed 3
February 2019.
from:
<http://philippinecommentary.blogspot.co
m/2009/07/let-us-pray-for-cory.html>
Parks &
Playfields
Parks &
Playfields
Parks &
Playfields
American Land Reform fails as Encomiendas are bought by the same Land Grantees.
Burnham’s Parks and Open Spaces on Manila’s edges overlap with these privatised estates, which are outside of Manila’s planning control.
Integration 2500 starts
fracturing away from
Binondo
Manila 1945 - composited from North and South artillery
and air ordnance maps of US Army / US Army Air Force from: Perry Castaneda Library
Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019. Source:
<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html>
Industrial Zoning along Pasig River compounds North-South network fragmentation
1945 Manila: the adapted Burnham Plan leads to decentralisation and fragmentation
Harrison Park
National Mall
Estero de Paco
(Paco Creek)
0.65000
0.75000
0.85000
0.95000
1.05000
1.15000
1.25000
1.35000
NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn
1945 Point of Interest Averages
1945 Systemwide Average 1945 Extramuros Average 1945 Intramuros Average 1945 American Grid Average
NA
IN V
alu
e (
Inte
gra
tio
n/C
loseness C
entr
alit
y)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Burnham’s Southern Integration Core becomes Manila’s new enclave: America’s Bayfront District. Manila’s premiere address in that period.
Intramuros leveled by the US during recapture from Japan at the end of World War 2. accessed 5 February 2019. from
https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/actvssurgconvol2/ chapter13figure341.jpg
World War 2’s destruction triggers the rapid suburban development of
Manila’s adjacent haciendas. New districts are subdivided without central
planning control.
Integration 2500
fracturing into two
halves
Quezon City
(New Capital)
Makati
(Edge City)
Binondo
Bayfront Ermita
Avenida Rizal
EDSA-Magallanes
South to provinces
EDSA-Makati
EDSA-Pioneer
EDSA-Quezon
Avenue
EDSA-Balintawak
North to provinces
EDSA-Araneta
EDSA-
Camp Aguinaldo
& Camp Crame
Metropolitan Manila 1967 – Land-use and Road Networks overlaid onTopography. North and south halves of Metro Manila. Published by: Board
of Technical Surveys and Maps, Republic of the Philippines from: British
Library Map Room. accessed 23 July 2019.
1967 Metro Manila: The rise of C4/EDSA and continued North-South fragmentation
Quezon City’s Government Blocks become segregated enclaves
Proposed Plan for the Capital City (Quezon City) – by Harry Frost et al. accessed 21 July 2019.
from: < https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/71703-revisiting-quezon-city-master-plans>
Quezon Elliptical Circle, 1960s accessed 6 August 2019.
from: < https://retroscope.ph/1000/01/01/quezon-memorial-
circle/ >
Quezon Memorial Shrine by Federico Illustre. accessed 6
August 2019. from:
<
http://malacanang.g
ov.ph/76249-visit-
the-quezon-
memorial-shrine-
and-museum-
online/ >
Land for the new Capital, Quezon City is
acquired by law from the Tuason Hacienda
EDSA gives rise to Privatised Edge Cities, developed from the privatised encomienda/hacienda estates
Ayala’s
Makati
Edge CityAyala’s Makati
Ortigas Centre
Greenhills
Nielson Airport, Makati, Manila, Philippines, 27 Sept. 1937. WarDepartment, Army Air Forces, US National Archives accessed 12
August 2019. from: <
https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/42293772602>
Ayala Triangle, 2019. Annotated Satellite Photo by
Google Maps. accessed 12 August 2019. from:
<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5563576,121.
0236428,706m/data=!3m1!1e3>
Araneta Centre, Cubao, Quezon City, showing the Araneta Coliseum, site of Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier “Thrilla in Manila,” 1 October 1975. by Evaristo F.
Nievera, Sunday Times Magazine: “Quezon City Boom Town,” 29 September
1963. accessed 12 August 2019. from: <
https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/4
2293772602>
Greenhills Shopping Centre, late 1970s.accessed 12 August 2019. from:
<https://oldmanila.org/2018/02/12/old-
greenhills-memories/>
Araneta Centre
Ortigas Centre, Meralco Building, late 1970s. accessed 12 August 2019. from: <
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/841469511
602519794/?lp=true>
2019 Metro Manila
Outsourcing / Offshoring (call centres and common
services) drives conversion of edge cities (Makati,
Ortigas, etc.) into 24-7 Mixed-Use CBDs.
Privatisation of reclaimed areas and former
Government Property/Armed Forces Bases creates
new vertical enclaves.
Metro Manila’s CBDs (red line graph) are spatiallyconfigured for vehicles, and not for pedestrians whencompared to 2019 average values (in white)
0.80000
0.85000
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0.95000
1.00000
1.05000
1.10000
NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn
NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average
2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages
Mixed-Use
CBDs/Enclaves are less
integrated for
Pedestrians/locals…
But are much more
integrated for
Vehicles/global
circulation…
NA
IN V
alu
e (
Inte
gra
tio
n/C
losen
ess C
en
tra
lity)
Range of Movement in
meters (m)
EDSA and Circumferential Road network
already above designed capacity
by Almec Corporation. accessed 2 February 2019Source: <http://www.neda.gov.ph/roadmap-transport-
infrastructure-development-metro-manila-
surrounding-areas-region-iii-region-iv/>
Consumption (Catering/F&B and Retail/Services)
Points-of-Interest (POIs) clustering occurs in Metro
Manila’s commercial enclaves.
With the Biggest/Hottest Clusters in its most
dominant Private CBDs
Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs outside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This showsstatistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with both local/pedestrian and global/vehicular NAIN values for these POIsrepresenting urban consumption. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using
IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Consumption POIs outside commercial enclaves moderately correlate with natural movement (in red) in accordance to Hillier’s movement economies (1996)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
whilst Consumption POIs inside the commercial enclaves have low accessibility values (in blue)
“Unnatural Movement”
A look at Manila’s building footprint
areas provides a clue…
with Manila’s commercial enclaves
having larger building footprints (in
yellow)
Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs inside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s Building Footprint area.This shows statistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with the size of the Building Footprints containing thesePOIs representing urban consumption. Building Footprint values analysed using QGIS, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics
25, by IBM.
Consumption POIs inside commercial enclaves instead moderately correlate with building footprint areas (in yellow)
POIs within large airconditioned shopping malls, BPO offices with large floorplates, buildings with large parking podiums and basements, and parking garages
By RioHondo. from: Wikipedia. accessed 12 August 2019.Source:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_Megama
ll#/media/File:The_Megamall_at_Ortigas_Center_Manila
.jpg>
By Romeo Gacad/AFP from: Rappler File Photos. accessed 12 August 2019 Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/231114-senate-third-final-
reading-bill-flexitime-alternative-work-arrangements>
By Mark Heinrich Go from: BluPrint Magazine. accessed 12 August 2019 Source: <https://bluprint.onemega.com/grading-
green-berde/>
Resident-Only Gate (1x2 Lanes)
Public Access Gate (2x2 Lanes)
Permanently-Closed Gate
Potential Pass-through
Typical Public Access Gate (Dasmarinas Village-Arnaiz Gate) with 2 lanes aech way. Outer lane for residents (with boom gate). Inner lane for public visitors to leave their ID) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View <https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5458599,121.0273775>
Typical Resident-only Access Gate (Dasmarinas Village-McKinley Gate) with 1 lane each way (with boom gates) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View <https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5484727,121.0326157 >
Typical Permanently-Closed Gate (Bel-Air-Makati Avenue Gate) accessed 12August 2019, source: Google Street View<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5632603,121.0287424,3a,75y,321.22h,
85.68t/ >
Typical Walled-Off, Potential Pass-through (Wack Wack Subdivision-OrtigasAvenue) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View<https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5940713,121.0573027,3a,21.3y,220.39h
,79.61t/ >
Exclusive Villages: Typology of Gates;
Fortifying against crime and disorder
Correlations for Average NACH values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, moderate negative correlations vs. systemwide NACH values.
NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Average NAIN values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, weak negative correlations vs. systemwide NAIN values. NAIN
values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network (in red)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations with
global/vehicular NACH values. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations with global/vehicularNAIN values. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
But their access gates are accessible and configured for vehicles (in blue)
Opening-up the exclusive villages to public traffic
increases road capacity around the CBDs, and raises
global integration values (NAIN Rn averaged in orange).
This congests and chokes the
adjacent commercial districts (in white) which don’t have
added road capacity.
Open villages become destinations themselves, thus
inducing more vehicular demand.
Opening Gates worsens the vehicular configuration of CBDs and Villages (in red)
Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, strong positive correlationsfor these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS
Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate to strongpositive correlations for these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed
using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations forthese locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics
25, by IBM.
Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations for theselocations with global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Greenhills cluster
Bel-Air cluster
Valle Verde
Cluster
Proposed Alternative:
Exclusive villages gates opened up
to pedestrians
Key villages with smaller areas light
up with higher average pedestrian
integration values (NAIN 1200)
Potential for “Yellow-Field”
Redevelopment of single-family
residential areas
Another redevelopment mode beside:
Greenfield (from virgin land),
Brownfield (post-industrial land),
Greyfield (suburban parking lots and
infrastructure)
Greenhills & Bel-Air: Potential Yellow-field Districts?
Redevelopment
through
pedestrianisation,
densification and
diversification of
uses
Valle Verde Belt:
“Yellow-Strip” Redevelopment?
Loosening residential land-use
restrictions to allow for community
retail and services along locally
integrated areas.
Dasmariñas Village: Urbanising the Enclave
Local Integration + Large Building Footprints = Potential for Densified Enclave?
1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and
social exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism?
Enclaves recur in Manila’s history:
Spanish Intramuros,
America’s Bayfront District,
Quezon City’s Government Compounds,
& Manila’s Suburban Private Edge Cities.
Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas
Filipinas. Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
<https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/manila_1851.jpg>
Harrison Park
National Mall
Estero de
Paco
(Paco
Creek)
Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical
and present-day centralities of Manila’s spatial network?
Burnham’s Plan is romanticised and
idealised but it actually initiates Manila’s
decentralisation.
It is unable to regulate the privatised
encomienda and hacienda lands outside of
Manila.
Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
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1.05000
1.10000
NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn
NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average
2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages
3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential
enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration?
Manila’s enclaves are configured for cars.
Consumption within enclaves is internalised within large
Building Footprints.
Architecturally and Infrastructurally-enclosed Enclaves
have “unnatural movement.” Their ability to attract
movement needs to be understood, given the
segregation of enclaves
How do we reconfigure enclaves for pedestrians?
Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves
on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves?
Opening Manila’s Exclusive Villages worsens
congestion around Manila’s CBDs.
There may be a relationship between induced
vehicular demand and spatial integration.
Space syntax could be used to unveil potentials
for “Yellow-field” redevelopment in car-centric
residential suburbs.
Salamat Po! Thank You!