EMIS 7307
1
Course Introduction
IS IS NOTA management course. Deeply technical course.
A lecture with examples plus opportunities tolearn from fellow students.
A cookbook of answers.
Led by a successful manager sharing valuablelessons learned.
Led by a ‘know it all’.
Providing a customer perspective. Ignorant of contractor perspective.Providing hands-on, real-life experiences. Deeply theoretical.
Providing resources and ideas for developingsolutions to tough problems.
In denial.
EMIS 7307
2
Background
• Highlights (which hopefully will give useful insights to course topics):
• Career has been backwards!– Started with reverse engineering and currently
leading basic science.
EMIS 7307
3
Background
• Analyzed Soviet missile telemetry to determine guidance law of ICBMs. – Goal - assess accuracy.– Telemetry from their test program.
• RF signal containing sampled engineering parameters.
– They made many launches.• Would there be so many today? Why/ why not?
EMIS 7307
4
Background
• Test director for AAR-34 improvement program– F-111 tail mounted IR detector of aircraft and AAMs.
– Numerous false alarms rendered it useless in Vietnam.
– Contractor/PO needed to test improvements.• (Reminder draw picture).
• Safety issues (reason not done right originally).
• Once safety resolved, 20+ sensors piggy-backed.
• Fired 120 missiles (Would that happen today?).
EMIS 7307
5
Background • SGEMP experimenter.
– Basic research.– Info for spacecraft design using vacuum tank and
idealized models of spacecraft shapes.– Note sometimes only the gov’t can afford to get the
needed engineering info, market dependent.• Unless security issues, info is freely available.
• AFOTEC operations analyst.– Operational test planning.– From the very beginning!
EMIS 7307
6
Background
• Director of GPS user equipment test program.– Gathered data for the Air Force to use in it’s
Milestone 2 (B) decision.– Instrument approaches, bombing, surveying etc.– Doubter’s chair.– Circular error probable (CEP).
EMIS 7307
7
Background
• System engineer for equipment for a spacecraft’s handling and testing.– So big only the shuttle could launch it.– Extreme reliability.– Needed testing in space environment. – Think about the difference in the test
requirements compared to GPS user’s equipment.
EMIS 7307
8
Background
• I&T manager for “special” program.– Involved from the beginning.– Major contributor to specification.
• “If you can’t readily imagine a verification technique it’s not a good specification!”
– System Integration lab is a crummy place to find interface issues caused by poor communication during the design process. Sources of poor com?
• However, the fully assembled, ultimate system, is a much worse place!!
EMIS 7307
9
Background • Contracting Officers Representative (COR) for “special”
program.– Good system engineers are very hard to find.– Engineers revert to their roots.
• Therefore perhaps best if roots are SE?
– Even with the best of intentions there is never enough time for testing.
• Design issues eat into test time and the delivery date doesn’t change.
• Decision? Bad (or untried) system vs. late system!
– Integrated test and product teams work well.
EMIS 7307
10
Overview and Chapter 1
Government Perspective Contractor Perspective
Buyer SellerBang for the buck Maximum profitQuick response Meet contractWant sources to be therewhen needed
Eliminate competition
The contractor isn’t openabout test results
The gov’t jumps toconclusions too quickly
Contractor is a crook Government wantssomething for nothing
Defend nation Defend nation
• Goal is to appreciate and understand the different perspectives!
EMIS 7307
11
Overview and Chapter 1
• I&T are integral and essential aspects of systems engineering. As such a foundational understanding of SE is essential to the understanding of the subject.
• We are going to survey the process of systems engineering, however:– Always thinking about the effect on I&T and T&E– Bottom line: These so-called “tail-end” functions aren’t
really - thinking, planning and occasionally executing are from the beginning.
EMIS 7307
12
Overview
• Notion of integration and interoperability getting blurred.– Integration implies within a system.
– Interoperability implies between systems.
– With systems of systems becoming more common the difference in the words shrinks.
• Interoperability is a user driven requirement.– Especially in the defense and banking industries.
Integration vs. Interoperability
EMIS 7307
13
Overview
What does it mean to integrate.– Data and data storage have a shared
understanding.– Control: single string of control.– Presentation to the user - seamless and “feels”
like it’s designed by one person.
EMIS 7307
14
Overview
• Integration– Property of a relationship i.e. 2 or more entities.– Done well - a users perspective.– Done easily - an engineers perspective.
EMIS 7307
15
Overview
• Interoperability– Much more than data and data exchange.– More will be required shortly after completion.– When a component evolves the interoperability
of the whole must be maintained.
• Can’t the same be said within a system?– If so what’s the difference in the two words?– Interoperability = cooperation = integration
EMIS 7307
16
Chapter 1
• Design Integration– The process that results in a design that appropriately
includes the suitability (“ilities”) factors and assures that the various components of a system will work together synergistically and cooperatively.
• I&T– A process of assembly of hardware and/or software
components to create a system. The checking of the results (during the build-up) and fixing of problems is included.
EMIS 7307
17
Chapter 1
• Test– A form of verification that that gets data which
can be used to demonstrate whether a certain parameter meets or could potentially meet it’s requirement.
• Evaluation– The process of using data to determine whether a
requirement has been met. May suggest areas to “fix” to bring the system into compliance.
EMIS 7307
18
Chapter 1
• What are systems?
• Why are they so complex?
• How do we handle complexity?
• What is a “systems” approach?
• What is a bottoms-up vs. top-down design approach?
EMIS 7307
19
Chapter 1
• What is ‘driving’ the need for more and better SE? See Fig 1.1
– Market (Changing requirements, competition etc)• Deliver now- fix it later
– Complexity (Systems full of what were formerly systems, world-wide suppliers and customers)
• How do we deal with complexity? – Subsystems
• What process becomes harder with more complexity? I&T
EMIS 7307
20
Chapter 1
• What historically bad practices does SE attempt to change? Why? M.E.s? E.E.s?
• What is the most expensive time in a systems life cycle for making changes?– Later is almost always significantly worse.
Fig 1.2 and 1.5.
• Look at Fig 1.4. What are the most often forgotten aspects of a system?
EMIS 7307
21
Chapter 1
• Look at Fig 1.7. Do you include these items when thinking of a system?
• System life cycle.– From idea, to creation, to use, to disposal!– All phases contain consideration for SE!– Surprisingly all phases require I&T
consideration too!
EMIS 7307
22
Chapter 1
• System engineering identifying qualities.– Top down - viewing system as a whole.– Life cycle view.– “Complete” effort to identify system
requirements “up-front”.– Interdisciplinary team approach.
EMIS 7307
23
Chapter 1
• Note the three perspectives in Fig 1.18. – Parallels from both sides of the V.
Note Figure 1.19. – Although says for software I believe it’s really
a system diagram i.e. substitute design engineering in place of software engineering.
– Note how I&T considerations apply to every block.
EMIS 7307
26
Chapter 1
• Why evolutionary development?– Complexity– Changing technology
• Improvements
• Obsolescence
• What are the implications to I&T?– Anticipation!
EMIS 7307
27
Chapter 1
• Should SE be the overall program management?
• SE management responsibilities.– Communication with the customer.
– Develop the SEMP.
– Develop the TEMP.
– Plan/schedule design reviews.
– Conduct ongoing performance assessment and validation.
EMIS 7307
28
Chapter 1
• Why is system I&T so important yet so underrated?
• How/why has increasing complexity increased the need for more/better SE especially in the form of I&T competence?
EMIS 7307
29
Chapter 1
• What are some key enablers to successful I&T?– Good interface definitions.– Good configuration management.– Well written i.e. verifiable specifications.– Enough time planned into program for adequate
and early testing.
EMIS 7307
31
Projects
• System to be selected from the A Specs on website.
• I’m your customer.
• You will define all the steps and documents.
– Define and selectively develop program schedule, system, documents.
– Emphasis is on all integration aspects and appropriate testing along the way to customer acceptance.
• Each student will develop a SEMP and a Master Test Plan (aka TEMP).
• Each student will prepare a PowerPoint summary of their SEMP and TEMP.
EMIS 7307
32
Instructions
• Develop a “mini” (10 pages each) SEMP and a Master Test Plan– Include engineering organization with roles and responsibilities.
• Use IPTs.
– Summarize written documents in a PowerPoint presentation of approximately 25 slides.
– These (SEMP, TEMP, Powerpoint summary) must be postmarked no later than 16 April. (On-campus students may deliver to the EMIS office Ms. Tammy Sherwood - your choice)
– Send via USPS (no FEDEX or UPS) first class mail to
Dr. W.D. Bell
Box 283
Casanova, VA 20139
EMIS 7307
33
Systems for Projects
• Spacecraft:– Mercury mapper.– Both IR and radar.– Directed subcontractors for the sensors.– 3 year on-station life.– Uses existing ground stations. – 3 years to launch from shuttle in orbit.