ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Dr. H.BilgeMutluer
ELE 789 Special Topics in Electrical
ELE 789 Special Topics in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering:
and Electronics Engineering:
Electrical Power Quality
Electrical Power Quality
2ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Course O
utline
Course O
utline
1.Power Quality (PQ) Definitions and
Objectives
2.Power System Modeling and
Simulation for PQ Analyses
3.Voltage Quality
4.Harm
onics and Harm
onic Elimination
5.Reactive Power Compensation
6.EMI, Grounding and Wiring
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Grounding
Groundingand
andBonding
Bonding
Ref:
Dugan
Sankaran
4ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground
Ground(( Earth
Earth, , Grounding
Grounding))
A conducting
connection
(intentionalor
accidental) bywhich
an electricalcircuitis
connectedtoearth, or
tosomeconducting
body of relatively
largeextent
5ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground Electrode
Ground Electrode
A conductororgroupof conductorsin
intimatecontactwiththeearthforthe
purposeof providinga connectionwiththe
ground
6ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground Grid
Ground Grid
System of interconnected bare conductors
arranged in a pattern over a specified area
and buried below the surface of the earth.
7ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground Loop
Ground Loop
Potentially detrimental
loop formed when two or
more points in an
electrical system that are
nominally at ground
potential are connected
by a conducting path
such that either or both
points are not at the
same ground potential
8ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Bonding
Bonding
Intentional electrical-interconnecting of
conductive partsto ensure common
electrical potential between the bonded
parts
Intensions:
Minimal (no) voltage difference
(Fault) Current flow
9ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Isolation
Isolation
Seperationof onesectionof a system
fromundesiredinfluencesof other
sections.
10
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ungrounded
Ungrounded/ / Grounded
Grounded
ungroundedsystemA system, circuit, or
apparatuswithoutan intentionalconnectionto
ground, exceptthroughpotentialindicatingor
measuringdevicesorotherveryhighimpedance
devices.
groundedsystemA systemof conductorsin
whichat leastoneconductororpoint(usually
themiddlewireorneutralpointof transformeror
generatorwindings) is intentionallygrounded,
eithersolidlyorthroughan impedance.
11
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
groundedsolidlyConnecteddirectlythrough
an adequategroundconnectionin whichno
impedancehas beenintentionallyinserted.
groundedeffectivelyGroundedthrougha
sufficientlylowimpedancesuchthatforall
systemconditionstheratioof zerosequence
reactancetopositivesequencereactance
(X0/X1) is positiveandlessthan3, andtheratio
of zerosequenceresistancetopositive
sequencereactance(R0/X1) is positiveandless
than1.
12
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Reasons
Reasonsfor
forGrounding
Grounding
PersonnelSafety(ShocksandHazards)
Groundingtoassureprotectivedevice
operation
Noisecontrol
13
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
TypicalW
irin
gand
Gro
undin
gPro
ble
ms
Problemswithconductorsand
connectors
Missingsafetyground
Multipleneutral-to-groundconnections
Ungroundedequipment
Additionalgroundrods
Groundloops
Insufficientneutralconductor
14
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shocks
Shocksand
andHazards
Hazards
Theresistanceof an averagehumanunder
conditionswhentheskin is dryis about100 k
orhigher.
Whenwet, resistancedropsto10 korlower.
15
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Laws
Lawsand
andLegislations
Legislations
Elektrik Tesislerinde Topraklamalar
Ynetm
elii (ETKB)
IEEE Std. 142 (GreenBook)
IEEE Std.1100-2005 (EmeraldBook)
IEEE 1100 alsoincludespowerquality
definitions
TS IEC 60364-4-41LV ElectricalInstallations
IEEEStd. 80 Safety in AC Substation
Grounding
IEC 479-1
16
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
eliii
UST
US
T
UE
UE
USS
1m
1m
1m
Referans topra
(Yeterince uzak)
S1S2
S3
Potansiyel dalmdzenlenmi
E
EE
UTST
UTSTE
Potansiyel dalmdzenlenmemi
Her iki ucundan eriilebilen
(Ucuna dokunulabilen)
srekli yaltlmmetal klflkablo.
Klf merkezden toprak ile balanmtr
17
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
elii (Y
i (Y
ksek G
erilim
Tesisle
ri)
ksek G
erilim
Tesisle
ri)
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
10,7
23
45
678910
456789
100
23456789
1000
V
Akm sresi ( s )
Dok
unm
a
gerili
mi
UTp
18
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
elii (N
i (N
trtr--Topra
k B
aTopra
k B
ala
nt
lant ss ))
L2
L3
L1 N PE
Sistem
topraklamas
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
L2
L3
L1
PEN
Sistem
topraklamas
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
PE N
TN-S
TN-C-S
19
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
elii (N
i (N
trtr--Topra
k B
aTopra
k B
ala
nt
lant ss ))
L2
L3
L1
PEN
Sistem topraklamas
Aktaki iletken blmler
( Gvde vb )
L2
L3
L1
PE
Sistem topraklamas
Aktaki iletken blmler
( Gvde vb )
NTN-C
TT
20
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
elii (N
i (N
trtr--Topra
k B
aTopra
k B
ala
nt
lant ss ))
L2
L3
L1
PE
Sistem
topraklamas
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
N
Empedan
s 1)
L2
L3
L1
PE
Sistem
topraklamas
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
Empedan
s 1)
IT
21
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r Ele
ktrik
Tesisle
rinde T
opra
kla
mala
r YYnetm
eli
netm
elii (D
A S
iste
mle
r)i (D
A S
iste
mle
r)
Sistem
topraklamas
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
L +
L -
PE
PEN
(d.a.)
Sistem
a)
Aktaki iletken
blmler
( Gvde vb )
L +
L -
M
Sistem
b)
Aktaki iletken
blmlerin
topraklamas
TN-S
TT
22
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground
GroundFault
FaultCurrents
Currents
(ETTY)
(ETTY)
I F= IC
L1
CeI C-L2
Ce
L2
L3
I C-L3
I C
I F= IRES= ( ICI L) +
I R+ IH
L1
Ce
L2
L3
I CI L
Ce
L1
L2
L3
I F= Ik1
Ik1
Neutralwireungrounded
GroundFaultneutraliser(ResonantGrounding)
Neutralwiresolidlygrounded
23
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
IEEE 1100
IEEE 1100
Separationof electronicloadequipmentpowerdistribution
fromsupportequipmentpowerdistribution
24
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
IEEE 1100
IEEE 1100
Bestdesignlocatesshieldedisolation
transform
eras closeto
electronicload
equipmentas possible
25
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shielding
ShieldingRaceways
Raceways(IEEE 1100)
(IEEE 1100)
Conductorsservingelectronicload
equipmenttobe fullyenclosedby
groundedmetal conduitorraceway
Descendingorderof cost, conductivity,
andshieldingeffectiveness:
Rigidmetal conduit(RMC)
Intermediatemetal conduit(IMC)
Electricalmetallictubing(EMT)
Flexiblemetal conduit(FMC)
26
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Neutral
NeutralGrounding
Grounding(IEEE 142)
(IEEE 142)
27
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Neutral
NeutralGrounding
Grounding(IEEE 142)
(IEEE 142)
28
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Resistance
Resistance
Grounding
Grounding
ReduceBurning/meltingeffects
Reducemechanicalstress
Reduceelectricshockhazards
Reducearcblastorflash
Reducelinevoltagesag
Avoidtransientovervoltages
May allowshort-termfaultedoperation
untilsecondgroundfault.
29
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Reactance
Reactance
Grounding
Grounding
Limitsgroundcurrentsin threephase, four
wiresystems
Groundingof transformerswithsimilar
characteristicsin transformersubstations
Transientovervoltageshighercompared
toresistancegrounding
30
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Resonant
ResonantGrounding
Grounding
Usuallyabove15kV
Relativelyhighvalueof reactance
Resultingfaultcurrentis resistiveandof a
lowmagnitude
Not preferredin industrialorcommercial
systems
31
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Solu
tionsto
Wirin
gand
Gro
undin
gPro
ble
ms
Propergroundingpractices
Usestandards
Groundelectrode(rod)
Reduceresistance(electrode, contactandground)
Service entranceconnections
Panel board
Isolatedground
Separatelyderivedsystems
Isolationtransformer, UPS, generator
32
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Solu
tionsto
Wirin
gand
Gro
undin
gPro
ble
ms
Grounding
techniquesfor
signalreference
Groundingfor
sensitiveequipment
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
EMI
EMI
Ref: Sankaran
34
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Electro M
agnetic Compatibility
Electro M
agnetic Compatibility
The ability of a device, equipment or
system to function satisfactorilyin its
electromagnetic environment without
introducing intolorableelectromagnetic
disturbancesto anything in that
environment.
35
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
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ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Noise
Noise
Electrical noise is unwanted electrical
signals that produce undesirable effects in
the circuits of control systems in which
they occur
36
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
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ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Couplin
gCouplin
g
A circuit element, or elements or network
that may be considered common to the
input mesh and output meshand
through which energy may be
transferredfrom one another.
37
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Electrical
ElectricalFields
Fields
38
ELE 789:
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
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ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Magnetic
MagneticFields
Fields
39
ELE 789:
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Frequency
Frequency
40
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Magneticfield
dueto
supply
and
return
wires
41
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Common
CommonHF EMI
HF EMI
42
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Criteria
Criteriafor
forEMI
EMI
43
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Electromagnetic
ElectromagneticPhenomena
Phenomena
(( Classified
Classifiedby
byIEC)
IEC)
ConductedLowFrequencyDisturbances:
Harmonics, interharmonics
Signalsystems(powerlinecarrier)
Flicker
Dipsandinterruptions
Voltageimbalance
Powerfrequencyvariations
Inducedlowfrequency
DC in AC networks
44
ELE 789:
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
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ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Electromagnetic
ElectromagneticDisturbances
Disturbances
(( Classified
Classifiedby
byIEC)
IEC)
RadiatedLowFrequency:
Magneticfields
Electricalfields
ConductedHighFrequency:
Inducedcontinuouswavevoltages& currents
Unidirectionaltransients
Oscillatorytransients
45
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Electromagnetic
ElectromagneticDisturbances
Disturbances
(( Classified
Classifiedby
byIEC)
IEC)
RadiatedHighFrequency:
Magneticfields
Electricalfields
Electromagneticfields
Continuouswaves
Transients
ElectrostaticDischarge
NuclearElectromagneticPulse
46
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Solutions
Solutions
Treatmentof theEMI sourcebyisolation,
shielding, orapplicationof filters
Eliminationof couplingmediumby
shielding, useof properwiringmethods,
andconductorrouting
Treatmentof thevictimbyshielding,
applicationof filters, orlocation
47
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
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ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Common M
ode Voltage
Common M
ode Voltage
The noise voltage that appears equally
from current-carrying conductor to ground
CMMR: Common Mode Rejection Ratio
48
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Differential Mode Voltage
Differential Mode Voltage
The voltage between any two of a
specified set of active conductors.
49
ELE 789:
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SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
EMI
EMI Prevention
Prevention
50
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
EMI
EMI Minim
ization
Minim
ization
51
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Ground
GroundLoops
Loops
52
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SpecialTopics
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in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shield
Shield
Conductivesheath(usuallymetallic)
applied, overtheinsulationof a conductor,
forthepurposeof providingmeansto
reducecouplingbetweentheconductors.
Prevents/ reduces
unwanted
electrostatic/
electromagnetic
fields(noise)
53
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shielding
Shielding
Usageof a conductingand/or
ferromagneticbarrierbetweena potentially
disturbingnoisesourceandsensitive
circuitry
Protectdata/ powercables
54
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shielding
Shielding(( and
andRelocation
Relocation))
Sometimesrelocationmaybe needed
UseproperShieldingandgrounding
55
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Shielding
ShieldingMaterial
Material
forshieldingmadeof copperandaluminumtobe effective
at lowfrequencies, considerablemetal thicknessis needed
56
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
EMI
EMI Filtering
Filtering
FerriteBeads
ForEMI
TypicalFilter
ForEMI
57
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
EMI
EMI and
andHealth
Health
Cancer
NervousSystemTumors
Psychologicaleffects
Reduceswithdistance
58
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Static
StaticElectric
Electric
59
ELE 789:
ELE 789: Special
SpecialTopics
Topicsin
in Electrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineering
Engineering; ; Electrical
ElectricalPower
PowerQuality
Quality
Static
StaticElectric
Electric
Thethresholdof perceptionof staticdischarge
foraveragehumansis between2000 and5000
V.
A staticvoltagebuildupof 15,000 V orhigheris
usuallyrequiredtocausea noisydischargewith
accompanyingarc.
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Electrostatic
ElectrostaticSusceptibility
Susceptibility
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Protection
Protectionfrom
from
Electrostatic
Electrostatic
Dischargesoccurin a rangeof betweenseveral
nanosecondsandseveralmicroseconds
Causesthermalheatingof semiconductors,
causefailures.
Thereactiontimesof protectivedevicesare
slower, staticchargesarenot easilydischarged
ordivertedbytheuseof protectivedevicessuch
as surgesuppressersorzenerdiodes
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Protection
Protectionfrom
from
Electrostatic
Electrostatic
StaticControl(bypersonalprecautions)
Wriststrap, anti-staticmat, etc..
StaticControlFloors
HumidityControl
Incresinghumidityreducesstaticbuildup
IonCompensation
StaticPreventativeCasters