Girish GhatikarTechnical ExecutiveElectric Power Research Institute
Electric Vehicles for Clean-Air, Grid-Integrated, and Connected Smart Infrastructure
Working Group 5 ChairIndia Smart Grid Forum
Reji Kumar PillaiPresidentIndia Smart Grid Forum
Chair, Board of DirectorsGlobal Smart Grid Federation
Smart Cities and E-Mobility: Project Experiences and Recommendations for India
Agenda
1. Prerogative of Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart Infrastructure
2. Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities
3. Charging Infrastructure and Interoperability Standards
4. Examples and Key Considerations (from studies)
2Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
References:1. Ghatikar G., R. Pillai, and A. Ahuja; Electric Transportation: Action Plan for India; IEEE Proceedings for Sustainable Green Buildings and Communities (SGBC), India, December 2016.2. Ghatikar G., A. Ahuja, and R. Pillai; Battery Electric Vehicle Global Adoption Practices & Distribution Grid Impacts: A Preliminary Case Study for Delhi, India, Proceedings of ISGW 2017.
Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart City Framework
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), Leveraging Smart Grid Assets for Building Smart Cities at Marginal Cost, Version 2.0, January 2016.
California Energy Commission (CEC), 2016-2017 Investment Plan Update for the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program, May 2016
3Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are key to Smart City infrastructure:1. Lower carbon emissions2. Improve air quality3. Enable technological innovation4. Enable new business services5. Improve citizen quality-of-life
Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are:• Vehicles with no tailpipe emissions• Battery-based and Hydrogen fuel-cell
electric vehicles (BEV and FCEV) are two popular forms of ZEVs
Focus on Battery-based Electric Vehicles (BEV) and its links with Smart Grid.
Prioritized battery-based Electric Vehicles (BEV) and its links with
Smart Grid.
Smart City
Accelerated electrification of electric transportation, charging infrastructure, and the 21st century electric grid are key to
future-proof energy security, environment, and smart infrastructure.
Introduction and Motivation for the Indian Context
Policy Drivers:1. National Electricity Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan 2020
• 6 to 7 million electric vehicles2. National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)
• Grid-tied renewable generation of 175 GW by 2022 3. Development of 100 Smart Cities
• With smart and connected infrastructure4. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improved air-quality
• 68% power generated from coal.
India now overshadowing China
Bengaluru
Chennai
Chandrapur
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Pune
Agra
Varanasi
Kanpur
Ahmedabad
Faridabad
Lucknow
Delhi
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Beijing
Jinan
Average PM2.5 concentration, micrograms per m2 July-November 2015
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Source: Greenpeace, Economist.com
4Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Are we in midst of a major transformation?
5
Amid low gasoline prices, EV sales jumped 60 percent worldwide in 2015.
If that level of growth continues, the crash-triggering benchmark of 2 million barrels of reduced demand could come as early as 2023*.
*Bloomberg Business; The Rise of Electric Cars, http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-ev-oil-crisis/
Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
The Grid, Yesterday/TodayCentralized Generation & Variable Demand
Transformation toward a decentralized energy generation creates opportunities and challenges to utilities, customers, and industry.
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The Grid, Today/FutureDistributed Resources & Demand Flexibility
Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Challenges with enabling connected V2* services.
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The Most Common Warranty for Plug-In Vehicle
Batteries is 8 Years/100,000 Miles*
1. Battery Warranty
2. Battery Degradation
3. Power Systems
4. Market Value
Source: Compiled by Oak Ridge National Laboratory from manufacturer and industry websites, February 2016.
Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Signet DCFC
CMI Level 2Lite-On Level 2
Eaton Level 2
Efacec DCFCABB DCFC
20kW / 50kW / 100kW
208V or 480V
Open Standards: Enables More Equipment Choice
8Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Integration with EV infrastructure ownership and publicly-funded models*
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Ownership
Models
Description Installations Electricity Rate Tariffs
Customer Most widely used business model for level 1 with any available 108-120 V outlets and, partially, for level 2 charging.
Residential, Building,
and Campus Owners
Comprised of three types:
1. Dynamic day-ahead VGI rate to driver/host.
2. TOU rates to driver or host.
3. TOU rates to host.
Third-Party Increasingly popular business model for level 2 and DCFCs, where a charging station OEM, or a city/county deploys charging infrastructure.
Public Spaces, Highway
Corridors
Utility Evolving business model to deploy level 2 and DCFCs in to support aggressive national- and state-level BEV adoption and zero-emission vehicle mandates.
Public spaces, highway
corridors, &
disadvantaged
communities.
* Examples referenced from the California Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) planning for EV infrastructure rollout to meet the 1 Million EV target by 2020.
Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
Key Takeaways (Global Practices)
1. Zero emission vehicles (ZEV) represent an unique opportunity to improve city’s air quality.
2. EVs, as a distributed energy resource, can provide grid balancing services and better integration of renewable resources and a cleaner city.
3. EV Charging infrastructure, grid-integration, and infrastructure connectivity can enable multiple value streams.
4. Grid connectivity must consider standards, interoperability, and grid-stakeholder business models to enable multi-functional connectivity.
10Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
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Charging Station Types And Recommended Locations for India
Type of Chargers Recommended Locations
AC Slow ChargingResidential Colonies, Bungalows, CommercialCentres/Buildings, Industrial Parks, University Campuses
Type 2 EVSE(AC Fast Charging - Refer AIS138)
Bus Stands, Airports, Railway Stations, Sea Ports, Parking Lots ,Malls, Movie Halls, Restaurants, Commercial Centres, GovtOffices , Industrial Parks, Hospitals/Medical Centres,Campuses, Hotels, Religious Places, Party Places/MarriageHalls
DCFCFuel Stations, Railway Stations, Airports, Sea Ports, Bus Stands,Parking Lots, Metro Stations, Malls, Campuses, Hospitals,Hotels, Strategic Locations on Highways
Bus Chargers (also for Trucks) Bus Depots, Bus Routes
Two Wheeler Chargers Homes, Offices, Industries and Shops
Key Conclusions and Recommendations for India
1. VGI lessons serve as a model to accelerate adoption of EVs, and connected
smart city and smart grid infrastructure.
1. Public transportation (2-, 3-wheelers, & light-, medium-, and heavy-duty) in urban
areas (Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai etc.) represent greatest opportunity.
2. Optimal quantity and location of public charging with Level 2 and DCFC stations
encourage customer adoption of EV.
3. Review of payment settlement mechanisms and inter-ministerial (MoHI, MoP, and
MNRE) coordination is necessary.
12Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017
THANK YOU