Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Properties of Glass Materials Studied by Ultrasonic Technique
Sidek Ab AzizUniversiti Putra Malaysia
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass – An IntroductionWhat is a glass?
Glass - hard, brittle solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements.
The latin term glesum, probably originated from a Germanic word for a transparent, lustrous substance.
The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire.
Natural heat-producing processes like volcanoes and lightning strikes are responsible for creating various forms of natural glass.
Obsidian - super-heated sand or rock
that rapidly cooled.
Moldavite formed by meteorite impact (Besednice, Bohemia)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
General Introduction
• These three properties—lustre, transparency, and durability
— make glass a favoured material for such household objects as windowpanes, bottles, and lightbulbs.
Clear glass for Incandescent light bulb
ThermalInsulationGlass
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass ApplicationSpecial properties of glass make it
suitable for folllowing applications– flat glass– Tempered glass– Annealed glass– Laminated glass– container glass– optics and optoelectronics material– laboratory equipment– thermal insulator (glass wool)– reinforcement fiber (glass-
reinforced plastic, glass fiber reinforced concrete)
– and art.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass Technology
Glass building
Energy saving mirror
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass Arts
Decoration Glass- Venetian millefiori.Chinese ring
Glass beads are made with silica (usually from sand). Cross section of Korean broken beads
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass Art
Roman Cage Cup from the 4th century A.D.
Roman glass A 16th-century stained glass window.
A vase being created at the Reijmyre glassworks, Sweden
Stained glass
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Next-generation large-scale panels
Glass substrates for LCDs
To form various functional films on glass substrates.
ASAHI Glass, Japan
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Specific Potential Application of Glassy Materials
CD memory device
Optical switching device
Non-linear optical devices
Electrochemical devices
Laser host
Infra-Red Fiber Optics
Optical waveguides
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General
– Definition
• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
.
Glass Definition♦ Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallization (American Society for Testing Materials ,1945) True for most commercial materials (e.g., soda-lime-silica) but ignores organic, metallic, H-bonded materials, ignores alternate processing routes (sol gel, CVD, electron or neutron -bombardment, etc.)
♦ Glass is an X-ray amorphous material which exhibits a glass transition. (Wong and Angell, 1976)
Not all amorphous solids are glasses; wood, cement, a-Si, thin film oxides, etc. are amorphous but do not exhibit the glass transition.
♦Glass is an undercooled liquid." Problems: glasses have 'solid' properties (e.g., elastic material)No flow at room temperature
♦ Glass as any isotropic material, whether inorganic or organic, which lacks three dimensional atomic periodicity and has a viscosity greater than about 1014 poise (Mackenzie, 1960)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Zachariasen’s model
According to Zachariasen, in order for a given oxide AmOn to form a glassy solid, it must meet the following criteria:
(1) the oxygen should be linked to no more than two atoms of A,
(2) the coordination number of the oxygen about A should be small, on the order of 3 or 4,
(3) the cation polyhedra must share corners only, and
(4) at least three corners must be shared.
In 1932, physicist W.H. Zachariasen defined glass is an extended, three-dimensional network of atoms that form a solid which lacks the long-range periodicity (or repeated, orderly arrangement) typical of crystalline materials.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Definition
• These criteria are useful guidelines for the forming of conventional oxide glasses, but unsuitable for nonoxide glasses.
• Chalcogenide glasses
– for instance, are chains of random lengths and random orientation formed by the bonding of the chalcogen elements sulfur, selenium, or tellurium.
– Ions of these elements have a 2-coordination requirement, and the chains are cross-linked by 3- or 4-coordinated elements such as arsenic, antimony, or germanium.
♦ Glass is a solid that possesses no long range atomic order and, upon heating, gradually softens to the molten state. Non-crystalline structure Glass transformation behavior
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Basic Ultrasonics• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Basic Ultrasonics
• “Ultrasonic" refers to sound that above the frequencies of audible sound, (beyond 20 kHz)
• Ultrasonic can be produced by transducers – piezoelectric effect
– magnetostrictive effect
• Piezoelectricity is the ability of some crystals (quartz) and certain ceramics materials to generate an electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress.
• Magnetostrictive transducers use magnetic strength to produce high intensity ultrasonic sound in the 20-40 kHz range for the ultrasonic cleaning and also other mechanical applications
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Ultrasonic wave are able to propagate in medium by method such as:• Reflection • Refraction • Propagation• Transmission• Dispersion• etc
Advantages of ultrasonic wave
• ability to form coherent wave in which amplitude, frequency, • direction of propagation can be controlled
Advantages of ultrasonic wave
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Type of ultrasonic wave
2 type of ultrasonic wave traveling in solid such as glass: longitudinal wave
shear wave
Longitudinal wave also known as compressional waves•the oscillation of the particle is forward and backward, compressing, and depressing.
Shear wave also known as transverse wave•the oscillation of particle in medium is at right angles to the direction of propagation.•Shear wave can only propagate through solid and cannot propagate in liquid and gas.
N
N
U
U
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of
Glass– Glass Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
2 methods of preparing glass samples
Glass Preparation
Conventional Method Cooling from the liquid
state/ Melt quenching technique
Condensation from the vapor
Pressure quenching Solution hydrolysis
Unconventional Method
Unconventional meltingSolution methodsDeposition methodsSolid-state transformations
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass FormationNormally, glass is formed upon the cooling of
a molten liquid in such a manner that the ordering of atoms into a crystalline formation is prevented.
Instead of the abrupt change in structure that takes place in a crystalline material such as metal as it is cooled below its melting point
in the cooling of a glass-forming liquid there is a continuous stiffening of the fluid until the atoms are virtually frozen into a more or less random arrangement similar to the arrangement that they had in the fluid state.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Crystal vs Glass
Glasses•lack of long-range order results in larger volumes (lower density), higher energies; atoms could rearrange to form denser structures if given enough thermal energy and time.
•thermodynamically metastable phase
Crystalsordered atomic structures mean smaller volumes (high density) & lower energies
•thermodynamically stable phase
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass StructureGlass • amorphous • isotropic macroscopic physical properties • no grain structure when viewed under an optical microscope.
Glass structure relates to various physical properties such as density, thermal expansion, viscosity, surface tension and also miscellaneous mechanical (including elastic), chemical and electrical properties of glass.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass Structure
Two-dimensional representation of (a) an oxide crystal and (b) a glass of the same chemical composition (A2O3) due to Zachariasen (1932)
Schematic two-dimensional representation of the microscopic structure of binary oxide glass; (a) composed of basic glass former and glass former; (b) showing the effect of network
modifying cations on the network of the glass former.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Structure of Binary Borate Glass
Some structural groupings in borate glasses as indicated from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (Bray 1985). Small solid circles represent boron atoms, open circles oxygen atoms and an open circle with negative sign indicates non-bridging oxygen.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Substance is weight First Furnace400 C for 30 min
Second Furnace750-800 C for 60 min
Pour melt into mould Placed molten and mould in
First Furnace and annealed at 400 C
Removed the mould after the melt
was hard enough
Cut and polished sample
GLASS PREPARATION PROCESS
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Preparing Commercialized Glass• Pure silica (SiO2) melts at a viscosity
of 10 Pa s (100 P)— of over 2300 °C (4200 °F).
• Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) lowers the melting point to about 1500 °C (2700 °F) in soda-lime glass
• Soda makes the glass water soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide (CaO), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide are added to provide for a better chemical durability.
• The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74 percent silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90 percent of manufactured glass.
Lead glass, such as lead crystal or flint glass, is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more "sparkles",
while boron may be added to change the thermal and electrical properties, as in Pyrex.
Marlinda Daud, Pusat Minerologi Ipoh
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Special Glass
• Adding barium also increases the refractive index.
• Thorium oxide gives high refractive index and low dispersion, (for high-quality lenses) but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eye glasses.
• Large amounts of iron are used in glass that absorbs infrared energy, such as heat absorbing filters for movie projectors,
• cerium(IV) oxide for absorbs UV wavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation).
Finally, fining agents such as sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, or antimony oxide are added to reduce the bubble content in the glass.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Other Types of GlassBesides common silica-
based glasses, many other inorganic and organic materials may also form glasses, including – plastics (e.g., acrylic glass) – phosphates, – borates, – chalcogenides, – fluorides, – germanates (glasses based
on GeO2),
•tellurites (glasses based on TeO2), • antimonates (glasses based on Sb2O3), • arsenates (glasses based on As2O3), • titanates (glasses based on TiO2), • tantalates (glasses based on Ta2O5), • nitrates, carbonates and many other substances.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Colored Glass• Color in glass may be obtained by addition
of electrically charged ions and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses).[
• Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless• iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1
wt% produce a green tint
• Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles.
• Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black.
• Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Colored Glass
IonSilicate-based
GlassPhosphate-based Glass
Fe+2 deep blue-green slight greenish blue
Fe+3 yellowish-brown slightly brownish
The color of a glass may depend upon the nature of the glass as well as the coloration ion.
For example, iron ions have the following color influences:
SEM Photos XRD Pattern of Starting Materials
TeO2 powder
TeO2 glass
ZnO Powder TeO2-ZnO glass
0200400600800
1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400
10 20 30 40 502 theta
Inte
nsity
(a.
u)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
10 20 30 40 502 Theta
Inte
nsity
(a.
u)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
10 20 30 40 502 Theta
Inte
nsity
(a.
u) TeO2-ZnO-AlF3 glassAlF3 (97.0%)
Powder
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
XRD patterns
100
600
1100
1600
2100
10 20 30 40 502 theta
Inte
nsity
(a.u
)
TZ7
TZ6
TZ5
TZ4
TZ3
TZ2
TZ1
TZ0
• no discrete or continuous sharp peaks • but broad halo at around 2 260 - 300, which reflects the characteristic of amorphous materials. • absence of long range atomic arrangement and the periodicity of the 3D network in the quenched material
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
10 20 30 40 502 theta
Inte
nsity
(a.u
)
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
TeO2)1-x (ZnO)x (x = 0.1 to 0.4 in 0.05) (TeO2)90(AlF3)10-x(ZnO)x (x = 1 to 9)
binary ternary
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass Forming Region
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Density & Molar Volume
M
V
Molar volumes
acaca
as ww
w
Density Measurement (Archimedes Method)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Density & Molar Volume
Variation of density and molar volume with mol% Bi2 O3 in Bi2 O3–B2 O3 glass systems.
The increase of the density of the glasses accompanying the addition of Bi2 O3 is probably attributable to a change in cross-link density and coordination numbers of Bi3+ ions.
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
Mole fraction of TeO2
Mo
lar
volu
me(
cm3 m
ol-1
)
4650
4700
4750
4800
4850
4900
4950
5000
Den
sity
(kg
m-3
)
Density and molar volume of TeO2.B2O3 glasses
28
28.5
29
29.5
30
30.5
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pecahan Mol Ag2O
Isip
adu
mo
lar
(cm
3)
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
Ket
um
pat
an (
kg/m
3)
Density and molar volume of [(TeO2)x (B2O3)1-x)]1-y [Ag2O]y
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Density and Molar Volume
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
0 20 40 60 80Bismuth Oxide (mol%)
Dens
ity (k
gm-3
)
Dependence of density on the composition of bismuth oxide glass systems as measured by El-Adawy and Moustafa (1999) (5 - 45 mol%), Wright et al (1977) (20 – 42.5 mol%) and present works (40 – 70 mol%).
Density & Molar Volume
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Mole fraction of ZnO
De
ns
ity
(k
g/m
3 )
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Mole fraction of ZnO
Mol
ar v
olum
e (1
0-6
m3 m
ol-1
)
•The increase in density indicates zinc ions enter the glassy network
•The decreases in the molar volume was due to the decrease in the bond length or inter-atomic spacing between the atoms
• The stretching force constant (216 N/m – 217.5 N/m) of the bonds increase resulting in a more compact and dense glass.
• Atomic Radius (Shelby, 2005).
•R(Zn2+)(0.074 nm) << R(Te2+)(0.097 nm)
•there is no anomalous structural change (non-linear behaviour)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Theory– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
A modern greenhouse in Wisley Garden, England, made from float glass.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Properties of MaterialsApplication of external forces to a
solid body produces complex internal forces which cause
– motion of the body, – in the form of linear translation,
rotation and deformation.
The body is in a condition of stress and any changes in the shape or volume are then referred to as strain
Elastic body - after removal of the external force, the material returns to its original unstressed condition.
To study of elasticity we consider infinitesimal elastic deformations, where stress is linearly proportional to strain, as stated in Hooke's law.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Properties of Materials
Elastic constants connect stress and strain
Elastic constant can be determined by propagating ultrasonic elastic waves travel through a medium.
The velocity of these waves and density of the sample can be used to determine the values of these elastic constants.
The concept of elastic continuum is applied to explain quantitatively the elastic behavior of a solid body, under external stresses (temperature and hydrostatic pressure)
Materials are assumed to behave like a homogeneous continuous medium.
This approximation valid for elastic waves of wavelengths λ longer than 10-6 cm, i.e. frequencies below 1012 Hz, and ultrasonic waves fulfill this criterion.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Theory of Elasticity
Theory of elasticity and the anharmonicity of solids, both crystal and noncrystalline (glass) systems
The propagation of elastic waves in crystals, including the thermodynamic definition of elastic constants
The concept of anharmonicity is also outlined.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the elastic
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elasticity and Hooke's Law• For sufficiently small deformations of
the solid body, each component of stress is linearly related to each component of strain by Hooke's law
σij=Cijklϵ ( i,j, k,l= 1,2,3)
6 components of stress
6 components of strain
σij=Cijklϵ ( i,j, k,l= 1,2,3)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Thermodynamic Definition of Elastic Constants
Elastic constants can be also defined thermodynamically i.e. with respect to thermodynamic parameters (Brugger, 1964).
4 main thermodynamic potentials can be involved,
U - internal energy
F - Helmholtz free energy
H - enthalpy and
G - Gibbs free energy
Each of these to be a function of entropy S, temperature T, thermodynamic tension components tij and reduced Lagrangian strain components ηij/ρo where ρo, represents the density of the unstrained solid.
ijijdηtρ
1TdsU
d
ijijdηtρ
1SdTF
d
ijijdtρ
1TdsH
d
ijijdtρ
1SdTG
d
0',
ijkls
...
UC
Sklij
n
o
0',
ijklT
...
FC
Tklij
n
o
0',
ijklS
...
HS
tSklij
n
o tt
0',
ijklT
...
GS
tTklij
n
o tt
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Constant
.........6
1
2
1)(
5
5o
mnkljijklmn
klijlijk
iC
CU
Energy density of the solid may then be written as
0'
ijkls
...
UC
klij
n
o
0'
3
ijklmnsC
mnklij
o
U
Second Order Elastic Constant
Third Order Elastic Constant
Since the form of this expansion is similar to the expansion of potential energy in terms of interatomic displacement,
It is possible to relate the elastic stiffness constants to the interatomic forces in a solid.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Propagation of Elastic Waves In Solid
One way to determine the elastic properties of any solid is through a dynamic test in which elastic waves are propagated in the solid.
Assumption
• Propagated waves behave adiabatically: • Entropy is conserved; • Wavelengths are much greater than the interatomic spacing • Small displacement of the atoms
To ensure that the deformation is elastic and Hooke's law is obeyed.
j
ijio xt
u
2
2
i
j
j
iijkl
k
io dx
u
x
uC
xt
u
2
12
2
kj
iijkl
io xx
uC
t
u
2
2
2
02 oljkolijklilo UNNUCv
Christoffel's equation
For a specific combination of N and U, the equation of motion will provide only three solutions of wave velocities, one of which resembles a longitudinal and two shear waves.
N - Propagation DirectionU - Polarization direction
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Contants – Wave Velocity
Mode NoPropagation Direction
N
Polarization direction
U(ρv2)
1 [100] [100] C11 (L)
2 [100] In [100] plane C11
3 [110] [110] (C11+C12+2C44)/2
4 [110] [001] C44 (G)
5 [110] [1 0] C’=(C11-C12)/2
6 [111] [111] (C11+2C12+4C44)/3
7 [111] In [111]plane (C11+C44-C12)/3
1
Ultrasonic wave velocity and elastic stiffness constant relationships for a cubic crystal
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic constants of the glasses
Longitudinal modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Poisson’s ratio
Young’s modulus
Debye Temperature
2lVL
2sVG
22
3
4sl VVK
22
22
2
2
sl
sl
VV
VV
22
222 43
sl
sls
VV
VVVE
mDt VM
Np
k
h 3
1
4
9
3
1
33
12
lS
mVV
V
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Ultrasonic SystemSchematic representation of (a) simple pulse ultrasonic system. (b) Envelope of pulse echo train and (c) detail of each echo as seen on oscilloscope display
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Overlap System
Pulse echo overlap systemPulse echo overlap waveforms
Block diagram of the experimental set up – ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation measurement (Mepco Engineering College, INDIA)
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Ultrasonic System
Ultrasonic – MBS 8000 Ultrasonic Data Acq. System
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Interatomic Potential Energy
In a simple lattice dynamical model, the restoring forces between atoms and hence their potential energy are generally considered to be a function of the atomic displacement from equilibrium positions.
In the harmonic and anharmonic lattice vibration models for a solid
TOEC play an important role in accounting for the anharmonic and nonlinear properties of solids in the long wavelength acoustic modes.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Wave Velocity
Compositional dependence of the velocity of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves in Bi2 O3–B2 O3 glass systems.
Both increase at first with increasing Bi2 O3 mol% up to a maximum at 25 mol% Bi2 O3 and then decrease as the Bi2 O3 mol% increases further.
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pecahan mol of Ag2O
Halaj
u ul
traso
nik (
m/s)
Compositional dependence of the velocity of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves in [(TeO2)x (B2O3)1-x)]1-y [Ag2O]y glass
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Mole fraction of ZnO
Velo
city
(m/s
)
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Shear
Shear
Compositional dependence of the velocity of longitudinal and shear acoustic waves in [(ZnO)(TeO2) glass
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Lead Magnesium Chloride Phosphate Glass
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Modulus
Dependence of longitudinal modulus on the composition of Bi2 O3–B2 O3 glass systems.
One reason for this difference may come from the volume effect, in that C44 expresses the resistance of the body to deformation where no change in volume is involved, while C11 expresses the resistance where compressions and expansions are involved.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Pecahan mol Ag2O
Mod
ulus
ken
yal (
GPa
) L
E
K
G
Compositional dependence of the longitudinal and shear modulus of [(TeO2)x (B2O3)1-x)]1-y [Ag2O]y glass
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4Mole fraction of ZnO
Elasti
c Mod
uli (G
Pa)
Longitudinal Modulus, L
Young’s Modulus, E
Bulk Modulus, K
Shear Modulus, G
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Properties
Mole fraction, x 0.3 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6
Elastic stiffness (GPa)
C11
C44
C12
48.9
18.0
12.9
48.8
18.0
12.7
47.5
17.4
12.7
47.3
17.5
12.3
47.3
17.2
13.0
Young's modulus, E
(GPa)
43.5 43.5 42.2 42.2 41.8
Bulk modulus, B (GPa) 24.9 24.7 24.3 24.0 24.4
Poisson's ratio, 0.208 0.207 0.211 0.207 0.215
Fractal dimension 2.90 2.92 2.87 2.92 2.82
Molar volume, V
(cm3/mole)
34.2 33.8 34.2 33.9 33.3
Number of atoms per
volume (x1028
atoms/m3)
9.67 8.90 8.37 8.00 7.24
Debye Temperature (K) 291 275 263 255 238
The room temperature elastic properties of (PbO)x(P2O5)1-x glasses
Mole fraction, y 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.1
Elastic stiffness (GPa)
longitudinal, c11
shear, c44
c12
50.4
17.1
16.3
44.3
16.0
12.3
43.0
15.9
11.2
35.7
14.8
6.03
Young's modulus, E
(GPa)
42.4 39.0 38.4 33.9
Bulk modulus, B (GPa) 27.6 23.0 21.8 15.9
Poisson's ratio, 0.244 0.217 0.206 0.145
Fractal dimension 2.47 2.79 2.92 3.73
Molar volume, V
(cm3/mole)
33.5 33.5 33.3 33.4
Number of atoms per
volume (x1028 atoms/m3)
9.60 9.65 9.72 9.78
Debye Temperature (K) 276 266 264 251
Room temperature elastic properties of (PbCl2)y(PbO.2P2O5)1-y glasses
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Elastic Properties
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Theory– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Temperature Dependence
Low temperature dewar system
Sample holder
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Temperature Variations of the SOECThe dependence of elastic constants upon temperature is another consequence of anharmonicity of the interatomic potential energy in solids.
The normal behaviour of the thermal variations of the SOEC of most crystals,, is characterized by two general features; •a linear increase with decreasing temperature and
•a zero slope in the region where the temperature approaches zero Kelvin.
The linear dependence of elastic constants on temperature, especially above the Debye temperature θD ,is due to the anharmonic nature of the lattice vibrations.
The linearity of this dependence may break down in the vicinity of a phase transition.
Typical curve of second order elastic constant versus temperature
))/(1( DoJI TLFCC
T
DD
D
dxxxTTF/
0
34 1)exp()/(3)/(
3
2 v
o
TIJ
JI
dT
df
fC
dT
dC
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Temperature Dependence
Variation of velocity and elastic moduli with temperature of Lead Bismuth Tellurite (BTP) Glasses
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Temperature Dependence
At sufficiently low temperatures it is expected that in most crystalline solids the slope of dCIJ/dT would decrease i.e. dCIJ/dT →0 as T →0 which is a direct consequence of the third law of thermodynamics.
However in certain materials like glasses, this particular feature is not always observed; instead of showing a zero slope of dCIJ/dT, the elastic constant increases to a maximum value at low temperature (~1K).
This behaviour has been ascribed to interactions with two-level systems (Anderson et al. 1972, Phillips 1972).
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Temperature Dependence
At very low temperatures where only ground states have to be considered, the groups of atoms are still able to tunnel through a barrier. This gives rise to an energy splitting of the ground state for this two-level system given by
20
2 E
)exp(00
2/2 mVd
where
The parameter Δ designates the asymmetry of two-level potential, Δo represents the tunneling energy and λ is a tunnelling parameter describing the overlap of the wavefunctions of two states in a quantum mechanical theory (Phillips 1981). The parameter ωo is the frequency of oscillation in an individual well.
Schematic representation of a double well potential, sometimes known as the two level system, characterized by a barrier V, asymmetry energy LI and distance d.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Debye Temperature
3
1
33
32
31
3
1
1 111
4
9
d
vvvk
h
V
NeD
The Debye temperature θD is useful in describing the thermal behaviour of solids and it plays an important role in the theory of lattice vibrations.
θD measure of the separation of the low temperature quantum mechanical region, where the vibrational modes begin to be "frozen out", from the high temperature region where all modes begin to be excited according to classical theory.
θD can be obtained directly from heat capacity measurements, and it can be also derived from a set of the elastic constants.
3
1
33
21
3
1
SL VVVm
VL (= (C11/ρ) 1/2) and VS= (=C44/ρ) 1/2
meD V
k
h
V
N
3
1
1
4
9
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Theory– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Pressure Dependence
To compare between the measured values of (ρW2)'p=0 and the pressure derivatives of the effective SOEC (ρV2)', the following relations has to be employed,
dP
WVdW
dP
dW
dP
dWW
dP
Vd oo
ooooo
)/()/(2)(
2222
2
kmiimk
T
o
IJIJ SNN
dP
df
fC
dP
dC2
2
Here CoIJ represents the SOEC at ambient
condition, df/dP is the gradient of measured frequency in the pulse echo overlap experiment (see section 3.5) versus pressure, fo is the overlap frequency and βT and Skmii are the isothermal volume compressibility and the elastic compliances respectively.
Hydrostatic pressure cell and sample holder
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Mode Grüneisen Parameters
The mode Grüneisen parameter is an important tool for investigation of anharmonic effect in solid.
One way to derive the Grünisen parameter is by considering the entropy of the system in the quasiharmonic form (Barron 1995)
T
TVSS i
ii
),(
1
ln
ln1
ln)(
TVTC ii
ii
Vd
d ii ln
ln
11
)(
TTVTTC
V
S i
V
i
T
i
ii
V
VT
th
C
V
V
S
VTVP
SV CVCV //
α is the coefficient of volume thermal expansion, V is the volume, and is isothermal and adiabatic compressibility respectively and Cv and Cp are specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure respectively
dP
vdTl
1ln1
3
1
dP
vdTs
1ln1
3
1
3
21 sel
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Relation between SOEC and TOEC
Even though we have not measured a set of individual TOEC, the TOEC can be obtained from the pressure derivatives of the second order elastic constants
)2(
)22(
1211
16614444121144
CC
CCCCC
P
C
)2(2
)233(
1211
1231111211'
CC
CCCC
P
C
)2(3
)26(
1211
123112111
CC
CCC
P
B
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Outline• Glass in General• Ultrasonic Waves• Physical Properties of Glass
– Preparation– Density and Molar Volume
• Elastic Properties– Theory– Compositional Dependence – Temperature Dependence– Hydrostatic Pressure Dependence
• Conclusion
Glass prism
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Conclusion• The general discussion on basic
glass and its preparation, as well as the fundamental of elastic properties have been discussed
• Experimental shows the physical and elastic properties of glasses were found slightly affected by the changes in the glass composition.
• The densities of most glasses increases as the glass modifier content was added to substitute the glass former content while their molar volume increases or decreases due to the composition.
•The experimental setup has been discussed for evaluating the ultrasonic and elastic properties of materials at low temperatures and high pressure.
•There are possibility in evaluating the elastic properties of any glass based materials at elevated temperatures and pressure in order to obtain their elastic behaviour.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Glass Research Group• Dr Halimah Ahmad Kamari
• Prof Madya Dr Zainal Abidin Talib
• Prof Madya Dr Wan Daud Wan Yusof
• Dr Khamirul Amin Matori
• Prof Dr Abdul Halim Shaari
• Our postgraduate students
Special thanks to MOSTI and UPM for financial support.
Glass in General | Ultrasonic Waves | Physical Properties | Preparation | Elastic Properties | Conclusion
Thank you for your attention