Education and “skills”
• Merchants
• Artisans
• Farmers
• Shi 士 (literati)
Education as Institution Building
•Building•Staffing•Funding•Admission •Curriculum•Certification
Founding of State Prefectural and County Schools
• Prefecture 1044• Yiwu 1049• Dongyang 1049• Pujiang 1060?• Jinhua county 1072• Lanxi 1102?• Wuyi 1102?• Yongkang 1105
Wuyi County Seat, 1804
Examination levels
Jin shi 進士Literatus Present to Court
PalaceMinistry of Rites
Ju ren 舉人Recommended Man
Prefectural Candidate 鄉貢
Province 道 / 路 /省
Prefecture 州 /府
County 縣(Sheng yuan 生員 )Stipendiary Student
Examination Content
Three days of tests
• Confucian Texts
• Literary Composition
• Treatises on Policy, History, and Scholarship
Education as Social Process
• Personal transformation
• Social differentiation
• Community formation
Jinshi degreesSong and Yuan(without Lanxi data)
Jinshi totals Wuzhou/Jinhua fu
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1042
1053
1073
1088
1103
1112
1121
1132
1142
1151
1160
1169
1175
1184
1193
1199
1202
-05
1211
1220
1229
1241
1250
1259
1265
-74
1274
1385
Quotas and ratios
• Northern Song quota (prefectural passes): about 7
• Southern Song quota (prefectural passes): 14
• Prefectural pass/fail ratio in the late 12th century: 1/200
Recruitment
Students
Numbers• In 1290 there were 216,228 registered households
in Wuzhou-lu (=Jinhua Prefecture)• In 1350 a “Rat’s Tail Register” was created which
listed households from wealthiest to poorest based on total land and the number of adult males. On this basis their service obligation was defined
• The total number of those liable for service ( 役者 ) was 12,668 names ( 名 ), with 4300 names being moved down from liable to non-liable And 3460 names being moved up from non-liable to liable
• Thus only 5 percent of the households were wealthy enough to be liable for service.
“Education”and Agency
• Instruction 教化
• Study 學習• Teaching 為師• Learning 求學
Private Academies 書院• Appearing in Southern Song, continuing
into the early 20th century, revivals today
• Generally privately funded
• Less test-based; do not offer certification
• Responsive to new intellectual trends
4 categories of bibliography
• Classics
• Histories
• Schools of Philosphy/Practice
• Literary Collections
Three areas of theory and practice
• Literary/cultural studies 文學, • Affairs of government 政事, • Moral conduct 德行
Education as Teaching and LearningLü Zuqian as a teacher
• School rules
• Literary anthology ( Song wen jian 宋文鑒 )
• Institutional history (Lidai zhidu ciangshuo 歷代制度詳說 )
• Neo-Confucian primer (Jin si lu 近思錄 )