NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 1
Regulations regarding
Coal Ash Utilisation in Europe
Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
EuropeanCoal CombustionProducts Association
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 2
Content
1. Introduction
2. Regulations for use of coal ash in
- cement production
- concrete
- road construction
3. Environmental regulations
4. Concluding remarks
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 3
Production of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003
Fly Ash
Bottom AshBoiler Slag, 3.2 %
FBC Ash 1.7 %FGD GypsumSDA Product, 0.8%
67.8 %
9.3 %17.2 %
Introduction
total amount 65 million tonnes
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 4
Utilisation of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003
total amount 65 million tonnes
52.4% 35.9%
Utilization in construction Industry and Underground Mining Restoration of Open Cast Mines, Quarries
and Pits
Disposal, 3.7%Temporary stockpile, 8.0%
Introduction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 5
Demands of the construction market
availability of huge amounts of material
constant quality (continuous process)
sufficient product properties (grain sizedistribution, surface,reactivity, ...)
long term availability
meeting of technical requirements
environmental compatibility
Introduction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 6
25.9%
11.3%
27.8% 5.8%
23.4%
CementRaw Material
BlendedCement
ConcreteAddition Concrete Blocks
Road Construction,Filling Application
Infill, 3.3%Others, 2.5%
Utilisation of fly ash in the construction industry and in underground mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
(total utilisation 21.1 million tonnes)
Introduction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 7
48.2%
33.1%
ConcreteBlocks
Cement
Others
Road Construction, Filling Application
10.4%
3.7%
Concrete
4.6%
(total utilisation 2.7 million tonnes)
Utilisation of Bottom Ash in the Construction Industryand Underground Mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
Introduction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 8
Utilisation of Fly Ash in the cement and concreteindustry in Europe (EU 15) from 1993 to 2003
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
utili
zatio
n in
mill
ion
tonn
es
clinker raw material blended cement concrete
Introduction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 9
Chemical parameters of fly ashes from coal and ligniteParameter Fly ash from Coal Fly Ash from Lignite
SiO2 36 60 18 80Al2O3 23 35 1 19FeO3 3 17 1 22CaO 0,3 8,5 2 52CaOfrei 0,1 25MgO 0,5 5,4 0,5 11K2O 0,5 6 0,1 2Na2O 0,1 3,5 0,01 2SO3 0,1 2,1 1 15
Regulations for use of coal ash for cement
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 10
Parameter siliceous fly ash calcareous fly ash
V W 1 W 2
Loss on ignition 5 % by mass
Reactive calcium oxide1) 10 % by mass 10 15 % bymass
15 % by mass
Free calcium oxide 1 % by mass 2)
Reactive silicon dioxide3) 25 % by mass -
Compressive strength at 28d4) - - 10 N/mm
Expansion5) - - 10 mm
1) CaOreactiv = total CaO reduced by fraction calculated as CaCO3 and CaSO42) CaOfree-= amount up to 2,5 % by mass accepted when soundness is given (see 5))3) SiO2reactiv = fraction of SiO2 which is soluble after treatment with HCl and boiling KOH-solution4) mortars with ground fly ash as binder, amount < 40m between 10 and 30 % by mass5) mixture of 30 % by mass ground fly ash, 70 % by mass cement
Requirements for Siliceous and CalcareousFly Ash by DIN EN 197-1
Regulations for use of coal ash for cement
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 11
Utilisation of fly ash as an addition to concrete has a long history in several countries.
In 1994, the first European Standard EN 450"Fly Ash for Concrete" was published.
About 6 million tonnes of fly ash are usedas concrete addition every year in Europe.
In May 2005, the harmonized standard EN 450 part 1 and part 2 was published. This standard has to beintroduced to national law in 2006.
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 12
Parameter Requirements Test Frequency
Loss On Ignition max. 5.0 w.-% d
SO3 max. 3.0 w.-% m
Cl max. 0.01 w.-% m
CaOfree max. 2.5 w.-%1) w
d : daily 1) fly ash with CaOfree higher than 1 w.-% but less w: once per week than 2.5 w.-% must comply with the requirements m: once per month for soundness
Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 13
Parameter Requirements Test Frequency
Soundness 1) max. 10 mm w
Fineness 2) max. 40 w.-% d
Fineness variation 3) 10 w.-% d
Activity index
after 28 days
after 90 days
min 75 %
min 85 %
2 m
2 m
Density variation 3) 150 kg/m3 m
d : daily 1) required only if CaOfrei > 1,0 w.-%w: once per week 2) mass proportion in % of the ash retained when wet sievedm: once per month on a 0,045 mm mesh sieve2 m: twice per month 3) average value as declared by the producer
Physical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 14
EN 450-1Fly ash for concrete - Part 1:
Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
EN 450-2Fly ash for concrete - Part 2:
Conformity evaluation
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 15
Definition of fly ash
fine powder of mainly spherical particles, derived fromburning of pulverized coal, with or without co-combustionmaterials, which has pozzolanic properties and consistsessentially of SiO2 and Al2O3,...
Reactive SiO2 min 25 % by mass
Reactive CaO max 10 % by mass
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 16
Introduction of three categories of loss on ignition
Introduction of two categories of fineness
Acceptance of fly ash obtained from co-combustion
Consideration of processing plants as production plants
New items of EN 450
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 17
Category LOI in % by mass min max
A - 5.0 B 2.0 7.0 C 4.0 9.0
LOI Categories of EN 450-1
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 18
Fineness Categories of EN 450-1
Category Amount retained on a 0.045 mm mesh sieve
in% by mass
Fineness variation from declared value
in percentage points
N 40 10
S 12 no requirement
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 19
Types of Co-combustion Materials
1 Vegetable material like wood chips, straw, oliveshells and other vegetable fibres
2 Green wood and cultivated biomass3 Animal meal4 Municipal sewage sludge5 Paper sludge6 Petroleum coke7 Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 20
Minimum percentage of coal (Kc) shall not be less than 80 % by mass of the fuelMaximum proportion of ash from co-combustionmaterials (M) shall not be greater than 10 % by mass of thefly ash
)AK....AKAK(AKAK....AKAKM
nnccnn ++++
+++= 10 %100
2211
2211
Ki and Kc are the proportions of co-combustion materialsand coal being fired
Ai and Ac are the ash contents of the co-combustionmaterials and the coal
Limitation of Co-combustion Materials
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 21
The new standard covers also fly ashproduced by:
classification
selection
sieving
drying
blending
grinding
carbonreduction
EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 22
United Kingdom classification (BS 3892) carbon reduction (ST I - process)
Processing Plants in Europe
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
STI separation unitinstalled at:- Longannet PowerStation (Scotland)
- Didcot Power Station (England)
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The Netherlands silo, mixing and sieving installation(SMZ centre, Rotterdam)
(source: Vliegasunie)
Processing Plants in Europe
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
SMZ Center in Maasflakte nearRotterdamconstruction in 1995capacity250.000 tpa
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France re-drying facilities (Carling, Hornaing)
(source: Surschiste)
Processing Plants in Europe
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
Hornaing; capacity 50 tphCarling; capacity 80 tph
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Germany re-drying facility (Lnen)
(source: SEG)
Processing Plants in Europe
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
capacity60.000 tpa
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1) if CaOfree-amount is > 1.0 % by mass soundness has to be proven 2) requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion
EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
LOI 5.0 % by mass cat. A: 5.0 % by mass cat. B: 2.0 and 7.0 % by mass cat. C: 4.0 and 9.0 % by mass
Cl 0.1 % by mass 0.1 % by mass
SO3 3.0 % by mass 3.0 % by mass
CaOfree 2.5 % by mass1) 2.5 % by mass1)
CaOreactive 10 % by mass 10 % by mass
SiO2reactive 25 % by mass, based on definition
25 % by mass2)
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 27
Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO
amount of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO to be provided on request
amount of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 70 % by mass1)
Na2Oeq to be provided on request
5.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
MgO - 4.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
P2O5soluble - 100 mg/kg1)
1) requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 28
Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
1) average value as declared by the producer
requirement EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
fineness (residue on 45 m mesh sieve) fineness variations 1) (deviation from declared value)
40 % by mass 10 % by mass
cat. N: 40 % by mass cat. S: 12 % by mass, cat. N: 10 % by mass cat. S: - (note: the 10 % percentage points are not applicable)
density variation 1) 150 kg/m 1) 200 kg/m
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 29
Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005requirement EN 450:1994-09 DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
soundness1) max. 10 mm (50/50)2) max. 10 mm (30/70)3)
activity index after 28 days after 90 days
75 % 85 %
75 % 85 %
initial setting time - 120 min more than cement paste with test cement 4)5)
water demand - category N: not valid category S: 95 % of that for test cement alone
1) required only if amount of free calciumoxide is > 1 % by mass2) paste made from 50 % by mass of fly ash and 50 % by mass of cement3) paste made from 30 % by mass of fly ash and 70 % by mass of cement4) paste made from 25 % by mass of fly ash and 75 % by mass of cement5) requirement is assumed to be met for fly ash produced by combustion of pure coal
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 30
DIN 18990Fly ash for concrete
Attestation of conformity
EN 450-2 Fly ash for concrete - Part 2:
Conformity evaluation
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
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Producer
Factory production control Internal quality control Autocontrol testing of fly ash samples
Certification body
Initial inspectionEvaluation of results of autocontrol testingAudit testing of fly ash samples
EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 32
Producer
operator of a production plant
or
a person (natural or legal) authorisedby the production plant
The producer is named in the certificateof conformity !
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 33
... The producers documentation and procedures for theproduction control shall be described in a works qualitymanual. The manual has to contain:
statement on aims and organisation structure, responsibilities and powers of responsible staff
production and quality control techniques, processes and systematic actions that will be used
inspections and tests during and after production, and test frequency
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 34
responsibilitypower plant operator
responsibility producer
scope of the production control according to EN 450-2 = responsility of the producer / owner of certificate
boilerl
DENOXKAT
ESP
silo 1Q I
EN450
fly ash
FGD
stack
silo 2Q II
nonEN450
final productfly ash
internalquality control- fineness- LOI
auto-controltesting
productioncontrol
internalqualitycontrol
auto-controltesting
+
=
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 35
EN 450-1 Fly ash for concrete
Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criterea
EN 450-2Fly ash for concrete
Part 2: Conformity evaluation
01234
AnyCo Ltd, PO Box 21, B-105005
01234-CPD-00234
EN 450-1
Fly ash for concrete
Fineness Category: NDeclared value of fineness in case of category N: 25 %Loss on ignition Category : AParticle density: 2300 kg/m3Dangerous Substance: NL, F
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 36
EN 12620 Aggregates for Concrete
EN 13055 Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete
These standards contain characteristics of aggregates and conformity criteria. As harmonizedstandards categories are defined which allowrestriction based on national experience!
National application documents in Germany!
DIN 20000-104: Aggregates for concrete
DIN 20000-105: Lightweight aggregates forconcrete.
Regulations for use of coal ash
Use of fly ash as aggregate (harmonized)
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 37
Use of fly ash in road construction
Soil stabilisation
Landscaping
Dams and embankments
Hydraulically bound bearing layers
Asphalt filler
Additions to concrete
Regulations for use of coal ash
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 38
Principal use of CCPs in road construction
Soil beneficiation
Base layer
Hydraulic bound layers
Filler in asphalt / concrete addition
Regulations for use of coal ash
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 39
prEN 14227 Hydraulically Bound Mixtures
part 3: Fly ash bound mixturesdefinitions of mixtures for roads,airfields and other trafficked areas
part 4: Fly ash for hydraulicallybound mixturesdefinitions of specification on physicaland chemical properties of fly ash
part 13: Soil beneficiation with fly ash
Regulations for use of coal ash
Use of fly ash in road construction
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 40
EN 14227- 4 Hydraulically bound mixtures- Specifications -Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically mixtures
Siliceous Fly AshParticle size
Loss on Ignition
Free calcium oxide/soundness
water content
pozzolanic activity
Calcereous Fly AshParticle size
Soundness
reactive calcium oxide
water content
hydraulic activity
DIN V ENV 13282 Hydraulic Road Binders - Composition,specifications and conformity criteria
Regulations for use of coal ash
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 41
European Construction Products Directive (1988) requires activities of the authorities regarding emissionsof dangerous substances from construction products
Emissions to air, surface water and ground water
CEN is mandated to develop harmonised assessmentmethods and harmonized approaches regardingdangerous substances
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 42
Limiting values on leaching of heavy metals and organics are set nationally in several EU member states
Leaching limit values restrict the utilisation of CCPsin certain applications like unbound use in roadconstruction (e.g. embankments, grouting, filling)
Tightening up of limiting values by some EU memberstates is threatening further applications of CCPs
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 43
Environmental Regulations
Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD
The Building Materials Decree of the Netherlands (Boustoff-Besluiten) contains rules relating to the use of building materials and earth in construction and other works. The aim of the Decree is to establish a general level of protection for soil and surface waters. The Decree accords the reuse of materials such as construction and demolition waste and residues recovered from industrial processes a full place in the building industry by setting clearconditions on which their use is permitted.
The immission of anorganic leachable constituents to soil and water is calculated by the emission of the constituent. The calculation includes leaching behaviour of the building material, also factors as temperatur, thickness of the building material, degree of contact to ground water, isolation measures, a.o..
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 44
Unbounded utilisation
Bounded utilisation
Percolation (column) test according NEN7343
Diffusion test (standtest) according NEN 7345
percolation at L/S=10 in mg/kg Immission in mg/m2
Element > 10 m Element max Antimoon Sb 0,03 Antimoon Sb 39 Arseen As 0,83 Arseen As 435 Barium Ba 2,20 Barium Ba 6300 Cadmium Cd 0,02 Cadmium Cd 12 Chroom Cr 0,36 Chroom Cr 1500 Cobalt Co 0,23 Cobalt Co 300 Koper Cu 0,33 Koper Cu 540 Kwik Hg 0,02 Kwik Hg 4,5 Lood Pb 0,99 Lood Pb 1275 Molybdeen Mo 0,17 Molybdeen Mo 150 Nikkel Ni 0,70 Nikkel Ni 525 Seleen Se 0,03 Seleen Se 15 Tin Sn 0,08 Tin Sn 300 Vanadium V 1,10 Vanadium V 2400 Zink Zn 2,30 Zink Zn 2100
Fluoride F 3,80 Fluoride F 14000 Chloride Cl 560 Chloride Cl 30000 Sulfaat SO4 1090 Sulfaat SO4 45000 Bromide Br 3,40 Bromide Br 90
Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 45
Environmental Regulations
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by German LAGA (leaching criteria)
(German federal states working group of waste)
In the requirements of LAGA different classes for utilisation of industrial residuess in earthworks and road construction (Z 0 to Z 2), and for disposal areas (Z 3 to Z 5) are defined.
Class Z0: unrestricted useClass Z1.1: restricted open use and Class Z1.2: restricted open use with defined technical
safety measurementsClass Z2: restricted use with defined technical safety
measurements
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 46
CCP Boiler Slag
source/process
dry
botto
m
boile
r
fluid
.bed
co
mbu
stio
n
wet
bot
tom
bo
iler
class Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z O Z 1.1 Z 1.2 Z 2 Z O Z 1.1 Z 1.2/ Z2
ZO
parametercolour x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1)
clouding x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1)
smell x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1) x1)
pH-value 8-13 10-13 8-13 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 7-12 7-12 7-12 6-9conductivity S/cm 5000 10000 5000 500 1000 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 200As 100 40 100 10 10 40 100 10 10 40Pb 20 40 20 40Cd 10 10 10 2 2 2 2Crtot 350 300 350 15 30 15 30Cu g/l 50 50 50 50Ni 40 50 40 50Hg 0.2 0.2 1 2 0.2 0.2 1Zn 100 100 100 100Cl mg/l 50 100 50 10 20 50 50 10 20 20SO3 mg/l 1000 2000 1000 50 75 200 200 50 75 200
Fly Ash Bottom Ash Grate Ash
Environmental Regulations Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by
German LAGA (leaching criteria)
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 47
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by German LAGA (content of trace element)
CCP
source/processclass Z O Z 1.1
parametercolour x1) x1)
clouding x1) x1)
smell x1) x1)
As 20 30Pb 100 200Cd 0.6 1Crtot 50 100Cu mg/kg 40 100Ni 40 100Hg 0.3 1Zn 120 300
1) = to be declared
Bottom Ash /Grate Ash
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 48
unit insignificancethreshold values
Antimon Sb 10
Arsen As 10
Blei Pb 25
Cadmium Cd 5
Chrom gesamt Cr 50
Chromat CrVI 8
Kobalt Co 50
Kupfer Cu 50
Molybdn Mo 50
Nickel Ni 50
Quecksilber Hg 1
Selen Se 10
Zink Zn 500
Zinn Sn 40
Cyanid gesamt CN- 50
Cyanid leicht freisetzbar CN- 10
Fluorid F- 750
g/l
Environmental Regulations
DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 49
unit insignificancethreshold values
PAK, gesamtNaphthalin
0,22
LHKW, gesamt 10
Aldrin 0,1
DDT 0,1
PCB, gesamt 0,05
Minerallkohlenwasserstoffe 200
BTX- Benzol als Einzelstoff
201
Phenole 20
g/l
Environmental Regulations
DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 50
Building Material
Determination of trace element content
Criteria met?yes
no
information on environmental compatibility
comparison withsimilar products
yes
requirementmet
requirementnot met
step 1
Environmental Regulations
DIBt-evaluation procedure for building products(for technical approval with use of industrial by-products in concrete, only!
Restriction Dangerous substancesToxic substances (R-crierias) LAGA criterias Z2
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 51
production of leachate/realistic situation!
determination of general parameters
harmful changes bygeneral characteristics
determination of trace element content
threshhold insignificancevalues, TOC met
determination of biological parameters
ecotoxicological
step 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
yesrequirementnot met
no
yes requirementmet
param. ecotox.concerned
requirementnot met
yesrequirementnot met
no requirementmet
ecotox.harmlessness not proven
Environmental Regulations
no
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 52
test: +, no test: -1)test to be performed only when fly ash is used2)test to be performed only when organic additives are used3)test only for mortar
Areas of application and tests required for cement bound products in drinking water areas
German Technical and Scientific Association of Gas and Water (DVGW)
tests to be performed drinking water supply
raw-water supply and products in
drinkingwater-area I
products in drinkingwater-area
II+III
migration test
Appearance + + +
TOC-loss + + -
Arsen-loss1) + + +
Lead-loss + + +
Chrom-loss + + +
mikrobiological test
DVGW-working paper W2702)
+ + -3)
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 53
UK: Water supply regulations:
This regulation has requirements for materials, such as cementitious materials, foruse in contact with public drinking water supply. Specifications of testing is coveredby BS 6920, which gives limiting values for certain metals leachates from such material.
BS 6920 max. allowable concentration
[g/l]Aluminium Al 200Antimony Sb 10Arsenic As 50Barium Ba 1000Cadmium Ca 5Chromium Cr 50Iron Fe 200Lead Pb 50Manganese Mn 50Mercury Hg 1Nickel Ni 50Selenium Se 10Silver Ag 10
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 54
Provisional limit values for table 1 and table 2 of the
BUWAL recommendation
(BUWAL = Ministry for
Environment, Forestry and Agriculture)
parameter Limit values regarding table
1[mg/kg]
Limit values regarding
table 2[mg/kg]
Limit values for fly ash
[mg/kg]
antimony Sb 5 20 40arsen As 30 80 10lead Pb 100 500 300cadmium Cd 1 2 2chrome total Cr 200 500 300copper Cu 200 500 200nickel Ni 200 500 200mercury Hg 0.5 1 1thallium Th 0.5 1 3Zinc Zn 400 1000 1000tin Sn 30 80 30barium Ba 1500beryllium Be 10cobalt Co 100selen Se 5vanadium V 300Cr VI 2
Environmental Regulations
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 55
Concluding Remarks
52.4 % of the total CCPs produced in Europe is producedto meet technical requirements to replace natural materialsin construction.
CCPs are accepted as raw materials due to their chemical, mineralogical and physical properties. The acceptance isbased on more than thirty years of experience.
For nearly every field of application technical regulations orrequirements have to considered.
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 56
Concluding Remarks
The new standard for fly ash for concrete introduces a quality control system including internal quality control by the producer audit testing by a certification body notified by the
building authorities.
In order to avoid any negative impact on the environmentand on human health environmental regulations have beendeveloped in some European countries for raw materials (trace elements, leaching behaviour) products (prediction models for bound applications).
As a result of the environmental regulations no negative impact on the environment or on human health by the utilisation of CCPs has been reported so far.
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005 57
Thank you for your attention!
Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
European Coal Combustion Products Associationwww.ecoba.org