Volume3SpecialIssue April2021JALREV3SpecialIssue2021 ISSNPrint:2654-9266HumanRights,ConstitutionalRights,Democracy ISSNOnline:2656-0461
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DynamicsofVillageHeadElectionArrangements
FenceM.Wantu1
AbdulHamidTome2
1FacultyofLaw,UniversitasNegeriGorontalo,Indonesia.E-mail:[email protected],UniversitasNegeriGorontalo,Indonesia.E-mail:[email protected]
©2021– Wantu,F.M,&Tome,A.H.UnderthelicenseCCBY-SA4.0
ArticleInfo
Abstract
Keywords:Democracy;Regulation;ElectionofVillageHead.Howtocite(APACitationStyle):Wantu,F.M.,Tome,A.H.(2021).“DynamicsofVillageHeadSelectionArrangements”.JamburaLawReview.JALREV3SpecialIssue:96-116
Thisstudyaimstoanalyzethearrangementofvillageheadelectionsfromthebeginningofindependenceuntilnow.Themethodusedinthisstudyisthenormativelegalresearchmethodregardingprimaryandsecondarylegalmaterials.Thelegalmaterialsobtainedarethenanalyzeddescriptively.Theresultsshowedthatthearrangementoftheselectionofvillageheadshasitsdynamicsinlinewiththedevelopmentofthepoliticsofthelawofthestatethatoccurs.Theexistinglegal,politicalconditionsinfluencedeterminingtheconditionsforthecandidatesofvillageheads.Althoughithasbeenregulatedforalongtime,itturnsoutthatallexistinglawsandregulationshavenotmadearrangementsrelatedtotheprovisionsofthesupervisorymechanismandthemechanismofresolvingdisputesfortheselectionofvillageheads.RegulationoftheMinisterofHomeAffairsontheSelectionofVillageHeadsattachessupervisorydutiestotheregionalelectioncommittee.However,itdoes notmake arrangements for how the surveillance process should beconducted.Ontheonehand,intheregulation,itisexpresslymentionedtheexistenceofsupervisorsintheimplementationofvillageheadelections.Nevertheless,itdid not specify who the superintendent was. Similarly, the settlement ofdisputesfortheselectionofvillageheadsisleftentirelytotheRegent/Mayortodo so.Grantingauthority to theheadof the regioncanundermine thedemocraticprocessbuiltbythevillagethroughtheselectionofvillageheads.
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1.Introduction
DiscussingIndonesiacannotbereleasedfromtheexistenceofthevillage.Thevillage
wasanearlyentityofthebirthofthecountry.Evenatthebeginningofthedraftingof
the state constitution, the 1945 Constitution, the nation's founders discussed the
existenceofthevillageanditspositioninthestategovernmentsystem.1 Beforethe
countrywasformed,thevillagehadbeenpresentinmanagingthelivesofitspeople.
When the state is associated as the largest organization in people's lives, then the
villageistheclosestorganizationinfulfillingpeople'slivessothattherecognitionand
respect for the existenceof the village in the constitution arenot unwarrantedbut
insteadhasmeaningasaformofstateresponsibilitytoprotecttherightsownedbythe
village.
InSanskrit,DesaorVillagecomesfromthewordswadesi,meaninganautonomousand
independentregion.2MashuriMaschab3,definesthevillageinthreeaspects,namely:
First, the sociological aspect. The sociological aspect emphasizes the village's
understandingofpeople'slives.Inthelifeofthevillagers,thepatternoflifeisrelatively
homogeneous, living in a particular area in a strong kinship with a low level of
education.Thesecond,theeconomicaspect.Effortstofulfilltheneedsofthevillage
communityaremoredependentonthenaturalresourcesaroundit.Insuchconditions,
villageswithabundantnaturalresourceswilllookmoreprosperousthanvillageswith
littleavailabilityofnaturalresources.Third,thepoliticalaspect.Politically,thelifeof
the villagers is defined as a powerful organization that organizes a system of self-
governmentorautonomy.Theuseofvillages in thispoliticalaspect isprecisely the
sameastheconstructionofvillageunderstandingmentionedinArticle1ofLawNo.6
1Ni’matulHuda. (2015). “HukumPemerintahanDesaDalamKonstitusi Indonesia SejakKemerdekaanHingga Era Reformasi”. Malang: Setara Press. p. 7-8. See also in Tome, Abdul Hamid. (2020).“MembumikanPancasila:UpayaPelembagaanNilaiPancasilaDalamKehidupanMasyarakatDesa”.JurnalAl-‘Adl,13(1):118-131.
2H.AtengSyafrudinandSuprinNa’a.(2010).RepublikDesa:PergulatanHukumTradisionaldanHukumModernDalamDesainOtonomiDesa.Bandung:PT.Alumni.p.2.
3MashuriMaschab.(2013).“PolitikPemerintahanDesadiIndonesia”.Yogyakarta:Polgov.p.1-2.
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of2014onVillages(VillageLaw)whichstatesthatavillageisagroupofpeopleliving
inanareathathastheauthoritytomanageitsgovernmentindependentlybasedonthe
interestsofthecommunityandtraditionalrightsrecognizedbythestate.
As a government organization with the right to manage and run its government
independently, the village is led by a Village Head chosen through mechanisms
governedbyexistingregulations.BasedonthemandateoftheVillageLaw,cadresare
electedthroughadirectelectoralprocess,whichisconductedsimultaneouslyineach
region.AsexplainedbytheVillageLaw,effortstoconductsimultaneouselectionsare
intended to avoid negative things in their implementation. Unfortunately, the
explanationdoesnotelaborateonwhatnegativethingsaremeanttobeavoidedfrom
implementingtheselectionofvillageheads,accordingtoYasinetal.4Thatis,theDraft
LawonVillagesnevermakesarrangementsrelatedtosimultaneouselectoraldictum.
The inclusion of simultaneous election policiesmay be influenced by the design of
simultaneousregionalheadelectionsbecauseatthetimeofdiscussionofthebill,also
discussedtheBillonLocalGovernmentandtheBillonTheElectionofRegionalHeads.
The implementation of the elections is in linewith the concept of democracy. The
prerequisiteofacountrythatdeclaresitselfasademocraticstateischangingleaders
periodicallythroughtheelectoralprocess,bothatthecentralandlocallevels(village).
It must be recognized that village democracy can be measured from the selection
processofthevillageheadbuthowthepeoplearefullyinvolvedinorganizingvillage
government.Theselectionofvillagechiefsisonlyasmallpartofeffortstostrengthen
the democratization of the village. So the study in this article only focuses on the
dynamicsoforganizingtheselectionofvillageheads.
2.ProblemStatement
Currently,thefillingofvillageheadsisregulatedinsuchawaythroughtheVillageLaw
anditsderivativelegalproducts,whichmustbedonethroughseveralstages,namely:
thepreparationstage,thenominationstage,thevotingstage,andthedetermination
4MuhammadYasin,et.al. (2015).“AnotasiUndang-UndangNo.6Tahun2014tentangDesa”. Jakarta:PATTIRObekerjasamadenganTheAsiaFoundation.p.146.
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stage.thequestionthatariseslater,howisthearrangementofelectionsinIndonesia
fromindependenceuntilnow?Thisquestionisessentialtoaskinordertotrackthe
legalhistoryofvillageheadelections.Soitcanbeknownthatthedesignoftheelection
thatoccurredinthepasttobejuxtaposedwiththecurrentconditions.
Thestudyoftheselectionofvillageheadshaspreviouslybeenconducted;oneofthe
studies that are almost the same as this article is the research conductedby Sekar
AnggunGadingPinilih.5TheobjectofthestudyconductedbyPinilihandthisarticle
havesimilarities,whichisthedifferenceistheresultofanalysisofLawNo.6of2014
onVillages,primarilyrelatedtotheimplementationofvillageheadelections.
3.Method
Normative legal research becomes an option in conducting studies on the focus of
studiesconducted.Theresearchconductedismorecenteredonthelegalaspects,with
historical,conceptual,andlegalapproaches.Thematerialsusedintheresearcharethe
primarylegalmaterialsbymakingeveryregulationrelatedtoVillageHeadelectiona
primaryreference.Inaddition,researchersalsousesecondarylegalmaterialsderived
from various references obtained both through books and scientific articles. The
availablecollectionoflegalmaterialsisprocessedandanalyzeddescriptively.
4.ElectionofVillageHeadofEarlyPeriodofIndependenceuntilOldOrder
The1945Constitution(beforetheamendment)isabasicrulemadebythefoundersof
thenationthatwillbeusedtoimplementthestate.Iftheconstructionisbuiltinthe
torsoofthe1945Constitution,therewillbenoarrangementsaboutthevillage.Article
18, as the basis of government regulation in the region, only does the division of
regional arrangements and the composition of the government. Nevertheless, the
existenceofthevillagecanbetracedintheExplanationofthe1945Constitution,which
mentionsthatthedivisionofregionsinIndonesiaasstatedinthearticle,namelylarge
5 Pinilih., Sekar Anggun Gading. (2016). “Laporan Penelitian Perkembangan Pegaturan, Hukum,PemilihanKepaladiIndonesia”.Semarang:FHUndip.
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and small areas, then the village is in the composition of small areas that remain
recognizedforitsexistence.6
In order to implementArticle 18 of the 1945Constitution, LawNo. 1/1945on the
PositionoftheRegionalNationalCommitteewasissued.7AccordingtoBagirManan8,
Thatthislawofficiallyrevivedtheautonomousregionalgovernmentthatwaserased
during the Japaneseoccupation.This law is the firstnational legalproduct tomake
arrangements related to local government. The arrangements related to local
government in the KKND Law are straightforward because the arrangements are
general.Theexistenceofthevillageitselfcannotbefoundineverychapter.Becauseof
theabsenceofprovisionsthatspecificallyregulatethevillageinLawNo.1of1945,we
cannotfindhowtofillthevillagehead.
Theprocessoffillingthevillagehead,stipulatedlaterinLawNo.14of1946onChanges
inTheProcedureofSelectionofVillageHeads.Inthislaw,thearrangementofelections
isveryminimalist,consistingofonlytwochapters.Thislawwasmadeonlybymaking
changestovotingrights.AsstatedinArticle1paragraph(2),allresidentswhoare18
(eighteen)yearsoldormarriedhavetherighttovote.Thebirthofsuchconstruction
was due to the selection of village heads at the time of the Village Head Election
Ordinance(Stb.1907No.212),therighttovoteinelectionswasonlygiventospecific
groupsbasedontheirsocialstatus(intheformofwealth,positions,etc.).Thismeans
thatpublicparticipationdoesnotapply fully in theelectoralprocess.Thenatureof
democracygivesequalrightstoeveryoneingovernment,includingchoosingthehead
ofthevillage.AccordingtoGajong9thatparticipationisthedeterminantofthelifeof
6Theuseofthevillageasasmallareacanbeseeninsoepomo'sexplanationintheGrandMeetingonJuly15,1945attheSecondSessionofBPUPKI,seeinSaafroedinBahar,et.al(editor).(1995).“RisalahSidangBPUPKI-PPKI28Mei1945-22Agustus1945”.Jakarta:SekretariatNegaraRI.p.272.
7MahfudMD.(2010).“PolitikHukumdiIndonesia”.Jakarta:PT.RajaGrafindoPersada.p.100-101.8Ibid,p.1059Bulqiyah,Hasanul.,Muadi,Sholeh.,&Tawakkal,GeorgeTowarIkbal.(2019).“PemilihanKepalaDesadanPartisipasiMasyarakatMarjinal:StudiKasusdiPulauBawean,Indonesia”.JurnalWacanaPolitik,4(1),68-80.
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thecountry.Throughthisparticipation,thepeopleusetheirpowertobeinvolvedin
thedecision-makingprocess,includingdecidingwhowillbechosentoleadit.
TherearerestrictionsonthesuffrageofthepeoplebytheDutchinordertocontrol
whom the village head is considered to be able to "synergize"with their interests.
AccordingtoMashuriMaschab,thevillagechiefwhodidnotfollowtheDutchwishes
willbegivensanctionsrangingfromdismissalfromofficeeventopunishmenttoother
family members. With this condition, the Dutch are freer to exploit the resources
ownedbythevillage.10
ThebirthofLawNo.14of1946seekstorestoretheconstitutionalrightofeverycitizen
to be involved in the electoral process; in this context is to choose the head of the
village.AlthoughLawNo.14of1946isonlylimitedtomakingchangestotherightto
vote,asstatedinStb1907No.212.However,theexistenceoftheregulationgivesequal
rightsforeachvillagerinexercisinghissuffragewithoutbeinglimitedbysocialstatus.
Unfortunately,thisregulationdoesnotprovidearrangementsfororganizingelections
thentheprocessiscarriedoutfollowingthepreviousconditions.
Twoyearslater,therewasachangeintheprocessoffillingthevillagehead.Thechange
canbe seen inLawNo.22/1948mentions that "TheHeadofVillageDistrict (small
town) is appointed by the Provincial Head of at least two and as many as four
candidatessubmittedbytheVillageRegionalPeople'sRepresentativeCouncil"(Article
18paragraph3).Basedonthisprovision,thereareatleast2(two)importantthings
thatneedtobeunderlined,namely:First,thevillageisqualifiedasa"smallarea/town."
LawNo.22/1948inprincipleregulatestheimplementationoflocalgovernment.These
lawsqualificationsthecompositionoftheregionsonthreelevels,namely:Provincial,
District(KotaBesar),andVillageAreas(SmallTowns). In thiscontext, thevillage is
placedastheminorgovernancestructureintheIndonesiansystemofgovernment.
Second,thevillageHead/VillageHeadfillingisdonethroughtheappointmentprocess
conducted by the Provincial Head instead of based on the selection mechanism.
10MashuriMaschab.(2013).“PolitikPemerintahanDesa.....”.Op.cit.p.35-68.
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Nevertheless,beforetheProvincialHeadmadetheappointmentofthevillagehead,the
VillageRegionalPeople'sRepresentativeCouncilproposedaminimumof2peopleand
amaximumof4villageheadcandidates.
Sucharegulatorymodelhasnotfullyaccommodatedthedemocraticvaluesthatthe
villagehas.Beforeenactingthislaw,thecommunitychosethevillagehead,notthrough
theappointmentmechanism.Nevertheless,thislawbegantomakearrangementsfor
theselectionprocessofvillageheadsthathavenotbeenregulatedinLawNo.14/1946.
Inpractice,Law22/1948couldnotbefullyimplementedbecause,in1949,atransfer
ofpowerledtochangestothestateconstitution.In1949,theConstitutionoftheUnited
States of Indonesia was enacted, which replaced the 1945 Constitution. The RIS
constitution did not last long because it received a rejection from the Indonesian
nation.Soin1950,IndonesiaenactedtheProvisionalConstitutionof1950.
Atthetimeoftheenactmentofthe1950Constitution,law1theyear1957/Principal
OfLocalGovernment,astheimplementationofArticle131,Article132,andArticle133
oftheProvisionalConstitution1950.Thedistrictsintheimplementationofthislaw,
dividedinto3(three)arrangements,namelylevelI,levelII,andlevelIII.Eachofthese
arrangements is granted the right of autonomy in the implementation of local
governmentandrelatedtotheestablishmentoftheregionlevelIII,needtobecareful
because this area is the foundation of the organization of the state. In addition, its
existence is very diverse because it is inhabited by various groups of legal people,
makingtheprocessofitsformationcannotbedonewithjustoneform.11Nevertheless,
accordingtoPinilih(2016)12,LawNo.1/1957triestobridgetherecognitionofvillage
government intothevillagerecognizedasLevel IIIDistrict.Thecourseofdesapraja
(LevelIIIRegion)cannotberealizeduntiltheendofLawNo.1/1957.13
Iftraced,LawNo.1/1957hasmadearrangementsrelatedtothemechanismoffilling
thevillagehead(ifLevelIIIareacanberealized).Theprocedureoffillingthevillage
11Ni’matulHuda.(2015).“HukumPemerintahanDesa....”.Op.cit.p.127-128.12Pinilih,SekarAnggunGading.(2016).“LaporanPenelitianPerkembangan....”.Op.cit.p.24.13Ni’matulHuda.(2015).“HukumPemerintahanDesa....”.Op.cit.p.128.
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headboth throughLawNo.22of1948andLawNo.1of1957stillhassimilarities,
namelythroughthemechanismofappointmentbythegovernmentcompositiononit.
Duetopoliticalupheavalthatoccurredduringtheenactmentofthe1950Constitution.
In 1959, the President issued a decree ordering that the 1945 Constitution be re-
enacted.Thebirthofthisdecreehasgivenbirthtoasignificantdevelopmentofstate
regulation.Sofurtherarrangementsareneededindealingwithit.Localgovernmentis
oneoftheessentialthingsthatthegovernmenttakesseriouslytobeorganized.The
Presidentthenissuedadecreenumbered6/1959.UnfortunatelyinthisPresidential
Regulationdidnotmakearrangementsrelatedtotheselectionprocessofthevillage
head.Therefore,themechanismoffillingthevillageheadstillreferstoLawNo.1/1957.
In1961,throughPresidentialDecreeNo.514of1961,thePresidentformedaspecial
teamgiventhetaskofconductingstudiesandstructuringlocalgovernment.Theteam,
betterknownastheSoerosoCommittee,gavebirthto2(two)legalproducts:First,Law
No. 18/1965 governing local government. This law divides regions into 3 (three)
levels:levelI,levelII,andlevelIII.Thevillagethatwillbedirectedtobeformedintoa
Level III Area should pay attention to the living conditions of the local community
(includingcustomarylawandtheoriginalarrangementofitslife)andtheconditions
ofsocioeconomiclifedevelopmentofthecommunity.
Accordingtothislaw,thereisadesiretomakethevillageintoaLevelIIIRegion,so
fillingthevillageheadaccordingto this lawiscarriedout throughtheappointment
mechanism.TheRegionalHeadoflevelcarriesouttheprocessofappointingthevillage
head.BasedontheapprovaloftheMinisterofTrade.Themechanismofappointment
of village heads, preceded by submissions made by the House of Representatives,
concerningthecandidatesoftheRegionalHeadoflevelIIIwhohavebeeneligible,a
minimumoftwopeople,andamaximumoffourcandidates.Ifthesubmittedcandidate
doesnotmeettherequirements,thentheRegionalHeadlevel.Askthelocalparliament
toreshuffletheothercandidatestoberepublished.Ifinthesecondsubmission,still,all
candidatesdonotmeettherequirements,theappointmentoftheRegionalHeadofTkt.
III iscarriedoutbytheMinisterofHomeAffairsbasedonhis/herrights(Article14
LawNumber18of1965concerningtheprinciplesoflocalgovernment.).
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TheofficefortheRegionalHeadofLevelIIIisthesameastheappointmentmadetothe
RegionalRepresentativeCounciltoreappointtheRegionalHead.Inthenominationof
theRegionalHeadoflevelIII,severalrequirementsshouldbemetbyeachcandidate
(LawNo.18/1965)statedthat"TheRegionalHeadwhocanbeappointedmustbean
Indonesiancitizen.However,inaddition,theRegionalHeadmustmeettheconditions
containedinthestaffingregulations",mustalsomeetthefollowingrequirements:
1.Haveaspiritofunity,sincereandindependentorreferredtoasthesoulofthe
Proclamationof17August1945andnotagainsttheexistenceoftheIndonesian
revolutionitself;
2. Agree to the 1945 Constitution, know governing power (Political Ideology),
ManagedDemocracy (guided), Economyunder control (GuidedEconomyand
haveanIndonesianPersonalitythatagreesandparticipatesinprovidingviews
andobjectivestoacountrydated17augusts1959andalltheimplementationof
regulations.;
3.Theright tovote isnotbeingrevokedby theruleof thecourt thatcannotbe
contested;
4.Abletospeakandhaveanexperiencethatthereisaneedforworkingovernment.
5.Knowequivalenttojuniorhighschooloratleastelementaryschooleducation;
6.Maximumage30years.14
Thebirthoftherequirement"neverhostiletotheIndustrialRevolution"meantthat
the candidate for Regional Head of Level III never had any direct involvement in
helpingtheenemyofthestate.Thebirthofthisrequirementisbecauseeventhough
Indonesia has been independent, there are still groups that seek to undermine the
sovereigntyofacountryfrominternalandexternal.
Second.LawNo.19/1965concerningDesapraja.TheopinionofTheLiangGie15aims
to:
14Article15LawNumber18of1965concerningthePrincipalsofLocalGovernment15Ni’matulHuda.(2015).“HukumPemerintahanDesa....”.Op.cit.p.133.
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1. The legislation concerning villages that are colonial in the composition of
delegationsofsociopoliticalpowerandhasbeenobsoletewasreplaced
2.Makenationallegislationthatprovidesguaranteestoadynamicruralsystemand
fullofgoodperformanceinordertobeabletocompleteademocraticnational
revolutionanddevelopmentparadigm;and
3.FortheestablishmentofLevelIIIareaaccordingtoLawNo.18/1965,theneedto
regulatelegalcommunityunityinallregionsofIndonesiatobecomeDesapraja.
According to the legislation,Desapraja is a "legal community unity that has certain
regionalboundaries,hastherighttotakecareofitsmotherland,choosetheheadof
stateandownproperty."
TobecometheHeadofDesapraja,itmustmeettherequirementsasstatedinLawNo.
19/1965thattheHeadofDesaprajaisthelocalpeople,providedthat:
1.Minimumageofatleast25years;
2.Haveaspiritofunity,sincereandindependence(SoulProclamation17August
1945)andnotbecomeanenemyof the struggle for Indonesian independence
itself.;
3. Agree to the 1945 Constitution, know governing power (Political Ideology),
Managed Democracy (guided), Economy under control (Guided Economy and
haveanIndonesianPersonalitythatagreesandparticipatesinprovidingviews
andobjectivestoacountrydated17august1959andalltheimplementationof
regulations;
4. The right to vote is not being revokedby the rule of the court that cannotbe
contested;
5.Abletotalkandhaveanexperiencethatthereisaneedforjobsingovernment.16
Iftherewaspreviouslyaprovision"neverhostiletotheIndonesianRevolution,"then
inthis law,there isnosuchprovision.Obediencetothestate is formulatedintothe
16Article10LawNumber18of1965concerningthePrincipalsofLocalGovernment
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requirement "never hostile to the struggle for independence of The Republic of
Indonesia."
Furthermore,thosewhobecomecandidatesfortheHeadofDesaprajamustgothrough
theselectionprocessconducteddirectlybythelocalcommunity.Ingeneral,18years
oldorhave/havebeenmarriedand/orrecognizedlocalcustomsalreadyhavetheright
tovote.Furthermore,theHeadofLevelIIappointedtheHeadofDesaprajaatleasttwo
candidatesandthreecandidates.AftertheHeadofDesaprajaiselected,hewillserve
foreightyears.Thedemocraticspacegivesthevillageandthevillagersfullrightsin
choosinganddeterminingthefutureleader.
Thislawhasnotfullysetindetailtheconductoftheelection.Thereisnofindingof
arrangementswhenproblemsordisputesoccurinimplementingvillageheadelections
inthislaw.However,thislawhasadifferentiatorbetweenotherlawsandregulations.
Thedifferentiatorcanbe tracedto theexistenceofprecisearrangementsrelated to
villagearrangementsandthemechanismoffillingthevillagehead.Inpractice,thislaw
cannotbefullyimplemented,anditsexistenceisrevokedbyLawNo.6/1969withthe
provisionsoflawno.19/1965passedwhenthelegislationthatreplacesithascome
intoforce.
5.ElectionofVillageHeadsintheNewOrderEra
Village arrangements in this period are contained in Law No. 5/1979 on Local
Government.Thislaw,atthesametime,repealedLawNo.19/1965.Inthelegislation,
thatvillagecanbeinterpretedas"anumberofresidentswhooccupyanareaasaunit
of law including also in it is the unity of the legal community that has a group
(organization)ofdirectpowerunderthecamatandhastherighttocarryoutitsown
householdinthebondsoftheRepublicofIndonesia."
Aboutthemechanismofchoosingthevillagehead,itisstatedthateverylocalvillager
canrunforvillageheadontheconditionthat:
1.BelieveinGod;
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2. Consistent with the pillars of a state ideology (Pancasila) and the 1945
Constitution;
3.Haveagood,fair,honest,authoritative,andintelligentnature;
4.DonotinterferedirectlyornotinactivitiesthatmingleintheUnitaryStateofthe
RepublicofIndonesiaasthebasisofPancasilaandthe1945Constitution,suchas
theSeptember30ThMovement/CommunistPartyofIndonesiaorothergroups
ofbannedorganizations;
5. The right to vote is not being revokedby the rule of the court that cannot be
contested;
6.Notundergoingconfinementbasedonadecisionthathasabsolutepower,because
thecriminalactsdecidedamaximumof5(five)years;
7.Alreadyaresidentofthevillageandhaslivedinthevillageforatleastthelast2
(two)yearsarenotdisconnected,exceptthatthesonofthevillageisoutsidethe
village.;
8.Minimumage25yearsoldandmaximum60yearsold;
9.Haveendurance,healthyphysicalandspiritual;
10. Minimum diploma of First-Level Secondary School or who has the same
knowledge/experience.17
Regardingtherequirementsofobediencetothestate,itisstillmaintainedinthislaw.
Thedifferenceliesintheexistenceofanomenclaturethatexpresslymentionsoneof
the evidence of obedience to the state is not involved in themovement known as
G30S/PKIorother illicitactivities.The inclusionof thisprovisionresulted fromthe
darkhistoryofthePKI,whichledtothemassacreofhigh-rankingIndonesianmilitary
officerson30September1965.
Furthermore,concerningtheselectionofvillageheadsconductedthroughtheselection
mechanismconductedbythelocalvillagers,prospectivevotersmustbe17yearsold
and/or have/have been married, as evidenced by a marriage certificate. This
arrangementalignswithLawNo.19/1965,whichrewardsresidents indetermining
theirleaderthroughtheelectoralprocess.TheRegent/Mayorthenappointstheelected
17Article4LawNumber5of1979ConcerningNationalLegalDevelopmentAgency
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villageheadcandidateonbehalfoftheGovernorwiththeprovisionsofhis8-yearterm,
andtheprocedurecanbereappointedduringoneyearofhis/herterm.
ThesameasLawNo.19/1965,inLawNo.5/1979alsodoesnotmakearrangements
related to the mechanism of supervision and handling of disputes in the
implementationoftheVillagegeadelections,includinghowthecontrolprocessonthe
implementationofelections.AccordingtoHudathatelectionsinthisperiodgavebirth
tomuchcheating.Thefraudoccurredingeneralduetointerventionfromthepower
coming from outside the village. The government is involved in winning specific
candidates. This condition is very detrimental to the villagers. Because various
instrumentsusedbythegovernmentmustdefeatcandidateswhocanfightfortheir
aspirations.On theonehand, there isnospaceprovided in theexistingregulations
whensupervisionandresolutionofdisputesarisingfromtheelectionoutcome.
Not only weak in terms of arrangements related to the selection of village heads.
However,thislegislationalsorevokesthespiritofrights,authority(autonomy)inthe
village.Thenputthevillageasamediumusedbythegovernmenttocontrolpeople's
livesthroughthevillagehead.Thisconditionisthesameinthecolonialera,whichis
feudalistic.Suhartonotonlymonopolizedvillagelifebutalsostatelife.Thiscanbeseen
fromthesignificantinfluenceofSuhartooneverylineofstatelife.
5.ElectionofVillageHeadsintheReformera
Village-relatedarrangementsinthisperiod,carriedoutthroughLawNo.22/1999,Law
No.32/2004,andLawNo.6/2014.Theyear1999wasthebeginningofthereforms.
Thereformeramademanychangesintheconstitutionalsystem,includingreforming
theconstitution.Thearrangementofthevillage,whichwaspreviouslystipulatedinits
law,initscourseisthenunitedinthearrangementsrelatedtothelocalgovernment
was enacted in Law No. 22/1999. Consideration of the law's birth is to provide
flexibilityforregionsinIndonesiatoorganizeautonomyinmanagingtheirregions.The
provision of flexibility to organize regional autonomy is considered necessary to
improvedemocraticprinciples,societyparticipation,equity,andjustice,andsupervise
capabilitiesanddiversityinregionalareas.
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Article 1 letter o Law No. 22/1999 defines the village as "the unity of the legal
communitythathasauthorityintheregulationandmanagementoftheinterestsofthe
localpeopleonthebasisoforiginandcustomsagreedonthecomponentsofnational
governmentandlocatedinthedistrict."
This lawmandates that the fillingof thevillageheadbedone through theselection
mechanism directly carried out by the villagers. Neither this law nor its derivative
rules, namely: Government Regulation No. 76 of 2001, has never qualified the age
requirementforresidentswhoexercisetheirvotingrights.However,inpractice,the
electionisconductedby17(seventeen)yearsoldand/orwhohas/havebeenmarried.
Theconditionsthatapersonmustmeetintherunningforvillageheadarevillagerswiththefollowingconditions:
1. BelieveinGod;2. Consistent with the pillars of a state ideology (Pancasila) and the 1945
Constitution;3. DonotinterferedirectlyornotinactivitiesthatmingleintheUnitaryStateof
theRepublicofIndonesiaasthebasisofPancasilaandthe1945Constitution,suchasthe30SeptemberMovement/CommunistPartyofIndonesiaorothergroupsofbannedorganizations;
4. Minimum diploma of First-Level Secondary School or who has the sameknowledge/experience.
5. Minimumage25years;6. Haveendurance,physicalandspiritualhealth;7. Hasnomentaldisorder/amnesia;8. Haveagood,fair,honest,authoritative,andintelligentnature;9. Not undergoing confinement based on a decision that has absolute power,
becausethecriminalactsdecidedamaximumof5(five)years;10. Therighttovoteisnotbeingrevokedbytheruleofthecourtthatcannotbe
contested;11. Knowtheconditionoftheareaandknownbythelocalvillagers12. Readytobenominatedvillageheadcandidates;and13. Meetallotherrequirementsbasedoncustomsfollowingtherulesinthelocal
government.
TheaboverequirementsarenotmuchlikethepreviousLaw(LawNo.5of1979).The
banonpeoplewhohadparticipatedintheG30S/PKImovementwasstillmaintained.
Supposethepreviouslawcontainstheprovisionthataprospectivevillageheadshould
havebeenaresidentandresidedinthevillageforatleasttwoyears.Inthatcase,the
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termsoftheprospectivevillageheadaresufficienttoknowthevillagewhereheorshe
isrunning.
CandidatesforvillageheadswhoreceivedsuperiorvotesupportintheBPDwerethen
approvedorratifiedbythelocalgovernment,theRegent.Kadesservedfortenyears
or2(two)terms.Regardingthearrangementofthistermofofficeissubjecttoachange
fromthepreviouslaw,whichstatesthattheofficeoftheHeadofVillageforeightyears
canthenbere-electedagaininoneterm.
LawNo. 22/1999was replacedbyLawNo. 32/2004due toArticle 18of the1945
Constitutionin2000.TheselectionofvillageheadsaccordingtoLawNo.32/2004is
conductedthroughastraightforwardselectionprocessbythelocalcommunity,who
are17(seventeen)yearsoldorhavebeenmarried.
LawNo.32/2004delegatestherulesonprospectiveCadrestogovernmentregulations.
TherequirementstobecomeaVillageHeadare:
1. BelieveinGod;2. Consistent with the pillars of a state ideology (Pancasila) and the 1945
Constitution;andgovernment;3. Minimum diploma of First-Level Secondary School or who has the same
knowledge/experience;4. Minimumage25yearsold;5. ReadytobenominatedofVillagehead;6. Isalocalcitizen/resident;7. Not undergoing confinement based on a decision that has absolute power,
becausethecriminalactsdecidedamaximumof5(five)years;8. Theright tovote isnotbeingrevokedby theruleof thecourt thatcannotbe
contested;9. NotyetaKadesforamaximumof10yearsoreventwotermsofoffice;and10. Otherrequirementsoflocalregulationsaremet.18
Therequirementsofvillageheadcandidatesandtheselectionprocessofvillageheads,
as stated above, no longer give rise to a ban for village head candidates actively
involvedintheG30S/PKImovement.However,thetermsstillmaintaintheprovisions
on loyalty to thestate foreachprospectivevillagehead.The lossof theprohibition
provisionsforeveryoneinvolvedinthe30S/PKIMovementasaformofprotectionof
18Article44GovernmentRegulationnumber72of2005concerningVillage
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everyone in human rights to channel their political rights as guaranteed by the
constitution.Oneof theconsistent figures in fighting for this isAbdurahmanWahid
(commonlycalledWahid).Duringhisreign,WahidhadwantedtoremoveTAPMPRS
No. XXV/MPRS/1966 related to the dissolution of the PKI and the declaration as a
bannedorganization,andabanonthespreadofcommunisminIndonesia.WhatWahid
did as a form of "breaking the violence of the past."19 Because after the 30S/PKI
Movement, the state through Suharto sentenced approximately 1million people to
supportthePKImovement.Thesentencingwasdismissedwithoutgoingthroughthe
judicialprocess.Notstoppingthere,thePKIwasidentifiedasapoliticalorganization
thatsoughttochangetheideologyandbasisofthestatesothattheirrightsneedtobe
restricted.Oneoftherestrictionsonthisrightcanbeseenfromtheprovisionof"not
involvedinthe30S/PKIMovement"aspartoftherequirementsofkadescandidatesin
LawNo.5/1979,whichthencontinuedtobemaintainedbyLawNo.22/1999.
In its development, the provision stating the terms "not involved in the 30S/PKI
Movement" slowly began to be eliminated on the basis that everyone had rights,
includingtherighttovoteandbeelected.Bybasingthisconsiderationofhumanrights,
the Constitutional Court, through its decision numbered 001-017/PUU-I/2003
nullifying Article 60 letter g of Law No. 12/2003 essentially contains the clause
"prospective legislators are not cadres of members of the Communist Party of
IndonesiaordonotinterfereintheG30S/PKI.Thecancellationoftheprovisionmakes
Article60letter(g)ofLawNo.12/2003thatdoesnothaveabindinglegalforce.Inthe
end,anyclauserelatingtotherestrictionofrightsforthosewhohadbeeninvolvedin
PKImovements,includingtheG30S/PKI,wasnolongeradeadpricetokeep.
Otherdifferences that canbe found inLawNo.22/1999andLawNo.32/2004are
relatedtothetenureofthevillagehead.IfinLawNo.22/1999thatthelengthofthe
19Akmaliah,Wahyudi.(2015).“IndonesiaYangDibayangkan:Peristiwa1965-1966danKemunculanEksilIndonesia.”JurnalMasyarakat&Budaya,17(1):65-76.
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positionofKadesandtimeisgivenfor10(ten)Years.In-LawNo.32of2004,theterm
ofofficeofthevillageheadis6(six)yearsandcanbere-electedforonlyoneterm.
BothLawNo.22/1999andLawNo.32/2004donotmakearrangementsrelatedtothe
supervision of the implementation of Village head election and dispute resolution
mechanisms village head election. A new dispute resolution mechanism in PP No.
72/2005 concerning Villages is a regulation on the implementation of Law No.
32/2004. Nevertheless, the dispute resolutionmechanism is delegated to the local
governmenttoregulateitthroughlocalregulations.Thismeansthatthegovernment
issuesnostandardguidelinestoserveasthebasisforlocalgovernmentstodesigna
patternofdisputeresolutionarisingfromtheselectionprocessofvillageheads.Thus
the mechanism of settlement was carried out following the tastes of the local
government. It is a "weapon" for the head of the region to pass one of the parties
favored by the head of the region even though it is not the community's choice.
Likewise, itwillbeadisasterforcandidateswhoarenotaffiliatedwiththeregional
head.
In 2014 the rules on village arrangementswere separated from the rules on local
government.Sotherulesonvillageswereborn(LawNo.6of2014)andrulesonlocal
government(LawNo.23of2014).
Article31ofLawNo.6/2014mandatesthatvillageheadelectionsbecarriedoutjointly
in all districts/cities. Furthermore, related to the mechanism of Pilkades in the
provisions contained in this law began to be done rigidly. Furthermore, article 34
paragraph(3),whichliststhestagesofvillageheadelections,consistsofnomination,
voting,anddetermination.Thephasingoftheimplementationofthiselectionisthen
translatedintoArticle41paragraph(1)PP47/2015concerningAmendmentstoPP
No.43/2014concerningtherulesofImplementationofLawNo.6/2014,to4(four)
stages each: preparation stage, stage, nomination voting stage, and determination
stage.
IfreadingtherequirementsofprospectiveCadres,whichiscontainedinArticle33of
LawNo.6/2014,doesnotdiffermuchfromtherequirementsinPPNo.72/2005,which
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is a derivative of LawNo. 32/2004. If in PPNo. 72/2005 one of the conditions as
Cakades is native to the local village, then Law No. 6/2014 changed with the
prospectivevillageheadbeingaresidentandresiding in thevillage forat leastone
year.Theinclusionoftheminimumlimitasalocalvillagerwaslaterannulledbythe
ConstitutionalCourtthrougharulingnumbered128/PUU-XIII/2015.
Althoughtheprocessofselectingthevillageheadhasbeenarrangedinsuchaway,the
legislator and its derivative regulations are missed in setting the supervisory
mechanismandthemechanismofresolvingthedisputeofthevillageheadelection.
First,thesurveillancemechanism.BothLawNo.6of2014anditsderivativerulesdo
notmakearrangementsrelatedtothesupervisionmechanismoftheimplementation
ofelectionsandwhoshouldbethesupervisorinimplementingvillageheadelections.
IfyoulookagainatArticle38paragraph(2)oftheRegulationoftheMinisterofHome
AffairsNo.112/2014concerningtheSelectionofVillageHeadsmentionedthat:"the
agendaofthecommitteeasstatedinparagraph(1)thatcanattendi.e.witnessesfrom
the candidates themselves, the Village Consultative Agency, supervisors and the
community,"Intheconstructionofthearticleveryclearlymentionstheexistenceof
supervisors in the implementation of village head elections. Ironically, it is not
mentionedwhoisreferredtoasthesupervisorinthearticle.Becauseit isnotclear
whoisreferredtoasthesupervisorinthearticle,itischallengingtofindarrangements
relatedtomonitoringtheselectionofvillageheads.Ontheotherhand,theMinisterof
homeaffairsregulationattachedthesupervisorydutiestotheselectioncommitteeof
the village head at the regional level. However, it did not elaborate on how itwas
processed.
According toYuningsihandSubekti20, theselectionofvillageheadscannotonlybe
understoodasanefforttogivebirthtotheleaderofthepeople'schoice.However,it
also concerns the pride and honor of the prospective village head. Thismakes the
20Yuningsih,NenengYuni.,&Subekti,ValinaSingka.(2016).“DemokrasiDalamPemilihanKepalaDesa?StudiKasusDenganTipologiTradisional,Transisional,danModerndiProvinsiJawaBaratTahun2008-2013”.JurnalPolitik,1(2):231-261.
114 http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jalrev/JALREV3SpecialIssue2021
villageheaduseallmeanstowinthisprocession,resultinginconflictatthecommunity
level.
So inevitably, an institution is required that is given a particular task to carry out
supervision in the process of implementation. The supervisor of the village head
electioncannotbeattachedtotheelectioncommittee.Therewillbeamonopolyof
authorityintheimplementationofvillageheadelectionsiftheimplementationofall
stagesisdominatedonlybythecommittee.
Second,themechanismofhandlingvillageheadelectionsproblem.LawNo.6/2014
mandatesthattheRegent/mayorresolvethedisputekades30daysatthemaximum
at the time of receipt of the results of the village head elections. The granting of
authoritytohandlevillageheadelectionsproblemsbytheRegent/Mayormakesthe
role of regional heads very vital. This can cause a conflict of interest because the
regional head has political calculations inmaintaining his position in the following
regionalheadelection.Undeniably,headofvillageisacentralpersoninthelivesofthe
peopleinthevillage.UntiltheVillageheadhastheexpertisetomobilizethecommunity
to drop his choice in the regional head election event, in such circumstances, a
reciprocalrelationshipbetweentheregionalheadandVillageheadcandidateswillbe
decidedonthePilkadesdisputewheretheregionalheadhastheauthoritytoresolve
it.
Government Regulation No. 47 of 2015 mandates the subsequent arrangement of
implementing village head elections rules through local regulations. One of the
expectedpoints tobe regulated in the regional regulations is handling villagehead
elections.However,thefinaldecisionisontheregionalhead(seeArticle37paragraph
(6)ofLawNo.6of2014).
The regulatory model related to handling village head elections should not be
authorizedtodecidethedispute.Anewmechanismisneededinresolvingdisputesfor
theselectionofvillageheads,namelytheestablishmentofparticularinstitutionsthat
areadhoc.Thechoiceofanadhocinstitutionisbasedonthereasonthatapermanent
dispute resolution institution is, in principle, a judicial institution that has the
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constitutional authority to adjudicate and resolve disputes that are repeated in
differentcases.Inaddition,theestablishmentofapermanentinstitutionwillrequirea
largebudgetandresources.Therefore,thiscriterionlimitstheinstitutionofresolving
disputesofvillageheadsthatarepermanentandonlyadhoc.However,insupporting
theimplementationofdutiesandauthoritiesinresolvinganydisputessubmitted,this
institution needs to be equipped with instructions for resolving disputes on the
selectionofvillageheadsorcanbecalledbythelawofhandlingtheissueofVillage
HeadElections.
Theseparationofauthorityforthesettlementofdisputesvillageheadelections,which
wasinitiallyinthehandsoftheregionalheadtotheparticularinstitutionasaformof
applicationoftheprinciplesofthestateoflawanddemocracythatultimatelyprovides
guarantees against the protection of constitutional rights for each candidate of the
villageheadwhoiscontesting.
6.Conclusion
The arrangementof the selectionof villageheadshas its dynamics in linewith the
politicaldynamicsofthestate'slawsinthecountry.Wecanseethelegislationatany
period. There is a measure of loyalty to the country by stating a clause on "not
obstructing the IndonesianRevolution." In itsdevelopment, theprovisionwas later
omittedandreplacedwiththeprovision"notinvolvedwithpkiactivitiesanditsmass
organizations including not being involved in the 30S/PKI Movement". This
requirementwas later eliminated, but the conditions related to loyalty to the state
were carried out universally, namely "Consistent with the pillars of state ideology
(Pancasila) and the 1945 Constitution, the Unitary State of Indonesia and bhineka
TunggalIka".
All the rules concerning village head elections, both from the beginning of
independence to the present, have not made rigid arrangements related to the
monitoringmechanismandresolvingdisputesofvillageheads.Therefore,changesto
thecurrentregulationsareneededtoimprovethequalityoftheselectionresultsofthe
villagehead.
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Acknowledgement
OurthankstoLPPMUNGforallowingustodothisresearch.Thisresearchispartof
thenextstageofresearch,whichwilldesignthesupervisorymechanismanddispute
resolutionmechanismofvillageheadelection.
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