Hypothalamus
*Region of the brain
* Composed of small nuclei *Act As Conduit between nervous &endocrine sys.
*Also regulate homeostatic function. ( hunger , thirst & body temp )
Hypothalamic HormonesHypothalamic Hormones
Pituitary gland anatomyPituitary gland anatomy
*Is an endocrine gland
* Size of a pea * Located at the base of the brain
* Rests in a small bony cavity
* Is divided into ???
* Connected to hypothalamus by ???
Anterior & posterior lobeAnterior & posterior lobe *The cells of the
Ant. Lobe are embryologically derived from an ???
*The Ant. Pituitary regulate many processes (stress, growth & reproduction ) & Are achieved through ??
*The post. Lobe is composed of the endings of nevre cells
*These nerve cells produce two
hormone???
Pituitary Hormones and Their Pituitary Hormones and Their TargetsTargets
The hormones of the anterior pituitary are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cells as ????
The hormones of the post pituitary are released into the
circulation in response to????
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Growth hormoneGrowth hormone
Growth hormone is a protein hormone of about 190 amino acids that is synthesized and secreted by cells called somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary
It is a major participant in control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and
metabolism.
Control of SecretionControl of Secretion
GHIH (or)
SST (somatostatin)
(-)
Anterior Pituitary:
Hypothalamus: GHRH
(+)
GH(somatotropin)
Liver: IGF (somatomedins)
(+)
(-)
GROWTH HORMONE
direct effectsindirect effects
lipolysis in fat cells
+
carbohydratemetabolism
+
Insulin-like Growth Factor
+
fat cells muscle
chondrocytes
Protein synthesis
cartilage formation
lipogenesis
Increases FFA, glycerol, and sugars in circulation
BrainPituitary
Liver
IGF
IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs)
Growth
Growth Hormone (GH)
GH/IGF/IGFBP AxisGH/IGF/IGFBP Axis
IGFBPs—two main typesIGFBPs—two main types
IGFBP-3most abundant form of IGFBPmain carrier of IGF in circulationpromotes IGF mediated somatic growthhigh IGFBP-3 associated w/ growth stimulation
IGFBP-1typically present in small amountshigh IGFBP-1 associated w/ growth inhibition
IGFBP-3
IGF
IGF receptor
LIVER
Cell
Growth Functions
Growth Functions
Cell
IGF receptor
LIVER
IGFBP-1
IGF
Clinical AspectsClinical Aspects
GH
Adult
children
Acromegaly
gigantism
GH dwarfism
رواشده رواشده احمد احمد
Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
•Obvious sign is kids being much shorter then kids of the same age and gender
•Children with pituitary dwarfism have a slow rate of growth
•Children of this disorder still have normal intelligence and capabilities
Diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic procedures
•blood test for protien markers
•Pediatric nurses chart : The growth curve of children with pituitary dwarfism shows no growth or
minimal growth.
DiagnosisDiagnosis
X-rays to determine bone age can also help with the diagnosis
DiagnosisDiagnosis
.MRI of the brain can also be used to view the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Treatments
• Growth hormone injections.
Treatments
. Surgical
intervention is another option which may include:
-surgical operation on pituitary gland itself .
-Bone lenghthining usually on the femur and tibia.
PrognosisPrognosis
• Depends on whether there’s any permanent damage and the age of the child
• Earlier treated, the better chance child will grow to average adult height
• Growth improvement of the injections slowly decrease