INFINITY JOURNAL
DR. KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI
VOLUME I ISSUE I
INFINITY JOURNALS
ARTICLE 5.
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DR.KAJAL JETHANAND SADHWANI
ABSTRACT BORDERS OF INDIA
India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan,
Nepal ,Pakistan, Afghanistan within the north or north-west, and Bangladesh and Myanmar within
the east. India also shares water borders with Sri Lanka , Maldives and Indonesia.[1]
All over world, most conflict-free borders are those which are geographical and are there from the
days immemorial. Here Civilizations settled on either side of geographical barriers like river or
mountain ranges and limited exchange takes place from very beginning. Amur flows between Russia
and China, in same way Tigris between Iran and Turkey and these both marks political boundaries
between these countries. Other boundaries are political ones and that they bear historical burden as
is that the case of (sections of boundaries) India with neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Nepal etc .
In this case there has been a standard historical cultural flow on either side of the border and as a
result there are claims or counter claims. This doesn’t imply that natural boundaries are always
undisputed, river often changes their course in future and this river (if international boundary) may
result into fluctuation of political boundaries. Further, just in case of Mountain ranges, a state with
expansionist designs (as China is) can exert its claim unilaterally, resulting into tense situations. it's
pertinent to notice that these areas between china and India were once inaccessible, but
technological advancements haven't only made them accessible, but also strategically important. to
protect borders efficiently, it's pre required that borders are agreed/delineated between the
neighbors. Also, a state with malicious intent can willfully dispute border to bother its neighbor
country to hamper its progress and to derail its growth.
India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at
borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the value of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct
2017).
In Indian case borders are quite complex and almost every sort of extreme geography is present at
different borders viz. deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes or tropical evergreen jungles. it's 14818
kilometers of land borders and a coast line of 7516.6 kilometers. All states except Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana have a world border or a coast line. 92 of
India’s 593 districts are border districts in 17 states. India’s boundary with Pakistan (3323 km),
China (3488 km), Nepal (1751 km), Bhutan (699 km), Myanmar (1643 km), and Bangladesh (4096.7
km).
Border management becomes more important for the very fact that India is like island of democracy
between seas of anarchical or instable states. Probably, no other neighbouring country has
experienced uninterrupted democratic regime for quite 15 years. Additionally, in some countries
there's cultural radicalism which is targeted on India, and terrorists and mafia groups are
patronized by a number of India’s neighbouring states. there's cross border smuggling problem of
medicine , cattle, humans, artifacts, fake currency note etc. Unfortunately, during this scenario our
border forces appear to be severely undermanned and under-equipped which is taking heavy toll on
economic, social and political stability of our country.
In 2001, ‘Group of Ministers on review of border management’ gave many important
recommendations. one among the main recommendations was the fixing of a separate Department of
Border Management within the Ministry of Home Affairs. This has been done. Yet other major
recommendations just like the early settlement of our maritime borders and therefore the
demarcation of land boundaries has not yet been fully implemented. The GoM had strongly
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recommended the principle of “one border one force” for better accountability and specialization. It
emphasized the imperative of not deploying the border guarding forces for law and order duties and
counter insurgencies. It made some recommendations specific to raised management of India-
Pakistan, IndiaNepal and other borders. It lamented the neglect of maritime borders and island
territories and made recommendations to strengthen coast guard and police. As a results of these
recommendations border management possesses more attention but the Mumbai terrorist attacks
had again shown that tons more must be done to enhance border management. Designated
Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:
INDIA-NEPAL BORDER
Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh.
Banbasa in Champawat
district of
Uttrakhand, in-principle
approval in 2019.
Bhitamore/Bhittamore in
Sitamarhi district of Bihar,
in-principle approval in
2019.
Jogbani, Bihar.
Panitanki, Darjeeling
district of West Bengal, in-
principal approval in 2019.
Raxaul, Bihar.
Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh;
Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh.
Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh.
India and Nepal have shared an open border since 1950. The conception of such a border are often
found within the Treaty of Peace and Friendship that the two countries signed that year. Provisions
within the treaty, wherein citizens of both countries are given equal rights in matters of residence,
acquisition of property, employment and movement in each other’s territory, provide for an open
border between the 2 countries. While open border has been a superb facilitator of strong and unique
bilateral relations, at the same time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious
concerns.
Open border has been an excellent facilitator of strong and unique bilateral relations. At the same
time, it's given rise to many irritants and problems that raise serious concerns. Allegations of
excesses like intimidation, and forcible grabbing of land by either side along the disputed border also
surface from time to time.
All terrorist organizations, be it from Punjab, Kashmir, northeast or those of Maoists have fully
exploited open borders with Nepal. it's been reported that a lot of terrorists have sneaked into India
through the porous and poorly guarded Indo-Nepal border. aside from insurgents and terrorists, many
hard-core criminals pursued by Indian and Nepalese security forces escape across the open border.
These anti-national elements enjoys illegal activities, like smuggling of essential items and pretend
Indian currency, gun-running, and medicines and human trafficking.
The problem is further aggravated by intelligence inputs that Pakistani Directorate for Directorate for
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been using Nepalese territory to carry out anti-India activities
since the 1990s. WikiLeaks documents have revealed that the ISI has created sort of terrorist fronts
in Nepal and has also pushed in men and explosives through the border to carry out terror attacks in
India.
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In recent times, police forces have achieved some success in capturing all types of criminals from
these borders. This shows that cooperation from Nepal is increasing during this regard. In 2013 two
Terrorists – Abdul karim Tunda and Yasin Bhatkal were arrested from this border.
Nepal could also be a landlocked country and its closest access to the ocean is through India. As a
result most of its imports undergo India. Keeping this in consideration, India has granted Nepal 15
transit and 22 trading points along the border.
The India-Nepal border is an open border that covers a length of 1,751 km.
Being an open border, it's provided a platform for strong bilateral relations. it's also been the
explanation for illegal activities like smuggling of medicine , stolen vehicles, and arms and
ammunition into the country. Lately, anti-social elements and terrorist organisations also are using
this open border for a least effort passage into India, thus posing a significant security threat to the
states along the border and therefore the internal security of the country as an entire . The open
border with Nepal has been exploited by terror groups. Thirty-one battalions of SSB are deployed to
see all such activities at the IndiaNepal open border. Moreover, there are discussions at various
levels to line up platforms for handling problems with mutual concern.
INDIA–MYANMAR BORDER
Moreh ICP, already operational.
Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar approach
Kaladan Multi-Modal
Transit Transport
Project has already
been operational since
Oct 2017. The 22 km
long Lunglei–
Tlabung–
Kawrpuichhuah road
was upgraded in 2014-
15 during a World
Bank-funded project to
strengthen India-
Bangladesh border
Connectivity. Survey
for the line
from Sairang to
Hmawngbuchhuah (1
km north of
Zochawchhuah) was
completed in August
2017 and it'll be
constructed in future phase.]
Frontiers of British India and Myanmar came together first time in 1826 after British won 1st Anglo
Burmese war. After Independence, The boundary was demarcated in 1967 under an agreement
signed by both countries. there have been many border agreements between these two years during
which borders were fluctuating and this has created confusion.
The location of the Indo-Myanmar boundary presents many challenges for the effective management
of the boundary. Though the boundary is correctly demarcated, there are a few of pockets that are
disputed. The rugged terrain makes movement and thus the general development of the planet
difficult. the interior dynamics of the region in terms of the clan loyalties of the tribal people, inter-
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tribal clashes, insurgency, and transborder ethnic ties also adversely affect the security of the border
areas.
There is practically no physical barrier along the border either within the type of fences or border
outposts and roads to form sure strict vigil. Insurgents make use of the poorly guarded border and
flee across when pursued by Indian security forces. Close ethnic ties among the tribes like Nagas,
Kukis, Chin, etc., who live astride the border help these insurgents find shelter in Myanmar. These
cross-border ethnic ties have facilitated in creation of safe havens for various northeast insurgent
groups in Myanmar.
The location of the boundary at the sting of the “Drugs golden triangle” facilitates the unrestricted
illegal flows of drugs into Indian territory. Heroin is that the main item of drug traffic . the majority
of heroin enters India through the border town of Moreh in Manipur. it's reported that the local
insurgent groups are actively involved in drugs and arms trafficking.
Work for Fence erection and road building goes on, but sometimes it's interrupted thanks to
opposition.
India shares a porous border with Myanmar has been a priority for the United Nations Drug Control
Program (UNDCP) and International Narcotics control panel (INCB), because it has been witness to
drug traffic .
There is a Free Movement Regime up to a distance of 16 km along the border.
Though the border between India and Myanmar is correctly demarcated, its porous nature of border
could also be an excellent threat to border security. quite 30,000 people live along the Indo-Myanmar
border within a radius of 10
km; they're going to cross the border at any time with none visa restrictions. The open border and
cross-ethnic ties among the tribal community help insurgents shake the hands of the border security
forces. These
insurgents are extensively involved in drug trafficking especially in areas like Moreh in Manipur and
Golden
Triangle covering Northern Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. Although the govt. is taking steps to form
sure better border management and robust fencing, these activities are suffering because of protests
from the local tribal community and thus the hilly and inhospitable terrain, which makes movement
The Government of India has allocated a fund of around 30.96 crore INR to fence the planet between
pillar number 79 and pillar number 81, which covers a length of around 10 km. there are huge
protests from the local tribal community and thus the work has been halted after construction of 4.02
km of fencing. Approval from the Ministry of External Affairs is awaited to resume the work.
INDIA-BHUTAN BORDER
Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal , plan approved
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c. 2016.
India and Bhutan share a 669 km long boundary. The boundary is demarcated except along the tri-
junction with China. the tactic of demarcation of the India-Bhutan border started in 1961 and was
completed in 2006. Like with Nepal, India’s boundary with Bhutan is additionally an open Chinese
made goods, Bhutanese cannabis, liquor and forest products are major items smuggled into India.
Livestock, grocery items and fruits are smuggled out of India to Bhutan.
Smuggling is one of the most concerns along this border. Steps are taken by governments on all sides
of the border to form sure bilateral cooperation. Additionally, the Indian government has also
approved a budget of 1,259 crore INR for the event of 313-km long border roads along the Indo-
Bhutan border. the govt. of India and Government of Bhutan have agreed for bilateral cooperation on
the problem of border security.
Insurgent camps established within the southern districts of Bhutan were successfully eliminated by
the Royal Bhutan
Army forces between 2003 and 2004. This operation is widely mentioned as ‘Operation All Clear’
India–Bangladesh borderTripura Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and
Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[7]
INDIA–BANGLADESH BORDER o Assam
Karimganj-Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated
checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post
(Sylhet division, Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017.
o Meghalaya
Shillong-Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil
post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP stone laid in January 2017 and may become operation in 2018.
o Mizoram
Kawrpuichhuah / Kawarpuchiah / Kawripuichhauah near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened
in Oct 2017.[6][10][11]
o Tripura
Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost
(India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already
functional (c. 2017).[7]
"Belonia, India - Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail
crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which
connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in
Bangladesh.
o West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkatta to north)
Kolkata–Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost
crossing, already functional (c. 2017).
Barasat (India) to Ghojadanga (Bangladesh), plan
announced c. Oct 2017.
Mahadipur in Malda district in Malda-Rajshahi via
Mahadipur crossing, in-principal approval in 2019.
Fulbari, plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Changrabandha railway station , in-principal approval in
2019.
India shares 4096.7 Km of its land border with Bangladesh.
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West Bengal, Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram are the States which
share the border with
Bangladesh. the entire stretch
consists of plain, riverine,
hilly/jungle and with hardly
any natural obstacles. the
planet is heavily populated,
and at many stretches the
cultivation is run till the last
inch of the border. Border
was drawn by the Bengal
Boundary Commission chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
The border was thus drawn on the thought of old district maps. This made the boundary random.
instead of following natural barriers, it meanders through villages, agricultural lands, and rivers,
rendering the border extremely porous with many disputed pockets. Undemarcated stretches,
existence of enclaves (chhit-mohols), and adverse possessions had been causing constant friction
between the border guarding forces of India and Bangladesh.
Consequently, there was setup an ‘India- Pakistan boundary dispute commission’ in 1949 it settled
many disputes but in soon they resurfaced in conjunction with new problems of enclaves. to affect
the boundary disputes and to reduce tensions between the two countries, the Nehru-Noon Agreement
on India-East Pakistan Border was signed in New Delhi in 1958. These efforts, however didn't bring
disputes to end . it had been only in 1974, barely 3 years after liberation of Bangladesh that the
Indira-Mujibur Agreement laid down the methods for demarcating various disputed stretches of the
India-Bangladesh boundary. This also called ‘Land Boundary Agreement’ and, India and
Bangladesh, both the countries committed to exchange the enclaves and cede the adverse
possessions.
There were 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 enclaves of Bangladesh in India. India did not
have access to those enclaves in Bangladesh, and hence, no administrative set-up to provide facilities
like police stations, courts, schools, roads, hospitals, banks, markets,
etc. to their residents could be established there. it had been only in
2014 that bill ratifying Indira-Mujibur or ‘land boundary agreement’
was passed in Indian Parliament.
ISSUES WITH THIS BORDER
Illegal Immigration – there are both push and pull factors working on
this border. Under development, religious persecution, environmental
concerns etc. pushed Bangladeshis into India, while India’s huge
economy and accommodative society pulled immigrants. according to
‘Task Force on Border management, 2001’, there are about 15
million Bangladeshi illegal immigrants in India, increasing at rate of
three lakh per month. Recent eruption of communal violence in
Assam has direct link with this immigration.
Cattle and other Smuggling – It big unique problem with this border.
it's said that if India restricts this supply then it can starve
Bangladeshis of food. Cattle from as far as Haryana, UP, Bihar is
taken to borders for grazing then smuggled to Bangladesh.
Bangladesh also imposes custom duty on these imports. Cattle
confiscated on border alone are around one lakh annually. this way
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government is losing revenue of around 10000 crore annually.
Along with cattle, smuggling of arms, and other essential items like sugar, salt and diesel, human and
narcotics trafficking, counterfeit Indian currency, kidnapping, and thefts are quite rampant along the
India– Bangladesh border.
Bases of Anti India elements: Presently, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), the All
Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT), and thus the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) also as several other insurgent outfits from the Northeast
have bases within the Chittagong, Khagrachari, and Sylhet districts of Bangladesh. Incumbent
government possesses to much extent curtailed activity in these bases.
Border out posts: BSF is presently manning 802 existing Border out Posts on Indo-Bangladesh
border. In pursuance of Group of Ministers recommendations to reduce the inter-BOP distance to 3
.5 Km, the govt. has approved construction of additional BOPs on this border.
Border Trade: Along the India-Bangladesh border, there are 32 land custom stations cover the states
of West Bengal , Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura and Mizoram. Petrapole in West Bengal is one of the
foremost important land customs stations with Bangladesh.
Fencing and Floodlighting: These are important constituents of maintaining vigilance along the
borders. so on curb infiltration, smuggling and other anti-national activities from across Indo-
Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh borders, the govt. has undertaken the work of construction of fencing,
floodlighting and roads along these borders.
In case of Bangladesh, of the 3326 kilometer border only 501 kilometers is left without fence of
which 130 kilometers is land where wire fencing goes on and thus the rest of the portion is roofed
with rivers and water bodies. On rivers Border private private security force is going to erect
‘floating fence‘. (as on Aug. 2014)
Integrated Check Posts: There are several designated entry and exit points on the international
borders of the country through which cross border movement of persons, goods and traffic takes
place. Conventional infrastructure for discharge of various sovereign functions at these points is
neither adequate or integrated nor coordinated and no single agency is responsible for coordination
of various Government functions and services at these points. These functions include those of
security, immigration, customs, human, plant and animal quarantine etc., as also the availability of
support facilities for both the govt. personnel and thus the immigrants like warehousing, parking etc.
As a response to things of inadequate infrastructure for cross border movement of persons, vehicles
and goods, it had been decided to line up Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at major entry points on our
land borders. These ICPs would house all regulatory agencies like Immigration, Customs, Border
Security, Quarantine etc., in conjunction with support facilities during one complex equipped with all
modern amenities.
India’s first ICP was at Attari border, Amritsar with Pakistan. other was opened at Bangladesh
border at Agartala in 2013.
INDIA–PAKISTAN BORDER
Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already
operational (2017)
Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan
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This is spread across extreme climate as long because the boundary runs from the recent Thar Desert
in Rajasthan to the cold Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. India shares 3323 km long and
complicated boundary with Pakistan. The India-Pakistan boundary is categorized under three
different heads. the first is that the international boundary also mentioned because the ‘Radcliff line’.
it's 2308 km long and stretches from Gujarat to parts of Jammu district in Jammu and Kashmir.
The second is that the road of control (LoC), or the Cease Fire Line, which came into existence after
the 1948 and 1971 wars between India and Pakistan. This line is 776 km long, and runs along the
districts of Jammu (some parts), Rajouri, Poonch, Baramula, Kupwara, Kargil and a couple of
portions of Leh. and thus the third is that the particular ground position line (AGPL), which is 110
km long and extends from NJ 9842 to Indira Col within the North (Siachin Glacier).
In the 1990s, India began to fence this massive, border, of which 550 kms in J&K were completed in
2004. By 2011, most of the border fencing – along J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat – was
completed.
The double-row fencing on the LoC is meant to remain out militants, separatists, smugglers and
other infiltrators, and for this purpose, it has been electrified, connected to a spread of sensors and
strewn with landmines. the entire border is additionally lit up with strong floodlights installed on
quite 50,000 poles. As a result, the Indo-Pak border can actually be seen from space within the dark .
There are about 700 border out posts, one Integrated Check post is there at Attari, Amritsar.
Despite of fencing smuggling, mainly of Heroine is rampant at border of Punjab. It happens because
villagers at all sides of border are accomplice to such activities. Further, Involvement of Local
politicians is additionally there in these cases.
Apart from this, anti-India Jihadist Groups are in collusion with Pakistan soldiers who constantly
tries to push terrorists to Indian Side of LOC. For this there has been occasional indiscriminate firing
from Pakistani side during which Soldiers and citizens get killed. Few years back there was news
that a ten meter wall of earth excavations is being erected at border near Jammu.
Recently, Border private private security force is implementing a Rs. 4500 crore project, ‘Smart
Fence’ mechanism. Under this laser walls and heat sensor system are getting to be installed on the
boundary. While this might deter terrorists and Pakistan, innocent villagers may get caught into the
trap.
Integrated Check Post at Attari remains pretty busy for trade and this is often often only venue for
cross border trade with Pakistan.
INDO-PAK BORDER CHALLENGES
The Indo-Pakistan border was created in 1947 supported the Radcliffe Line, covering a length of
three ,323 km along the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Punjab and Rajasthan. This border
has also witnessed several clashes with Pakistan, with the most ones being in 1947, 1965, 1971 and
1999. Although several attempts are made since independence to settle the border issues through
negotiations and discussions, a bit like the Indus Waters Treaty. However, critical issues a bit like the
Pakistan occupied Kashmir, Sir Creek dispute, cross-border terrorisms and ceasefire violations have
remained key challenges plaguing this a neighborhood of the Indian border and our soldiers .
The harsh and varied climate along this 3,323-km of border compound the challenges faced by our
soldiers in securing these areas. an increase in ceasefire violations and infiltration attempts are
observed during the pre-winter season, when vigilance becomes extremely tough because of snowfall
along the mountainous terrain. Other factors a bit like the political instability and crisis in Pakistan
also cause an upsurge in cross-border infiltration and threats because of terrorism, creating tension
along the border areas.
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Cross-border terrorism stands out together of the most reasons of disaccord between India and
Pakistan. As an impression measure, India started fencing its border within the 1990s and
successfully completed fencing Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by 2011.
CHINA NATHULA PASS
I
ndia and China share a 3,488 km long boundary. Unfortunately, the entire boundary is disputed. The
line, which delineates the boundary between the two countries, is popularly called the McMahon
line, after its author Sir Henry McMahon. In 1913, the British-India government had called a
tripartite conference, during which the boundary between India and Tibet was formalized after a
discussion between the Indian and thus the Tibetans. A Convention was adopted, which resulted
within the delimitation of the Indo-Tibetan boundary. This boundary is, however, disputed by China
which terms it as illegal. it's interesting that in same agreement, boundary upto Myanmar was settled,
and China accepts Mac Mohan line with Myanmar.
India and China had never shared a typical boundary till; China “liberated” or occupied Tibet in
1950. it had been then that the hitherto India Tibet boundary was transformed into an India-China
boundary. Since 1954, China started claiming large tracts of territory along the entire border like
Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir, some areas in Uttrakhand and thus the whole Arunachal
Pradesh. In 1957, China occupied Aksai Chin and built a road through it. This episode was followed
by intermittent clashes along the border, which finally culminated within the border war of 1962.
The boundary, which came into existence after the war, came to be mentioned as Line of Actual
Control (LAC). it is a military held line.
The rapprochement between the two countries in 1976 enabled India and China to initiate High
Level border talks in
1981 to hunt out a solution to the vexed problem. After eight rounds, the talks broke down in 1987.
In 1988, following Prime
Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s visit
to China, the Joint working
group (JWG) was
acknowledged to look into the
border problem. In 1993, the
Agreement on the maintenance
of Peace and Tranquility along
the road of Actual Control
(LAC) was signed and thus the
India-China Expert Group of
Diplomatic and Military
Officers was acknowledged to
assist the JWG.
In 1996, the Agreement on Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) within the Military Field along
the LAC was signed. In 2003, two special representatives (one each from India and China) were
appointed to hunt out a political solution to the border dispute. Till 2009, these two special
representatives had held 17 rounds of talks, but it seems they have not made much headway.
Recently, NSA Ajit Doval was appointed as Special Envoy for talks.
There are three stages of negotiation:
Agreeing to guiding principles to be followed – this is often often done
Recognizing Boundary and area – evolving consensus – this is often often toughest one and process
China’s People Liberation Army has time and again intruded Indian borders. This was followed by
Indian PM’s visit to China in 2013, where additional Confidence Building Measure on Border
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cooperation was agreed at. The measures include regular interaction between the headquarters and
Field Commands of the two sides, additional border personnel meeting points and more
telecommunication linkages between their forward posts at mutually agreed locations. Despite this
incursions continue, recent one when Xi Jinping was on Indian visit, suggests that either there's lack
of coordination or there are differences in China Communist Party and People’s Liberation Army
leadership.
As regards border management, the India-China border presents only a few of challenges. there's
hardly any circulation of people or goods between the two countries through the border. Few
intermittent interactions, nonetheless did happen though the gaps within the mountain ranges. These
gaps were the trade and migration routes through which individuals and goods flowed. Some tribes
like Monpas, Sherdukpens, Membas, Khambas and Bhutias had social and cultural ties with people
across the border. Many other tribes also frequented the markets of Tibet to buy for and sell
products, but of those stopped after the 1962 war.
Presently, there are only three designated areas along the India-China border through which border
trade takes place; these are Lipu Lekh, Shipki La and Nathu La. the number of trade these trading
points isn't large. However, large scale smuggling of Chinese electronic and other commodity
happen through these border points.
India has under taken border construction in Arunachal Pradesh which was objected to by China.
India ignored the objection by reiterating its authority over the planet . Indian side of Border almost
has no Infrastructure. this is often often because of ever-present lethargy of Indian government. On
other hand, China has built massive rail road linkages on its side. Further, to implement
recommendation on Border out posts 3.5 Km distance limit of Working Group; work on building
more BOPs goes on.
Indo-China border challenges The India-China border, mentioned because the McMahon
Line, is canopy a distance of three ,488 km. Originally the Indo-Tibetan border (before the
occupation of Tibet by China in 1950), this border remains disputed along its entire length and is one
of the key points of friction between the two countries over the past years.
Although confidence building measures just like the appointment of special envoys and formation of
joint working groups are initiated time and again, incidents along the border are reported within the
past. All this makes it imperative for the Indian soldiers to require care of constant vigil along the
LoAC (IndoChina border).
Nathu La Pass: It's found within the state of Sikkim. This famous pass is found within the India-
China border was reopened in 2006. It forms an area of an offshoot of the normal silk route.
it's one of the trading border posts between India and China.
Shipki La Pass: Himachal Pradesh –Tibet: it's found through Sutlej Gorge. It connects
Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. it's India’s third border post for trade with China after Lipu Lekh
and Nathula Pass.
Jelep La Pass: Sikkim-Lhasa: This pass passes through the Chumbi valley. It connects Sikkim
with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
Qara Tagh Pass: it's found within the Karakoram Mountains. it had been a subsidiary of the
normal silk route.
Khardung La: Leh- Siachin Glacier: it's that the very best motorable pass within the country. It
connects Leh and Siachen glacier. This pass remains closed during the winter.
Thang La: it's found in Ladakh. it is the second highest motorable pass in India.
Aghil Pass: Ladakh- Xinjiang: it's situated to the North of Mount Godwin-Austen within the
Karakoram. It connects Ladakh with Xinjiang province of China. It remains closed during the
winter season from November to May.
Chang-La: Ladakh- Tibet: it's going to be a high pass within the Greater Himalayas. It connects
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Ladakh with Tibet.
Lanak La: Ladakh-Lhasa: this is often found within the Aksai Chin in Ladakh region. It
connects Ladakh and Lhasa. The Chinese authority has built a road to hitch Xinjiang with Tibet.
Imis La: Ladakh- Tibet: The pass features a difficult geographical terrain and steep slopes. This
pass remains closed during the winter season.
Bara-La: Himachal Pradesh- Leh-Ladakh: it's situated on the National Highway within the state
of Jammu and Kashmir. It connects Manali and Leh.
Traill’s Pass: it's found in Uttarakhand. it's situated at the highest of the Pindari glacier and
connects the Pinadri valley to Milam valley. This pass is extremely steep and rugged.
Lipu Lekh: Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found in Uttarakhand. It connects Uttarakhand with Tibet.
This pass may be a crucial border post for the trade with china. The pilgrims for Manasarovar
travels through this pass.
Mana Pass: Uttarakhand-Tibet: it's found within the Greater Himalayas and connects Tibet
with Uttarakhand. It remains under snow for six months during winter.
Mangsha Dhura Pass: Uttarakhand-Tibet: The pass which connects Uttarakhand-Tibet is
known for landslides. The pilgrims for Manasarovar cross this route.
Muling La: Uttarakhand-Tibet: This seasonal pass connects Uttarakhand with Tibet remains
snow covered during winter season
Niti Pass: This pass joins Uttarakhand with Tibet. This also remains snow covered during the
winter season.
Debsa Pass: Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley: It joins Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley. it is a
high pass in between the Kullu and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh. it is a bypass route of Pin-
Parvati Pass.
Rohtang Pass: Kullu-Lahul-Spiti: This located within the state of Himachal Pradesh. it's
excellent road transportation. This pass connects Kullu, Spiti, and Lahul.
Bomdi-La: Arunachal Pradesh-Lhasa: The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with
Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. it's located within the east of Bhutan.
Dihang pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: it's found within the Northeastern states of
Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connect Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar (Mandalay)
Diphu pass: Arunachal Pradesh- Mandalay: The Diphu pass also provides easy and an alternate
route to Myanmar. This pass remains open throughout the year for the transportation and trade.
Likhapani: Arunachal Pradesh- Myanmar: It located within the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
This pass remains open throughout a year for transport and trade. This connects Arunachal
Pradesh with Myanmar.
Pangsan Pass: it's found within the state of Arunachal Pradesh. This pass connects Arunachal
Pradesh and Myanmar.
Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel): Banihal with Qazigund: Banihal pass could also be a well-
liked pass in Jammu and Kashmir. it's situated in Pir- Panjal Range. It connects Banihal with
Qazigund.
Zoji La: Srinagar- Kargil & Leh: It connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh. Beacon Force of
Border Road Organization is responsible for clearing and maintaining the road, especially
during winter.
Border regions and communities, variety of them away from the heartland, constitute India’s first
line of defence, a critical link in its national security. India’s 15,000-km borders touch seven
neighbouring countries: Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh,
Myanmar. Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious
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identities that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing
corridors for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better
protecting borders, but in some cases it's made borders obsolete. Despite their importance, border
regions don't receive the entire attention of the Indian mainstream, except when border tensions arise.
Border regions and
communities, variety of them
away from the heartland,
constitute India’s first line of
defence, a critical link in its
national security.
India’s 15,000-km land
borders touch seven
neighbouring countries:
Afghanistan (abutting Gilgit),
Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,
China, Bangladesh,
Myanmar.
Border regions have their own local dynamics, often shaped by subnational and religious identities
that do not necessarily align neatly with political borders. Some also function flourishing corridors
for illegal smuggling of products and humans. Technology plays an important role in better
protecting borders, but in some
cases it's made borders obsolete.
Despite their importance, border
regions don't receive the entire
attention of the Indian mainstream,
except when border tensions arise.
The FICCI-PwC report on Smart
border management: An Indian
perspective explores how the govt.
of India can answer border
management challenges and adopt
a proactive and resilient approach
towards smart border management
that need to have four key
elements: innovation and
technology infrastructure,
collaborative border management,
capacity building and agile
organisation. I sincerely hope that
this report will offer important and
useful insights to the govt. ,
enforcement agencies and each one
other stakeholders.
Border management could also be a
security function that involves
coordination and concerted action
by various government agencies
within our country. The aim is to
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secure our frontiers and safeguard our nation from the risks involved within the movement of
products and people from India to other countries and therefore the other way around . Border
management itself could also be a multifaceted term and will include, but isn't limited to, the
regulation of legal and illegal immigration, ensuring safe and secure movement of authorised people
and good. The rapid growth that India is currently experiencing presents an array of opportunities
and underlines the need for effective border management. In an increasingly globalised and service-
oriented economy like ours, we rely heavily on the movement of products and people .
A competent border management system involves the tight coupling of technology and infrastructure
that's capable of handling the geopolitical, social and economic challenges we face in India thanks to
our vast border fronts. India features a really large and complicated border, covering around 15,106.7
km, which it shares with Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Bhutan, also as alittle
portion with Afghanistan. What further increase the complexity and criticality are the various terrain,
climate and relationship with variety of the neighbouring countries. thanks to such peculiarities,
having infrastructure. The numerous agencies involved in border management, like customs,
immigration, soldiers , border security and intelligence agencies, are characterised by a requirement
to cooperate with an expanding range of external information sources (technology driven and
intelligence based) so on develop a typical operating picture of the movements within and beyond
our borders. Smart border management is an attempt to identify and implement controls which aim to
reinforce border security by:
Enabling effective communication and coordination among all security agencies to succeed in
a typical entity picture
Controlling illegal trafficking of people and goods
Neutralising threats linked to terrorism and organised crime
Checking illegal migrationBorder management: Complexity, enormity and implications We
understand that economic prosperity and globalisation require the free movement of people , goods
and ideas; however, the growing number of border threats necessitates increased vigilance and more
robust controls to secure borders.
We share our borders with seven different countries (Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar,
Bhutan and Afghanistan) with all possible terrains—namely deserts, fertile lands, swampy marshes,
snowcovered peaks and tropical evergreen jungles. this sort of vast terrain makes us vulnerable to
insurgency, illegal migration and smuggling.
While our coastal borders are still relatively stable, our land borders pose a singular complexity.
India has three kinds of land border: international borderline (IBL), line of control (LoC) and line of
actual control (LoAC).
IBL is that the demarcation that has been agreed and has been accepted by the rest of the earth .
LoC is that the de facto border and separates Pakistan-occupied Kashmir from India’s state Jammu
and Kashmir
LoAC is that the border that separates Indianheld lands from Chinese-controlled territory. The
disputed and unsettled nature of our boundaries (both land and maritime) has made their security
much more difficult
While multiple initiatives are undertaken by the govt. , like constructions of roads, fencing,
installation of ground radars, the use of technology, intelligence gathering and integration of
knowledge from various sources to form a typical entity picture remain a challenge.
RESPONDING TO BORDER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
Current border management schemes by the govt. of India cover articles of trade and people , points
of entry and borders, and strategic and operational facets.
A kind of measures are taken to safeguard land borders. These measures are grouped into three
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categories— people, process and
technology.
People comprises the numerous
kinds of forces and manpower
deployed for safeguarding our
borders.
Process outlines a few of initiatives
taken by the govt. of India to
streamline the tactic of border
control and management.
Technology lists the technological
controls into which the govt. of
India continues to require an edge
so on strengthen border
management. PEOPLE
PROCESS
Department of border management
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• Approach taken by the govt. of India
The approach, as employed by the govt. towards border management, is categorised into four
essential processes:
1. Guarding the borders
2. Regulation of the borders
3. Development of border areas
Constitution of billateral instutional mechanism for resolving disputes and ironing out conflict with
neighbours.
GUARDING THE BORDERS
responsibility for the IndiaPakistan and India-Bangladesh borders lies with BSF, AR for the India-
Myanmar border, ITBP) for the India-China border, and SSB for the India-Nepal and India-Bhutan
borders. additionally to this ,to manage the borders effectively, surveillance is run within the type of
normal patrols by the border guarding personnel.
GUARDING THE BORDERS
Effective regulation of the borders involves facilitation of legitimate trade and travel and
simultaneous prevention of illegal migration, smuggling etc.
Method employed by the govt. to manage the borders is that the preparation of a national register and
issuance of Multi-purpose National Identity Cards (MNICs). this is often ready to help to prevent
illegal migration and facilitate the detection of those already staying in India. the govt. also
undertook the event of ICPs so on supply better facilities for the legal movement of people and
goods across the border.
DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER AREAS
The resulting lack of economic opportunities makes the border population more susceptible to illegal
activities like drugs and smuggling. As a solution to tackle these issues, the govt. initiated the Border
Area Development Program (BADP) in 1987, so on facilitate the availability of the required
socioeconomic infrastructure and adequate security, and to eliminate how of alienation among the
population living at the border. BADP schemes include the event of community-based infrastructure
like forestry,pasture lands, fishery parks,community centres, markets and mobile dispensaries.
BADP also takes up security-related schemes.
BORDER AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Development of border areas has been a matter of concern for the country. The Border Area
Development Programme (BADP) was initiated in western region, which at that point of some time
was the foremost volatile border, during the Seventh Five Year Plan period for ensuring balanced
development of border areas through development of infrastructure and promotion of wellbeing and
how of security among the border population. The programme has been expanded since to cover the
border blocks of the 17 States (including 8 North Eastern States), which have international land
borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh. the event of border areas is
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now viewed as an area of the good approach to the Border
Management, which focuses on socio-economic development of the people and promotion of
wellbeing and a security environment within the border areas.
The programme is supplemental in nature to fill the gaps and thus the funds under BADP are
provided to the States as a 100% non-lapsable Special Central Assistance for execution of projects
concerning infrastructure, livelihood, education, health, agriculture, and allied sectors to satisfy the
special developmental needs of the people living in remote and inaccessible areas situated near the
international border.
The BADP is being implemented by the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home
Affairs through the State Governments. Guidelines of the programme are prepared by the Ministry of
Home Affairs in consultation with committee (or now NITI Aayog), Ministry of Finance and anxious
State
PEOPLE
Governments. Formulation of schemes/projects, their approval and execution is that the first
responsibility of the State Governments. Implementation of the Programme is monitored and
reviewed by the State Governments and Ministry of Home Affairs.
As already said, Group of Ministers recommended principle of ‘One Border One Force’, because of
which government has raised Paramilitary Forces Border private private security force , Sashastra
Seema Bal, Indo Tibetan Border police etc. which have specialized area responsibility.
Bilateral institutional mechanisms
Effective border management requires the facilitation of bilateral dialogue on matters of mutual
concern, and thus, the govt. of India has constituted a system of institutionalised interaction through
the meetings of home secretaries, area commanders of border guarding forces and thus the joint
working group on border management
National level meetings (NLMs) and sectoral level meetings (SLMs) are organised under the house
Secretary and Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs respectively. the primary agenda of
these meetings is to form sure and maintain peace and tranquillity all along the border. to realize this
objective, the two sides have agreed to ‘prevent inadvertent violations of each other’s territories by
their security forces’ and also ‘monitor and curb effectively all illegal and negative activities
Additionally, border liaison meetings (BLMs) happen between local area army commanders at
designated places every six months. India has constituted multiple such institutional mechanisms
with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. Such bilateral mechanisms confirm that
both the sides are adequately sensitised towards the respective security concerns and hence aid in
better formulation of strategies for border management. TECHNOLOGY
The Government of India is focussing extensively on leveraging the power of technology to reinforce
the efficiency and effectiveness of border operations. the earth is moving towards technologically
advanced military and defence systems and India has been equipping its military with sophisticated
weaponry to help combat actual and perceived dangers to the state .
Technology interventions near the border areas in
Mobilisation and ordinance supply chain (including equipment, weapons, vehicles and ammunition.
Surveillance and communication (including the use of technology that comprises information,
logistics, reconnaissance, command and control centres, and surveillance within the border areas)
Way forward: Smart border management
TRENDS
Demographic and social change
Shift in global economic power
Accelerating urbanization
Resource scarcity
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Technological breakthroughs
Terrorism
Innovation and technology infrastructure
Smart identity management
Smart inspection system
Security and television
Collaborative border management
-border cooperation
(CBC)
Public private partnership (PPP)
In-country collaboration (ICC)
Capacity building
Agile organisational capabilities
My love for army , nation, lead my
thanks to know more about border,
its safety and security.
To accomplish my goal I even
have researched tons about an
equivalent and that i have
presented a couple of of my
investigations and researches
within the slides.
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I acknowledged that it's tough to survive in borders in such harsh climate where you catch just by
cold breeze of snow.Army survive welcome us with a smile over there .salute to them.jai hind.
Where we've 7 countries with territorial and a couple of marine countries and other disturbances
surrounding us .
My love for army , nation, lead my way to know more about border, its safety and security.
FINDINGS:
I found out that it is not easy to survive in borders in such harsh climatic conditions where
you catch cold just by cold breeze of snow. Army survive and welcome us with a smile over
there .SALUTE TO THEM. JAI HIND.
I visited all these borders to assimilate information, interact with the people over there and
come to know about the cultures and traditions of people so that we can build friendly
relations with our neighboring countries.
Infiltrations and terrorist countries are known to all. If we talk to these people who are well
acquainted with their environment ,forests, geographical areas it would help a lot in writing
about national security of India.
REFERENCES
1. "Neighbouring Countries of India 2020: Map, Capitals, Connected
States". www.careerpower.in.
2. SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border, Times of India, 20 Dec 2017.
3. "India-Sri Lanka fishing rights dispute".
4. "India plans to construct 7 integrated check posts on border with Bangladesh". Dhaka
Tribune. October 18, 2017.
5. "Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India". mdoner.gov.in. Dawki
ICP foundation stone laid.
6. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Business Line.
7. "12th Five Year Plan".
8. Delhi approves Sutarkandi integrated check post along Indo-Bangla border, North East News,
7 Jan 2019.
9. Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan border to have more ICP, Oct 2016.
10. India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct
2017.