Dr. Habibullah MAGSIAssistant Professor Department of Agricultural EconomicsSindh Agriculture University, Pakistan
Impacts of large scale land-based investment: case of Chotiari water reservoir from Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Andre TorreEconomistINRA AgroParisTechRue Clause Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
To identify conflictive events on different pieces of land in the developing countries (how to extend and modify previous studies on developed countries?)
To shed light on the factors of land use conflicts for an infrastructure setting, which lead to dramatic social disagreements, protestations, and environmental degradations
To breach the gap between principle actors and outside stakeholders, in order to manage existing conflicts and to reduce their chances in upcoming projects
Introduction: aims of the thesis
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Traditional approaches. Conflict is the problem, how to solve it?
Institutional efficiency (Ostrom, 1990; Williamson, 1998)
Technical & scientific planning (Barron et al., 2004)
Negative externalities (Pham, 2010)
Elite capture of resources & violation of rights (Scudder, 2005)
Voice approach. Conflict is the purpose of analysis (not often used in developing countries)
Dumping voices (Hirschman, 1970; Rucht et al., 1999; Hessel, 2010)
Proximity mobilization (Torre and Beuret, 2012)
Different paths of conflicts in developed and developing countries
I.
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II. Research questions & hypotheses
4
Main topic of research: questions
What are the impacts on the territory of different conflicts over the uses of a piece of land, with respect to available resources, economic activities, and governance structure?
What factors are associated with land use conflicts in infrastructural projects and what are their responsible actors?
Does the stakeholders’ relationship network create dissimilar power distribution?
Are there any solution to such situations (in general as well as case study perspective)?
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II.
Analytical question
What changes needed in analytical methods to bring real image of land use conflicts in the developing countries (how to extend and modify previous studies)?
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II.
Overview about the hypotheses
Land use conflicts in developing countries are mainly due to:
Insufficient involvement of regional population from decision to construction operations, and violation of their rights
Governance inefficiency and inconsistency in rehabilitation, relocation and compensation process
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II.
III. Methods
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Case study selection:
Large infrastructure facing opposition
Superposition of land uses
Social and environmental damages
Ground realities of a particular land use conflict model
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III.
Method: data collection
Daily press
Administrative litigations
Expert opinions interviews
Field visits
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Websites, offices of dailies, offices of the Community Based Organizations
Administrative, researchers, legal experts, NGOs, journalists, landlords, affected family heads
III.
Source: Torre et al., 2010; Rucht and Neidhardt, 1999
∙ Other secondary sources: Published literature (public & private organizations)
GIS (digital aerial photographs and remote sensing images)
Internet (web pages & blogs)
Source: Magsi, 2013
Case study
Agriculture36%
Water bodies 26%
Open wood and forest24%
Dunes and barren land14%
Source: Government of Pakistan (1993 & 1998)
Chotiari reservoir occupies 18000 hectares ecologically rich wetlands 80 lakes (1–200 hectares)
Entitled
Un-entitled
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III.
Source: Magsi, 2012
Source: Government of Pakistan (1998) ; WWF (2008)
Local population: 993 families
Major economic activities
Fishermen39%
Agriculturists15%
Livestock keepers
13%Servants8%
Artisans3%
Driver2%
Shop-keeper
2%
others18%
Case study
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III.
Fishermen Servants/ drivers
Agriculturists Shop keeper Artisans
Rs./day 169 143 129 106 72
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
Illiterate52 %
Primary(1-5)
Secondary (6-10)
Higher secondary(11-12)
Graduate(13-16)
Post-graduate(17 + )
Level of education among households
Source: Government of Pakistan (1998) ; WWF (2008)
Case study
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III.
IV. Results
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Villages (993 families)
Results: principle oppositions & conflicts
Forceful displacement of local population outside the reservoir
Source: Chotiari Resettlement Agency 15
IV.
1993 2003 2011
Aerial view: different phases Social, economic and environmental threats
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2013
Conflict dynamics of Chotiari reservoir
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IV.
Natural resources degradation: last five years
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Fish Forest Local birds Migratory birds
Forest an-imals
Grazing lands
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2.94 2.772.34 2.28
2.04 2.03 1.87 1.84
94
78 7884
7875
8478
Perception (average) Respondents (percentage)
Per
cen
tag
e
Ave
rag
e
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2012
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IV.
Conflict factors
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IV.
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2012
Factor types CausesPercentage
Articles in daily press
Experts opinion
Structural factors
Corruption/ misuse of funds 23.94 34.38
Unilateral decision 21.81 21.88
Lack of technical and scientific research 19.68 9.38
International interest 7.98 12.50
Non-existence of national resettlement policy 9.04 9.38
Proximate factors
Ethnic diversity and disarray (unrest among communities) 13.83 12.50
Nepotism & Illiteracy 3.72 0
Ministry of Irrigation
Planning commission of
Pakistan
SFD
International
National
Regional
Provincial
World BankSaudi Fund for Development
WWF
SIDA
WAPDA
EPA
SWMB
SEPA
CRA
SANGI (NGO)
SAFWCO(NGO)
PFF
Land Lords
Courts
PoliceLocal
population
Type of relations
Neutral
Allied
Supportive
Conflict / tension
Network of stakeholders & their relations
SWMB: Sindh Wildlife Management Board SFD: Sindh Forest DepartmentSEPA: Sindh Environmental Protection Agency CRA: Chotiari Resettlement AgencySIDA: Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority EPA: Environmental Protection AgencyWAPDA: Water & Power Development Authority PFF: Pakistan Fisher-folk Forum
Interest (hidden)
Favoring reservoir
Admins. loyalty
Opponents
Politicians
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IV.
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2014
General anatomy of land use conflicts in developing countries
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IV.
P o v e r t y and b r i b e
Income reduction
HomelessnessLivelihood
losses
Financial losses
Investor’s profit
DisplacementLoss of agricultural
landUnion of local
population
Birth of Community Bsd. Organizations
Property right loopholes
Psychological pressure and fear
Profitable project
Institutional inconsistencies
Lack of technical and scientific
research during feasibility study
Corruption or miss use of power
Unavailability of resettlement policy
International interests
Powerful people’s influence
Unequal power distribution
Rivalry and ethnicity
Disputed land ownership
Land use
for development
projects
Conflict causes and consequences
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IV.
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2014
Land use conflicts in developing countries: main figures
Policy responsive of institutional behavior for their decision towards
development projects
Land use Conflicts
Ex post conflicts lead resistance against misuse of power and corruption
Land use decision due to over population and
urbanization
Infrastructural projects lead by public authorities
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IV.
Source: Magsi and Torre, 2013
V. Conclusion & Recommendations
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Conclusion: main contributions of the thesis
Peculiarity of land use conflicts in developing countries Ex post conflicts, due to flawed decisions and institutional inconsistency
Land use conflict methodological modifications with regards to developing countries
Eliminating administrative litigations Adding: (locally published literature; GIS; and web pages)
Chotiari case study: Stakeholders relationships and network dynamics
Multilevel governance
Violations of rights
Policy recommendations
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V.
Recommendations
Conflict management and prevention for infrastructural projects
Mitigate and balance the interests
Participatory land use management
Economic viability
National Resettlement Policy : alternative livelihoods, compensation, acquisition
Flawed infrastructural projects
Low governance capacity
Weak follow-up procedure from land use decision, acquisition, construction to compensation
Loss of livelihood and environmental values
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V.
Thank you for your attention !