DNADNA
Contents Contents of the of the
NucleusNucleus
DNA DNA vocabvocab
Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic acidacid
ChromosomesChromosomes ChromatinChromatin GenesGenes GenomeGenome
Genetic Genetic Material: Material: DNA vs DNA vs RNA - RNA -
compare compare and and
contrastcontrast..
DNA StructureDNA Structure
What is the What is the structure called? structure called?
Building blocks of DNABuilding blocks of DNA What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks of DNA? What are the building blocks made of? (3 What are the building blocks made of? (3
parts) parts)
How do they fit How do they fit together? together?
Try “replicating” this single Try “replicating” this single strand of DNAstrand of DNA
What is the What is the significance of the significance of the order of the order of the nitrogenous bases? nitrogenous bases?
Protein Synthesis: Step 1: Protein Synthesis: Step 1: Make a Copy= “Transcription”Make a Copy= “Transcription”
Try Try Transcribing Transcribing this piece of this piece of
DNA into DNA into mRNAmRNA
Why doesn’t Why doesn’t the mRNA just the mRNA just stay inside the stay inside the nucleus?nucleus?
Step 2: “Reading the code to Step 2: “Reading the code to make the protein = “Translation”make the protein = “Translation”
Breaking “THE CODE”:
An Analogy: “DNA is like a novel”
Nitrogenous bases = “letters”
Triplets = “words”
A gene = “a sentence”
A chromosome = “a chapter”
The Code: The Code:
How do How do you follow you follow the mRNA the mRNA code?code?
Video on Protein Video on Protein Synthesis (includes Synthesis (includes tRNA) tRNA)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&mode=related&search=
Try “DECODING” this piece of Try “DECODING” this piece of DNA CodeDNA Code
DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT
mRNAmRNA
Amino Amino acidsacids
DNADNA TT AA CC GG GG AA CC AA GG TT AA AA AA TT TT
mRNAmRNA AA UU GG CC CC UU GG UU CC AA UU UU UU AA AA
Amino Amino acidsacids
Methi-Methi-onineonine
leucineleucine valinevaline isoleuciisoleucinene
stopstop
Great video on a Great video on a cell’s life functions:cell’s life functions:
http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html
Here is the Here is the explanation of what is explanation of what is happening:happening:
http://sparkleberrysprings.com/innerlifeofcell.html
Protein ProductionProtein Production
Protein Protein StructureStructure
Genes Genes -WHAT are they?
-WHERE are they?
-How many genes do we have?
-WHY are we storing the information for PROTEINS???
EnzymesEnzymes
WHAT are they?WHAT are they? What do they do? What do they do? Why do our DNA molecules store the Why do our DNA molecules store the
instructions to make them? instructions to make them?
One Gene = One Protein?One Gene = One Protein?
Human genome = Human genome = approximately 25,000 approximately 25,000 genesgenes
Number of proteins Number of proteins humans make is humans make is approximately 90,000. approximately 90,000.
NOT SURE HOW THIS NOT SURE HOW THIS CAN BE!CAN BE!
Gene MutationGene Mutation
Deletion Deletion AdditionAddition SubstitutionSubstitution PositivePositive NeutralNeutral NegativeNegative MutagensMutagens
Example: DeletionThe result can be a completely non-functional protein…doesn’t make sense.
i.e. --- THE CAT ATE THE RAT---
If you delete a base (letter) ‘C’ ---THE ATA TET HER ATH-----
Another example:
Original message: THE BIG DOG BIT TED AND RAN OFF --- ---
ADDITION/FRAMESHIFT
THE BIG FDO GBI TTE DAN DRA NOF F--
What does What does Mutation have to Mutation have to
do with Evolution?do with Evolution?