General barriers that separate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Blood vessel walls
Fluid Homeostasis
Regulate by:
1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior pituitary (ADH)
3. Adrenal cortex
4. Kidney tubules
Electrolytes
• sodium (Na+)
• potassium (K+)
• chloride (Cl-)
• calcium (Ca2+)
• magnesium (Mg2+)
• bicarbonate (HCO3-)
• phosphate (PO42-)
• sulfate (SO42-)
ElectrolytesHype???
• water, sucrose syrup, glucose-fructose syrup, citric acid, natural and artificial flavors, salt, sodium citrate, monopotassium phosphate, ester gum, sucrose acetate isobutyrate, red 40, blue 1
• Per 8 fl ozTotal fat 0gSodium 110mgPotassium 30mgTotal carbs 14gSugars 14gCalories 50
• water, dextrose, potassium citrate, sodium chloride and sodium citrate. Nonmedicinal ingredients: FD&C Blue #1 and Red #40 (grape flavor) and FD&C Red #40 (bubblegum flavor).
• Per 8 fl ozSodium 10.6 mg Potassium 4.7mg Chloride 8.3 mgDextrose 5.9gCalories 24
Acid-Base Balance
Removal of H+
1. Buffer systems
2. Exhalation of carbon dioxide
3. Kidney excretion of H +
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H + ↔ CO3
2- + 2H+
By-product of respiration
carbonic acidbicarbonate
carbonate
The addition of CO2 makes blood acidic
Blood too basic:
H2CO3 HCO3- + H + pH drops
Blood too acidic:
HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 pH rises
Blood ave. pH = 7.4
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering System