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Page 1: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Page 2: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments.

DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/dd1.htm

Page 3: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

Examples of developmental disabilities include:

* Autism * Behavior disorders * Brain injury * Cerebral palsy * Down syndrome * Fetal alcohol syndrome * Mental retardation * Spina Bifida

University of Minnesota College of Education Department of Human Development, http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.html

Page 4: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES cont’d.

Over 6 million individuals in the United States have developmental disabilities.

A developmental disability, according to the

Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, is defined as a severe, chronic disability which:

* originated at birth or during childhood, * is expected to continue indefinitely, and * substantially restricts the individuals functioning in

several major life activities.

Source: University of Minnesota College of Education Department of Human Development

http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.html

Page 5: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIESdefining Developmental

Disabilities

People with developmental disabilities have problems with major life activities such as language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living.

Developmental disabilities begin anytime

during development up to 22 years of age and usually last throughout a person’s lifetime.

DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROLhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/dd1.htm

Page 6: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIESSEVERE, CHRONIC DISABILITYMore specifically, a developmental disability is a

severe, chronic disability results in substantial functional limitations in three or more of the following areas of major life activity:

self-care receptive and expressive language learning mobility self-direction capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency

Source: University of Minnesota College of Education Department of Human Development

http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.html

Page 7: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIESSEVERE, CHRONIC DISABILITY

cont’d.

* reflects the person's need for a combination and sequence of special, interdisciplinary, or generic care, treatment, or other services which are of lifelong or extended duration and are individually planned and coordinated;

* except that such term when applied to infants and young children means individuals from birth to age five, inclusive, who have substantial developmental delay or specific congenital or acquired conditions with a high probability of resulting in developmental disabilities if services are not provided.

Source: University of Minnesota College of Education Department of Human Development

http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.html

Page 8: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

DEVELOPEMENTAL DISABILITIESINTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

? What is intellectual disability

? Is intellectual disability the same as developmental disability?

? Is intellectual disability just determined by an IQ test?

? What causes intellectual disability?

? Is intellectual disability the same as mental retardation? Why do programs still say mental retardation?

? How are intellectual disability and developmental disability different?

Page 9: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

What is intellectual disability?

Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills.

This disability originates before the age of 18.

Page 10: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Is intellectual disability the same as developmental disability?

Not exactly.

Developmental disability is an umbrella term that includes intellectual disability but also includes physical disabilities. Some developmental disabilities can be strictly physical, such as blindness from birth.

Some individuals have both physical and intellectual

disabilities stemming from genetic or other physical causes (i.e. Down Syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome).

Sometimes intellectual disabilities can stem from

nonphysical causes, such as the level of child stimulation and adult responsiveness.

Page 11: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Is intellectual disability just determined by an IQ test?

No.

The IQ test is a major tool in measuring intellectual functioning, that is, mental capacity for learning, reasoning, problem solving, and so on. A test score of around 70—or as high as 75—indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning.

Other tests determine limitations in adaptive behavior, which covers three types of skills.

Page 12: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

THREE TYPES OF SKILLS USED TO DETERMINE ADAPTIVE

BEHAVIOR

Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction

Social skills—interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules, obey laws, and avoid being victimized

Practical skills—activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.

Page 13: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

OTHER FACTORS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT

Evaluation and classification of individuals with intellectual disabilities is a much more complex issue.

The major function of the American Association on

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) is to publish the most advanced thinking in its manual, Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification and Systems of Supports. The most recent edition was published in 2002; the next is due in 2010.

Page 14: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Additional Factors cont’d.

In defining and assessing intellectual disability, AAIDD stresses that professionals must consider such factors as:

• community environment typical of the individual’s peers and culture

• linguistic diversity

• cultural differences in the way people communicate, move, and behavior

Page 15: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

What causes intellectual disability?

Some disabling conditions classified as developmental disabilities—such as autism or cerebral palsy—might include intellectual disabilities.

Other developmental disabilities, such as Down Syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome, could well include intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual disabilities could also be caused by social factors, such as the level of child stimulation and adult responsiveness, and educational factors, such as the availability of family and educational supports that can promote mental development and greater adaptive skills.

Page 16: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

What causes intellectual disability?

According to the AAIDD manual, Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification and Systems of Supports, approximately 40 to 50 percent of the causes of intellectual disabilities currently have no identifiable origin.

Page 17: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

What is the most modern thinking about how to help people with intellectual

disabilities?

AAIDD stresses that the overarching reason for evaluating and classifying individuals with intellectual disabilities is to tailor supports for each individual, in the form of a set of strategies and services provided over a sustained period.

Example: IEP for an individual in school

Page 18: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

WORKING TOWARD A GOAL

The goal is to enhance people’s functioning within their own culture and environment in order to lead a more successful and satisfying life.

Some of this enhancement is thought of in terms of self-worth, subjective well being, pride, engagement in political action, and other principals of “disability identity.”

Page 19: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Is intellectual disability the same

as mental retardation?

Mental retardation and intellectual disability are two names for the same thing. But intellectual disability is gaining currency as the preferred term.

The American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name in 2007 to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Page 20: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Is intellectual disability the same as mental retardation?

It is crucial that ‘mental retardation’ and ‘intellectual disability’ should be precisely synonymous in definition and in all related classification because current federal and state laws contain the term ‘mental retardation’.

Page 21: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Why do programs still say mental retardation?

The term is used in law and public policy to determine eligibility for state and federal programs, including the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act—IDEA (2004), Social Security Disability Insurance, and Medicaid Home and Community Based Waiver.

The term ‘mental retardation’ is used for citizenship and legal status, civil and criminal justice, early care and education, training and employment, income support, health care, and housing and zoning.

Page 22: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

How are intellectual disability and developmental disability

different?

Intellectual disability forms a subset within the larger universe of developmental disability, but the boundaries often blur as many individuals fall into both categories to differing degrees and for different reasons.

Page 23: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Differences: intellectual disability and developmental disability

cont’d.

Developmental disabilities are defined as severe chronic disabilities that can be cognitive or physical or both. The disabilities appear before the age of 22 and are likely to be lifelong

Page 24: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Differences: intellectual disability and developmental disability

cont’d.

Intellectual disabilities encompass the “cognitive” part of this definition, that is, those disabilities that are broadly related to thought processes.

Intellectual and other developmental disabilities often co-occur, intellectual disability professionals often work with people who have both types of disabilities.

Page 25: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Differences: intellectual disability and developmental disability

cont’d.

Some developmental disabilities are purely physical; congenital deafness or visual impairment resulting from the individual’s mother contracting rubella while pregnant. These are not intellectual disabilities.

Other developmental disabilities can be caused by cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism, or other disabling conditions. These conditions might or might not include intellectual disabilities.

Page 26: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Differences: intellectual disability and developmental disability cont’d.

Other developmental disabilities can result from chromosomal disorders, such as Down Syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. These instances could well include intellectual disabilities—but not always.

For example, according to the Centers for Disease Control, males with fragile X syndrome generally have mild to severe intellectual disabilities, whereas females can have average intelligence.

Page 27: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Differences: intellectual disability and developmental disability cont’d.

Some causes of intellectual disabilities are not physical.

These include social factors, such as the level

of child stimulation and adult responsiveness, and educational factors, such as the availability of family and educational supports that can promote mental development and greater adaptive skills.

Page 28: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Why did AAIDD change the term from ‘mental retardation’ to ‘intellectual disability’?

AAIDD’s move to replace ‘mental retardation’ with ‘intellectual disability’ does not change the basic definition of the term, but it does reflect a change of vision.

AAIDD stresses that the term ‘intellectual disability’ has exactly the same definition as the association’s most recent (2002) definition of mental retardation. It covers the same population of individuals who were previously diagnosed with mental retardation or who were eligible for that diagnosis.

Page 29: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

AAIDD changing the term cont’d.

This exact fit is crucial because the term ‘mental retardation’ is used in law and public policy to determine eligibility for state and federal programs, including the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act—IDEA (2004), Social Security Disability Insurance, and Medicaid Home and Community Based Waiver.

The term ‘mental retardation’ is used for citizenship and legal status, civil and criminal justices, early care and education, training and employment, income support, health care, and housing and zoning.

The word change from ‘mental retardation’ to ‘intellectual disability’ does reflect a revised focus.

Page 30: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

AAIDD changing the term cont’d. It is less offensive to persons with disabilities.

It is more consistent with internationally used technology.

It emphasizes the sense that intellectual disability is no longer considered an absolute, invariable trait of a person

It aligns with current professional practices that focus on providing supports tailored to individuals to enhance their functioning within particular environments

It opens the way to understanding and pursuing “disability identity,” including such principles as self-worth, subjective well being, pride, engagement in political action, and more.

Page 31: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

What role does AAIDD play in defining mental retardation and intellectual disability?

What role does AAIDD play in defining mental retardation and intellectual disability?

AAIDD, the world’s oldest organization of intellectual disability (ID) professionals, has played a major role in evolving ideas about and approaches to intellectual disability. In fact, the association, founded in 1876, revised its definition of mental retardation ten times between 1908 and 2002.

Page 32: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Roles cont’d.

The first definitions of mental retardation focused on a failure to adapt socially to the environment. Later definitions added a medical approach that considered heredity and pathology and called for the mentally retarded to be segregated.

The rise of the mental testing movement brought an emphasis on measuring intellectual functioning by IQ test. The IQ test became the way to define the group and classify the people within it.

In its 1959 definition and classification manual, AAIDD first attempted a dual-criterion approach: a definition that mentioned both intellectual functioning and “impairments in maturation, learning, and social adjustment.”

In its 1961 manual, AAIDD folded the “impairments” description into the phrase “adaptive behavior,” a term still used today.

Page 33: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Role AAIDD plays in defining cont’d.

Third element of the definition involves age of onset. Early definitions mentioned “the developmental period.” AAIDD’s most recent 2002 definition states that the disability “originates before the age of 18.”

1992 saw a major change, AAIDD added to and refocused the definition of mental retardation to reflect a new way of understanding and responding to it.

Page 34: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

AAIDD in 1992 cont’d.

AAIDD moved away from a diagnostic process that identified deficits solely on the basis of an intelligence test score. It considered social, environmental, and other elements as well.

The emphasis shifted from providing programs to people with intellectual disabilities to designing and delivering support tailored to individuals to help them reach their highest level of functioning.

Page 35: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY IS A DISABILITY CHARACTERIZED BY SIGNIFICANT LIMITATIONS BOTH IN INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND IN ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR, WHICH COVERS MANY EVERYDAY SOCIAL AND PRACTICAL SKILLS.

THIS DISABILITY ORIGINATES BEFORE THE AGE OF 18.

INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING—ALSO CALLED INTELLIGENCE—REFERS TO GENERAL MENTAL CAPACITY, SUCH AS LEARNING, REASONING, PROBLEM SOLVING, AND SO ON.

© COPYRIGHT 2009 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES (AAIDD) HTTP://WWW.AAMR.ORG/CONTENT_100.CFM?NAVID=21

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

Definition of Intellectual Disability

Page 36: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIESDefinition of Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability is characterized both by a significantly below-average score on a test of mental ability or intelligence.

Generally, an IQ test score of around 70 or as high as 75 indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning.*

Limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life, such as communication, self-care, and getting along in social situations and school activities.

Intellectual disability is sometimes referred to as a cognitive disability or mental retardation.

Content source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Date: October 29, 2005, retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/mr2.htm

*American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , http://www.aamr.org/content_100.cfm?navID=21

Page 37: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Definition cont’d.

Standardized tests can also determine limitations in adaptive behavior, which comprises three skill types:

* Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.

* Social skills—interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.

* Practical skills—activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.

Page 38: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Definition cont’d.

On the basis of such many-sided evaluations, professionals can determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability and can tailor a support plan for each individual.

In defining and assessing intellectual disability, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) stresses that professionals must take additional factors into account, such as the community environment typical of the individual’s peers and culture.

Professionals should also consider linguistic diversity and cultural differences in the way people communicate, move, and behave.

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , http://www.aamr.org/content_100.cfm?navID=21

Page 39: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIESDefinition of Intellectual Disability

Children with intellectual disability can and do learn new skills, but they develop more slowly than children with average intelligence and adaptive skills.

There are different degrees of intellectual disability, ranging from mild to profound.

A person's level of intellectual disability can be defined by their intelligence quotient (IQ), or by the types and amount of support they need.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/mr2.htm

Page 40: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIESDefinition of Intellectual Disability

People with intellectual disability may have other disabilities as well.

Examples of these coexisting conditions include

cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, vision impairment, hearing loss, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Children with severe intellectual disability are more

likely to have additional disabilities than are children with mild Intellectual disability.

Batshaw ML. Children with disabilities (4th edition). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.; 1997.Smith R (Editor). Children with mental retardation: a parents' guide. Rockville, MD: Woodbine House; 1993.Retrieved from SOURCE: DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL,

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/mr2.htm

Page 41: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Okay, so what exactly is intellectual

disability?

Intellectual disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills.

These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child.

Children with intellectual disability may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. They are likely to have trouble learning in school. They will learn, but it will take them longer and there may be some things they cannot learn.

Page 42: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Okay, and what exactly causes intellectual

disability?

Doctors have found many causes of intellectual disability:

Genetic conditions. Sometimes intellectual disability is

caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. Examples of genetic conditions are Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and phenylketonuria (PKU).

Problems during pregnancy. Intellectual disability can result when the baby does not develop inside the mother properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the baby's cells divide as it grows. A woman who drinks alcohol or gets an infection like rubella during pregnancy may also have a baby with intellectual disability.

Page 43: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

Causes cont’d.

Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth, such as not getting enough oxygen, he or she may have intellectual disability.

Health problems. Diseases like whooping cough, the measles, or meningitis can cause an intellectual disability. Intellectual disabilities can also be caused by extreme malnutrition (not eating right), not getting enough medical care, or by being exposed to poisons like lead or mercury.

Page 44: DEVELOPMENTAL & INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that

TO reiterate

Intellectual disability is not a disease. You can't catch it from anyone.

Mental retardation or intellectual disability is also not a type of mental illness, like depression.

There is no cure for intellectual disability.

However, most children with intellectual disabilities can learn to do many things. It just takes them more time and effort than other children. They learn differently!

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REFERENCES

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), “Definition of Intellectual Disability”, retrieved fromhttp://www.aamr.org/content_100.cfm?navID=21

2009 American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) http://www.aamr.org/content_100.cfm?navID=21

DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROLhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/dd1.htm

DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL, DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES: TOPIC HOME, Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/dd1.htm

DEPT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL, DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES, INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/mr2.htm

www.nichcy.org/Disabilities/Specific/pages/IntellectualDisability.aspx

University of Minnesota, College of Education, Department of Human Development, Institute on Community Integration, “About Developmental Disabilities”, retrieved from http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.htm

University of Minnesota College of Education Department of Human Development, http://ici.umn.edu/relatedresources/definition.html

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved frohttp://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf


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