Development Policy and Management
PIA 2501
Week Seven
Reminder: Development Themes
• Development Theory
• Development Planning and Management
• Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
• Human Resource Development
• Donors and Development
Three Post-September 11 Issues:
1.Governance
2.NGOs and Civil Society
3.Human Resource Development
The Shift in Development Priorities
Theme Three
Governance,
Local Government and Civil Society
Governance
Governance:Local Administration and
Development
Myths of the Grass Roots
Development Themes-Authors
I. Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of Governance
• Jeffery Pressman
• Naomi Caiden
• Aaron Wildavsky
Development Themes
II. Gender and Development- A Democracy issue
• Isabel Allende
• Sue Ellen Charlton
• Kathleen Staudt
Governance Themes
III. Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories
• V.S. Naipaul
• Samuel Huntington
• Monte Palmer
• Jorge Luis Borges
JORGE LUIS BORGES
Governance and Sovereignty
"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“
- Anonymous
Reinventing Government?
Governance: an Overview of Issues
• Focus of International Development: Post-2001:
“Democracy and Governance”
Human Rights (First but not second and third)
• Basic Terms: The Environment of Development
Terms
Governance
Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown
Governance and theState
• Sovereignty– Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
• Presumption of Independence– A National Government status given by International
Community and by use of International Law
"States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."
- Milton Esman
Governance Issues
Local Government
• Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures
Governance Issues
Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)
Civil Society• Definition:
–Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
"Beyond the family but short of the state”- Hegal
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”
- First vs. Second generation
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Democracy
Two Views
Democracy: What is it?
"It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom
Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom
Democracy: What is it?
“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.”
Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice
Peter L. Berger
Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual
Types of Democracy: Terms• Direct Democracy
– Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations
• Town hall or village model
• Indirect Democracy– Some form of representative democracy
• Pluralism– Existence of various diverse interest
associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)
New England Town Hall
Types of Democracy, cont.
• Polyarchy– Diverse interest associations of society
compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism)
• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)– Diverse interest associations cooperate
with each other and with organs of the state to make policy
Robert Dahland Polyarchy
James Madison and Democracy: The Warning
• The problem with majorities
• Tyranny
• Factions
Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy
• Problem with Populism– Mob Justice
• Minority rights
• Shifting majorities
• Problem with Plebiscites
• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation
Governance and Sovereignty
• Rules of the Game politics:– Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
• "Splintering”– Break up of states--centrifugal forces
• Interest Group Liberalism: The goal?
• Civil Society as organizational– Not the individual or the mass
The Nature of Conflict
Governance and Sovereignty
• The need for apathy?
• Constitutional vs. Social stability
• Institutional structures:– Checks and balances
– The Institutional State• What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it
important?
Decentralized Governance
• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units
The Principle
What Local Government Does
• Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education
• Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel
– Fiscal/budget allocation• Taxes and transfers
– Planning• Strategic priorities
– Managing• Implementing
Local Government and theLocal State
• Local State vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution
– Urban vs. Rural
– Urban linked with Rural
State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Civil Society - Micro
Weak Strong
State-mezzo Weak Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Weak Strong
Local Government and Development: The Goal
Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation
The Goal
Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie
• Bottom up and interactive
• Village development committees vs. local planning officers
• Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks
• Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center
Target Group
Grassroots Organizations
Civic Education
Land Rural Industries
Governance / Democracy
Communica-tion and Support
NGOs Women’s Focused Groups
Decentralization
The Primary Unit of Government
• Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats
• English/American– Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
• Continental European– Commune (no distinction between rural
and urban)
Decentralization and Local Government: Models
• Devolution
• Deconcentration
• Delegation
• Privatization
Deconcentration
• Functional vs. Prefectoral
• Prefectoral integrated
• Prefectoral unintegrated
Control Systems
Home Affairs Local Govt.
Council
Labor
DistrictLaborOffice
Education
District Ed.Office
Agriculture
District Ag.Office
Public Works
Public WorksOffice
Functional
Control Systems
Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor
Council/Chief
Prefectoral - Integrated
DistrictOffice
DistrictLaborOffice
District Ed.Office
District Ag.Office
Public WorksOffice
Control Systems
Local Govt.
Council/Chief
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Police
Police
Interior Labor
DistrictLaborOffice
Education
District Ed.Office
Agriculture
District Ag.Office
Public Works
Public WorksOffice
DistrictOffice
Books of the Week
• Janine Wedel, Collision and Collusion
• Deborah Scroggins, Emma’s War
Our AuthorsJanine Wedel and Deborah Scroggins
Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator”
“Case Studies”
• Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview”
• Isabel Allende, “Clarrisa”
• Jorge Luis Borges, “The Book of Sand”
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and Isabel Allende
Discussion
What Does the Reading (Thus Far) Tell Us About Development Policy and Management?
John Seitz
Michael Edwards
John Rapley
John Seitz, Michael Edwards and John Rapley
• Ten Minute Break
• Discussion